Belongs within: Malvales.
Contains: Hermannia, Corchorus, Bombacoideae, Malvoideae, Sterculioideae, Helicteroideae, Tiliaceae, Dombeyoideae.
The Malvaceae as used here in the broad sense is an assemblage of plants previously divided between the families Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae; polyphyly of the latter three families has lead to their inclusion in the first (Baum et al. 1998).
Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Shrubs to trees (occasionally herbs); cyclopropenoid fatty acids, terpenoid-based quinones present, gums common; wood commonly fluoresces; pits not vestured; tile cells common; sieve tubes with non-dispersive protein bodies; hairs stellate/lepidote; leaves spiral or two-ranked, lamina vernation usually conduplicate(to plicate), margins entire or toothed, single vein running to the non-glandular apex, secondary venation palmate; inflorescence made up of modified cymose units ["bicolor units"]; calyx valvate; stamens (5-)many, in five groups opposite the petals, but fundamentally obdiplostemonous, basally connate, extrorse; tapetal cells 2(-4)-nucleate; gynoecium variable in orientation, style usually 5-branched apically, stigma usually dry; ovules 1-many carpel; micropyle zig-zag (endo- or exostomal), outer integument develops first, 2-4(-7) cells across, inner integument 2-7(-10) cells across, parietal tissue 3-8 cells, across, nucellar cap 2-5 cells across, hypostase present, obturator present or absent; inverse postament present; fruit a capsule (berry, schizocarp, etc.; muricate); testa multiplicative, vascularized, endotesta crystalliferous, tegmen multiplicative, endotegmic cells more or less thickened; endosperm often starchy, embryo often green; sporophytic self-incompatibility system often present.
<==Malvaceae [Bombacaceae, Eumalvales, Malvineae, Sterculiaceae, Sterculiineae]
|--Byttneriina [Byttneriaceae] BAN98
| |--Byttnerioideae BAN98
| | |--Hermannia BAN98
| | |--Kleinhovia hospita BAN98, Cl78
| | |--Leptonychia BAN98
| | |--Theobroma [Theobromeae] BAN98
| | | `--T. cacao BAN98
| | |--Byttneria BAN98
| | | |--*B. scabra BAN98
| | | |--B. carthaginensis RS99
| | | `--B. herbacea Pau03
| | `--Lasiopetalum [Lasiopetaleae] BAN98
| | |--L. angustifolium KM08
| | |--L. molle RL05
| | `--L. oppositifolium RL05
| `--Grewioideae BAN98
| |--Apeiba BAN98
| |--Corchorus BAN98
| |--Heliocarpus americanus BAN98
| |--Sparmannia africana BAN98
| |--Grewia [Grewieae] BAN98
| | |--G. asiatica Par03
| | |--G. damine PP07
| | |--G. flavescens Par03
| | |--G. occidentalis BAN98
| | |--G. orientalis KJ05
| | |--G. tenax PP07
| | |--G. tilaefolia S02
| | `--G. villosa PP07
| `--Triumfetta BAN98
| |--T. lappula C55
| |--T. pentandra HK98
| |--T. rhomboidea BBO01
| `--T. semitriloba J87
`--Malvadendrina BAN98
|--Malvatheca BS04
| |--+--Bombacoideae BS04
| | `--Malvoideae BS04
| `--+--Patinoa almirajo BS04, BAN98
| `--Ochroma BS04
| |--O. lagopus K06
| `--O. pyramidale SWK87
`--+--Sterculioideae BS04
`--+--+--Helicteroideae BS04
| `--Brownlowioideae BAN98
| |--Mortoniodendron BAN98
| `--+--Berrya [Berryeae] BAN98
| |--Brownlowia elata BS04, BAN98 [Brownlowieae]
| |--Christiana BAN98
| `--Jarandersonia BAN98
`--+--Tiliaceae BS04
`--Dombeyoideae BS04
Malvaceae incertae sedis:
Melochia D01
Argyrodendron peralatum W01
Pterygota P02
Melhania futteyporensis PP07
Acropogon YY22
Basiloxylon YY22
Dicarpidium YY22
Firmiana S02
|--F. colorata S02
|--F. malayana P88
`--F. simplex [incl. Sterculia platanifolia] LO98
Octolobus YY22
Pterocymbium YY22
Tarrietia argyrodendron YY22, H42
Tetradia YY22
Erythropsis Lindley ex Schott & Endlicher 1832 FT93
Thomasia RL05
|--T. cognata RL05
|--T. foliosa GK00
|--T. macrocalyx OS04
|--T. paniculata GK00
`--T. pauciflora GK00
Keraudrenia velutina G04
|--K. v. ssp. velutina G04
`--K. v. ssp. elliptica G04
Rulingia GK00
|--R. corylifolia GK00
|--R. kempeana EF04
`--R. loxophylla SM90
Commersonia bartramia Cr78
Hannafordia quadrivalvis KM08
Malvastrum coromandelianum PP07
Ambroma augusta BB07
Hoheria G60
|--H. angustifolia CA27
|--H. glabrata C59
|--H. lyalli B88
|--H. populnea CA27
`--H. sexstylosa CA27
Parabombacaceoxylon WM09
Javelinoxylon WM09
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[BB07] Baishya, A. K. & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 121-154.
[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315-330.
[BS04] Baum, D. A., S. D. Smith, A. Yen, W. S. Alverson, R. Nyffeler, B. A. Whitlock & R. L. Oldham. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 91: 1863-1871.
[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.
[Cl78] Clunie, N. M. U. 1978. The vegetation. In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 (J. S. Womersley, ed.) pp. 1-11. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).
[CA27] Cockayne, L., & H. H. Allan. 1927. Notes on New Zealand floristic botany, including descriptions of new species, &c. (No. 5). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 48-72.
[Cr78] Croft, J. R. 1978. Magnoliaceae. In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 (J. S. Womersley, ed.) pp. 129-134. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).
[C59] Cunningham, G. H. 1959. Hydnaceae of New Zealand. Part II.—The genus Odontia. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 65-103, pl. 110.
[D01] Doweld, A. B. 2001. The systematic relevance of fruit and seed structure in Bersama and Melianthus (Melianthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 227: 75-103.
[EF04] Etten, E. J. B. van, & J. E. D. Fox. 2004. Vegetation classification and ordination of the central Hamersley Ranges, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 63-79.
[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i-viii, 1-351.
[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35-47.
[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323-402.
[G60] Gudex, M. C. 1960. The native flora of Bryant House-Whale Bay area. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 357-362.
[HK98] Hahn, A., & H. Kusserow. 1998. Spatial and temporal distribution of algae in soil crusts in the Sahel of W Africa: Preliminary results. Willdenowia 28: 227-238.
[H42] Hill, G. F. 1942. Termites (Isoptera) from the Australian Region (including Australia, New Guinea and islands south of the Equator between 140°E. longitude and 170°W. longitude). Commonwealth of Australia Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: Melbourne.
[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.
[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1-4): 121-130.
[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11-19.
[K06] Kwiecinski, G. G. 2006. Phyllostomus discolor. Mammalian Species 801: 1-11.
[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263-276.
[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19-28.
[PP07] Pandey, R. P. & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 15-78.
[Par03] Parmar, P. J. 2003. Loss of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari in Indian desert. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45 (1-4): 77-90.
[Pau03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45 (1-4): 121-142.
[P02] Pickford, M. 2002. Early Miocene grassland ecosystem at Bukwa, Mount Elgon, Uganda. Comptes Rendus Palevol 1: 213-219.
[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.
[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155-165.
[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1-248.
[S02] Santharam, V. 2002. Fruit and nectar resources in a moist deciduous forest and their use by birds – a preliminary report. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 537-543.
[SM90] Smith, G. T., & S. R. Morton. 1990. Responses by scorpions to fire-initiates succession in arid Australian spinifex grasslands. Journal of Arachnology 18: 241-244.
[W01] Walter, D. E. 2001. Achilles and the mite: Zeno’s paradox and rainforest mite diversity. In Acarology: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress (R. B. Halliday, D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff, eds) pp. 113-120. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.
[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1-62.
No comments:
Post a Comment
Markup Key:
- <b>bold</b> = bold
- <i>italic</i> = italic
- <a href="http://www.fieldofscience.com/">FoS</a> = FoS