Thripidae

Limothrips angulicornis, from OzThrips.

Belongs within: Thripida.
Contains: Wegenerithrips, Plesiothrips, Aptinothripina, Dendrothripinae, Frankliniella, Sericothripinae, Scirtothrips, Anaphothrips, Taeniothrips, Thrips, Panchaetothripinae, Chirothrips.

The Thripidae are a diverse and cosmopolitan family of thrips including, amongst others, the great majority of the pest thrips species. Recent authors have recognised four subfamilies within the Thripidae though the largest of these, the Thripinae, is defined only by the absence of derived characters and is undoubtedly paraphyletic. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has suggested division of the family between two major lineages, one including the subfamilies Dendrothripinae and Sericothripinae and thripine genera related to Frankliniella, and the other including the subfamily Panchaetothripinae and genera related to Thrips (Buckman et al. 2013). The latter of these clades also includes the distinctive genus Scolothrips, species of which are predators on leaf-feeding mites. The Chirothripini have been recognised as a tribe of grass-living 'Thripinae' but, again, the characters defining this assemblage are probably related to their habitat and the tribe is probably not monophyletic (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Small to medium in body size (0.5–2.5 mm in length). Antenna with six to eight (rarely nine) segments, terminal segments forming short style at apex of segment VI if present; segments III and IV each with one (occasionally two) emergent, forked or simple, sensory trichomes, each of which is more than twice as long as wide. Tentorium not developed. Wings, if present, slender and usually more or less pointed, with two longitudinal veins each usually bearing a row of setae. Females with serrated ovipositor (rarely reduced) that is downturned at apex. Males commonly smaller and paler than females with a more slender body, often bearing one or more glandular areas on median sternites.

Thripidae [Thripinae, Thripini]
    |--+--Ayyaria chaetophora BMW13
    |  |--+--Aptinothripina BMW13
    |  |  `--Dendrothripinae BMW13
    |  |--+--Frankliniella BMW13
    |  |  `--Pseudanaphothrips Karny 1921 BMW13, GM79
    |  |       |--P. achaetus BMW13
    |  |       `--P. araucariae BMW13
    |  `--+--Sericothripinae BMW13
    |     `--+--+--Anascirtothrips arorai BMW13
    |        |  `--Scirtothrips BMW13
    |        `--+--Parabaliothrips newmani BMW13, M04
    |           `--Echinothrips Moulton 1911 BMW13, MM96
    |                |--*E. mexicanus Moulton 1911 MM96
    |                |--E. americanus Morgan 1913 [incl. Dictyothrips floridensis Watson 1919] MM96
    |                |--E. asperatus Hood 1957 MM96
    |                |--E. caribbeanus Hood 1955 MM96
    |                |--E. pinnatus Hood 1960 MM96
    |                |--E. selaginellae Mound 1994 MM96
    |                `--E. subflavus Hood 1927 MM96
    `--+--+--Anaphothrips BMW13
       |  `--+--Taeniothrips BMW13
       |     `--Thrips BMW13
       `--+--+--Panchaetothripinae BMW13
          |  `--Scolothrips Hinds 1902 BMW13, MM96
          |       |--*S. sexmaculatus (Pergande 1894) [=Thrips sexmaculata] MM96
          |       |--S. indicus HC01
          |       |--S. longicornis HC01
          |       `--S. rhagebianus BMW13
          `--+--Caprithrips Faure 1933 BMW13, MM96
             |    |--*C. analis Faure 1933 MM96
             |    |--C. insularis Beshear 1975 MM96
             |    `--C. moundi BMW13
             `--+--Pezothrips Karny 1907 BMW13, JR-SM-G05
                |    |--P. aureus Girault 1929 G29
                |    `--P. kellyanus BMW13
                `--+--Tenothrips Bhatti 1967 BMW13, JR-SM-G05
                   |    |--*T. alis [=Taeniothrips (*Tenothrips) alis] MM96
                   |    `--T. frici (Uzel 1895) [=Physopus frici] MM96
                   `--+--Chirothripini MM96
                      |    |--Chirothrips BMW13
                      |    `--Limothrips Haliday 1836 MM96
                      |         |--*L. cerealium (Haliday 1836) [=Thrips (*Limothrips) cerealium] MM96
                      |         |--L. angulicornis MM96
                      |         |--L. australiensis Girault 1928 G28b
                      |         `--L. formosus Girault 1929 G29
                      `--Arorathrips Bhatti 1990 BMW13, MM96
                           |--*A. mexicanus (Crawford 1909) [=Chirothrips mexicanus] MM96
                           |--A. crassiscelis (Zur Strassen 1967) [=Chirothrips crassiscelis] MM96
                           |--A. fulvus (Moulton 1936) [=Chirothrips fulvus; incl. C. dolosus De Santis 1967] MM96
                           |--A. nigriceps (Hood 1952) [=Chirothrips nigriceps] MM96
                           |--A. spiniceps (Hood 1915) [=Chirothrips spiniceps] MM96
                           `--A. xanthius (Hood 1934) [=Chirothrips xanthius; incl. C. oryzae De Santis 1967] MM96

Thripidae incertae sedis:
  Ceratothrips Reuter 1899 M83, GM79
    |--C. frici M83
    `--C. quadratus (Hood 1918) G28a, GM79 [=Pterothrips quadratus G28a]
  Sorgothrips Priesner 1936 JR-SM-G05
  Anomothrips Bhatti 1978 JR-SM-G05
  Odontothripiella Bagnall 1929 JR-SM-G05
    `--O. biloba TM13
  Odontothrips Amyot & Serville 1843 JR-SM-G05
  Projectothrips Moulton 1929 JR-SM-G05
  Dichromothrips MM09
  Trichromothrips MM09
  Tethysthrips PL12
    |--T. hispanicus PL12
    `--T. libanicus PL12
  Adelphithrips cassiniae Mound & Palmer 1981 MM04
  Dikrothrips diphyes Mound & Walker 1981 MM04
  Lomatothrips paryphis Mound & Walker 1982 MM04
  Lefroyothrips Priesner 1938 MM96, JR-SM-G05
  Megalurothrips Bagnall 1915 MM96, JR-SM-G05
  Cricothrips MM96
  Moundiella MM96
  Bournierothrips Bhatti 1979 MM96
  Wegenerithrips MM96
  Plesiothrips MM96
  Graphidothrips stuardoi MM96
  Exothrips MM96
  Organothrips bianchii MM96
  Muscithrips Bournier 1990 MM96, JR-SM-G05
  Xenothrips MM09
  Monothrips flavus MM09
  Gabanithrips Bhatti & Mound 1992 MM96
    `--*G. bantus Bhatti & Mound 1992 MM96
  Craspedothrips zur Strassen 1966 MM96, JR-SM-G05
    `--C. inconstantis (Johansen & Mojica 1986) (see below for synonymy) JR-SM-G05
  Scirtidothrips Hood 1954 MM96
    `--*S. torquatus Hood 1954 MM96
  Rhabdothrips Hood 1933 MM96
    `--*R. albus Hood 1933 MM96
  Fulmekiola Karny 1925 MM96
    `--F. serrata (Kobus 1893) [=Thrips serrata; incl. *F. interrupta Karny 1925] MM96
  Paraleucothrips Johansen 1983 MM96
    `--*P. minusculus Johansen 1983 MM96
  Plesiopsothrips Hood 1956 MM96
    `--*P. trinidadensis Hood 1956 MM96
  Prionotothrips Hood 1954 MM96
    `--*P. procerus Hood 1954 MM96
  Sciothrips Bhatti 1970 MM96
    `--*S. cardamomi (Ramakrishna 1935) [=Taeniothrips cardamomi] MM96
  Systenothrips Hood 1956 MM96
    `--*S. latens Hood 1956 MM96
  Aneristothrips De Santis 1957 MM96
    |--*A. rostratus De Santis 1957 MM96
    `--A. claripennis (Moulton 1933) [=Mycertothrips claripennis] MM96
  Arpediothrips Hood 1927 MM96
    |--*A. mojave Hood 1927 MM96
    `--A. mexicanus Watson 1939 MM96
  Bradinothrips Hood 1954 [incl. Palleucothrips Hood 1956] MM96
    |--*B. williamsi Hood 1954 MM96
    `--B. musae (Hood 1956) [=*Palleucothrips musae] MM96
  Cercyothrips Morgan 1925 MM96
    |--*C. striatus Morgan 1925 MM96
    `--C. galbinus Hood 1957 MM96
  Coremothrips Hood 1925 MM96
    |--*C. pallidus Hood 1925 MM96
    `--C. nubilicus Hood 1954 MM96
  Danothrips Bhatti 1971 MM96
    |--*D. setifer Bhatti 1971 MM96
    |--D. theivorus A78
    `--D. trifasciatus Sakimura 1975 MM96
  Dendrothripoides Bagnall 1923 MM96
    |--D. innoxius (Karny 1914) [=Euthrips innoxius; incl. *D. ipomeae Bagnall 1923] MM96
    `--D. microchaetus MM96
  Rhamphothrips Karny 1913 MM96
    |--*R. tenuirostris [=Rhynchothrips tenuirostris] MM96
    `--R. pandens Sakimura 1983 MM96
  Salpingothrips Hood 1935 MM96
    |--*S. minimus Hood 1935 MM96
    `--S. aimotofus MM96
  Bregmatothrips Hood 1912 MM96
    |--*B. venustus Hood 1912 MM96
    |--B. difficilis Johansen 1977 MM96
    `--B. gracilis Hood & Williams 1915 MM96
  Chaetanaphothrips Priesner 1925 MM96
    |--*C. orchidii (Moulton 1907) [=Euthrips orchidii] MM96
    |--C. bilongilineatus R70
    |--C. deformans A78
    |--C. leeuweni (Karny 1914) [=Euthrips leeuweni; incl. Scirtothrips clarus Moulton 1942] MM96
    `--C. signipennis (Bagnall 1914) [=Scirtothrips signipennis, Anaphothrips signipennis] MM96
  Corynothrips Williams 1913 MM96
    |--*C. stenopterus Williams 1913 MM96
    |--C. cruentatus Hood 1934 MM96
    `--C. flavus Moulton 1941 MM96
  Dorcadothrips Priesner 1932 MM96
    |--*D. caespitis Priesner 1932 MM96
    |--D. cyperaceae MM96
    `--D. xanthius MM96
  Kurtomathrips Moulton 1927 MM96
    |--*K. morrilli Moulton 1927 MM96
    |--K. anahuacensis Johansen 1976 MM96
    `--K. brunneus (Watson 1931) [=Prosopothrips brunneus; incl. K. unicolor Bailey 1961] MM96
  Leucothrips Reuter 1904 MM96
    |--*L. nigripennis Reuter 1904 MM96
    |--L. furcatus MM96
    |--L. pictus MM96
    `--L. theobromae MM96
  Bravothrips Johansen 1986 MM96, JR-SM-G05
    |--*B. daturae Johansen 1986 MM96
    |--B. halffteri Johansen 1986 MM96
    |--B. kraussi (Crawford 1948) [=Taeniothrips kraussi] MM96
    |--B. mexicanus (Priesner 1933) [=Taeniothrips mexicanus] MM96
    `--B. tibialis (Crawford 1948) JR-SM-G05 [=Taeniothrips tibialis MM96]
  Ceratothripoides Bagnall 1918 MM96, JR-SM-G05
    |--*C. brunneus Bagnall 1918 MM96
    |--C. chilticus Johansen 1986 MM96
    |--C. claratris WJM13
    |--C. funestus (Hood 1915) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--C. lagoenacollus (Moulton 1933) [=Taeniothrips lagoenacollus] MM96
    `--C. silvestris (Hood 1935) [=Taeniothrips silvestris] MM96
  Halmathrips Hood 1936 MM96
    |--*H. citricinctus Hood 1936 MM96
    |--H. beckeri Stannard 1953 [=H. (Phaosothrips) beckeri] MM96
    |--H. debilis Stannard 1953 MM96
    |--H. ferruginus Johansen 1974 [=H. (Demetriothrips) ferruginus] MM96
    `--H. tricinctus Stannard 1953 MM96
  Chaetisothrips Priesner 1957 MM96
    |--*C. striatus (Hood 1935) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--C. chavesi Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--C. garciamirandai Johansen 1982 MM96
    |--C. gardeniae (Crawford 1945) [=Isochaetothrips gardeniae] MM96
    |--C. mecocephalus Sakimura 1969 [incl. Isochaetothrips garciaamarae Johansen 1978] MM96
    |--C. medinai Sakimura 1969 MM96
    `--C. reticulatus (Crawford 1910) (see below for synonymy) MM96
  Psectrothrips Hood 1937 [incl. Lacandonithrips Johansen 1981] MM96
    |--*P. delostomae Hood 1937 MM96
    |--P. beckeri Stannard 1951 MM96
    |--P. elegantis (Johansen 1981) [=*Lacandonithrips elegantis] MM96
    |--P. interruptus (Hood 1957) [=Pseudothrips interruptus] MM96
    |--P. longiceps (Hood 1954) [=Pseudothrips longiceps] MM96
    |--P. palmerae Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    `--P. spadix (Hood 1916) [=Pseudothrips spadix] MM96
  Xerothrips Nakahara 1996 N96
    `--*X. dissimilis Nakahara 1996 N96
  Diarthrothrips RD77
    |--D. coffeae RD77
    `--D. obscuriceps Girault 1931 G31
  Kakothrips robustus RD77
  Amphithrips argutus A78
  Pteridothrips pteridicola A78
  Smeringothrips salaciae A78
  Tmetothrips subapterus A78

Ceratothripoides funestus (Hood 1915) [=Physothrips funestus; incl. Taeniothrips martorellorum Medina Gaud 1961] MM96

Chaetisothrips reticulatus (Crawford 1910) [=Dictyothrips reticulatus; incl. Isochaetothrips dampfi Priesner 1933] MM96

*Chaetisothrips striatus (Hood 1935) [=Isochaetothrips striatus; incl. C. striatus caribbeanus Sakimura 1969] MM96

Craspedothrips inconstantis (Johansen & Mojica 1986) [=Wegenerithrips inconstantis, Ceratothripoides inconstantis] JR-SM-G05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A78] Ananthakrishnan, T. N. 1978. Thrips galls and gall thrips. Zoological Survey of India, Technical Monograph 1: 1–69, 26 pls.

[BMW13] Buckman, R. S., L. A. Mound & M. F. Whiting. 2013. Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 38: 123–133.

[G28a] Girault, A. A. 1928a. A prodigeous discourse on wild animals. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 218–220).

[G28b] Girault, A. A. 1928b. Some Insecta and a new All Highness. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 225–228).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. Description of a case of lunacy in Homo and of six-legged articulates. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 262–265).

[G31] Girault, A. A. 1931. Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 284–285).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HC01] Ho, C.-C., & W.-H. Chen. 2001. Life cycle, food consumption, and seasonal occurrence of Scolothrips indicus (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) on eggplant. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 409–412. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61–83.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[MM04] Martin, N. A., & L. A. Mound. 2004. Host plants for some New Zealand thrips (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia). New Zealand Entomologist 27: 119–123.

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian Thysanoptera—biological diversity and a diversity of studies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 248–257.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[MM09] Mound, L. A., & M. Masumoto. 2009. Australian Thripinae of the Anaphothrips genus-group (Thysanoptera), with three new genera and thirty-three new species. Zootaxa 2042: 1–76.

[N96] Nakahara, S. 1996. Xerothrips dissimilis new genus and species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from California and Nevada. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 208–214.

[PL12] Peñalver, E., C. C. Labandeira, E. Barrón, X. Delclòs, P. Nel, A. Nel, P. Tafforeau & C. Soriano. 2012. Thrips pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (22): 8623–8628.

[R70] Reed, E. M. 1970. Thysanoptera (thrips). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 458–464. Melbourne University Press.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[TM13] Tree, D. J., & L. A. Mound. 2013. Leichhardt's vanishing thrips: a remarkable new genus and species of Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum—Nature 58: 375–379.

[WJM13] Whittle, P., F. Jarrad & K. Mengersen. 2013. Design of the quarantine surveillance for non-indigenous species of invertebrates on Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 113–130.

Last updated: 26 April 2022.

Heterothripidae

Female Heterothrips pectinifer, from Thrips of California.

Belongs within: Thysanoptera.

The Heterothripidae are a smallish family of New World thrips species. The biology of the family is poorly known, though many species appear to be flower-living (Mound & Marullo 1996). The great majority of species are placed in the genus Heterothrips, which lacks the long expanded setae on the head and pronotum of Aulacothrips, and the triangle of strong reticulate sculpture on the metanotum of Scutothrips. Lenkothrips has been treated as a subgenus of Heterothrips, but has the sensoria on antennal segments III and IV curved towards the base of segment laterally, whereas they are restricted to the apex in Heterothrips (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antenna with nine segments; segments III and IV with continuous, circum-polar sensory areas, usually transverse around apex but sometimes curved basally on each side of these segments.

<==Heterothripidae [Heterothripoidea]
    |--Protothrips Z02
    |--Archaeothrips Z02
    |--Lenkothrips De Santis & Sureda 1970 MM96
    |    `--*L. sensitivus (De Santis & Sureda 1970) [=Heterothrips (*Lenkothrips) sensitivus] MM96
    |--Aulacothrips Hood 1952 MM96
    |    `--*A. dictyotus Hood 1952 MM96
    |--Scutothrips Stannard 1972 MM96
    |    |--*S. incaensis Stannard 1972 MM96
    |    |--S. byrsonimae Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |    |--S. nudus [incl. S. moreirai Moulton 1932] MM96
    |    `--S. peruvianus MM96
    `--Heterothrips Hood 1908 [incl. Protemnothrips Hood 1937] MM96
         |--*H. arisaemae Hood 1908 MM96
         |--H. aesculi Watson 1915 MM96
         |--H. alvarezi Johansen 1991 MM96
         |--H. analis Hood 1915 MM96
         |--H. angusticeps Hood 1954 MM96
         |--H. animosus Johansen 1986 MM96
         |--H. anodae Johansen 1989 MM96
         |--H. auranticornis Watson 1922 MM96
         |--H. azaleae Hood 1916 MM96
         |--H. bicolor Hood 1954 MM96
         |--H. bolivianus Stannard 1972 MM96
         |--H. brasiliensis Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. cacti Hood 1955 [incl. H. sensibilis De Santis 1980] MM96
         |--H. californiensis Johansen 1989 MM96
         |--H. castaneus Johansen 1981 MM96
         |--H. clusiae Hood 1955 MM96
         |--H. condei Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. cuernavacae Watson 1939 MM96
         |--H. decacornis Crawford 1909 [incl. H. bonampakus Johansen 1981, H. borinquen Hood 1915] MM96
         |--H. decoratus Hood 1954 MM96
         |--H. eversi Stannard 1958 MM96
         |--H. fimbriatus Hood 1934 MM96
         |--H. flavicornis Hood 1915 MM96
         |--H. flavicruris Hood 1934 MM96
         |--H. flavidus Hood 1954 MM96
         |--H. flavitibia Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. gillettei Moulton 1929 MM96
         |--H. julius Stannard 1972 MM96
         |--H. lasquerellae Hood 1939 MM96
         |--H. lewisi Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
         |--H. limbatus Hood 1925 MM96
         |--H. lyoniae Hood 1916 MM96
         |--H. marginatus Hood 1954 MM96
         |--H. mexicanus Watson 1924 MM96
         |--H. miconiae Hood 1937 [=H. (*Protemnothrips) miconiae] MM96
         |--H. mimosae Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
         |--H. minor Hood 1915 MM96
         |--H. moestus De Santis 1966 MM96
         |--H. myrceugenellae Gallego de Sureda 1973 MM96
         |--H. oneillae Medina Gaud 1963 MM96
         |--H. ornatus Hood 1938 MM96
         |--H. pastraniae Tapia 1952 (n. d.) MM96
         |--H. pectinifer Hood 1915 MM96
         |--H. pilosus Buffa 1908 (n. d.) MM96
         |--H. pithecolobiumaffinis Johansen 1989 MM96
         |--H. prosopidis Crawford 1943 MM96
         |--H. pubescens Hood 1934 MM96
         |--H. quercicola Crawford 1942 MM96
         |--H. salicis Shull 1909 MM96
         |--H. semiflavus De Santis 1972 MM96
         |--H. sericatus Hood 1913 MM96
         |--H. spinosus Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. striatus Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. trinidadensis Hood 1955 MM96
         |--H. varitibia Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. vernus Hood 1939 MM96
         |--H. vitifloridus Bailey & Cott 1955 MM96
         |--H. vitis Hood 1916 [incl. H. tiliae Watson 1920] MM96
         |--H. watsoni Bailey & Cott 1955 MM96
         `--H. xolismae Hood 1936 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Order Thripida Fallen, 1914. (=Thysanoptera Haliday, 1836) The thrips. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 133-143. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Wegenerithrips

Right forewing of Wegenerithrips admirabilis, from Johansen et al. (2005).

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Wegenerithrips is a New World genus of thrips with sabre-shaped forewings, the upper vein of which bears sparse and interrupted setae.

Characters (from Johansen et al. 2005): Very small thrips known only from females (0.738–1.16 mm in length). Body predominantly clear yellow, or bicolored: yellow with brownish abdomen, or head and thorax brown with yellow abdomen. Subhypodermal pigment yellow to orange. Antennal segments I–II yello, III–VIII dark brown. Fore wings dark greyish-brown; hind wings whitish with a dark brown median longitudinal vitta. Ocellar crescents orange to red. Body setae dark brown. Head in dorsal view broader than long, slightly produced in front (including bases of antennae) or only between bases of antennae; cheeks slightly convex to almost straight and subparallel; occiput sculptured with transverse and confluent striae. Chaetotaxy of head with anteocellars (pair I) commonly present (rarely absent); lateral setae (pair II) present; interocellars (pair III) commonly very long, between hind ocelli, sometimes posterior displaced to near basal margin of ocellar triangle; postoculars i–ii present. Compound eyes ellipsoidal, protruding, regularly faceted and pilose; ocellar triangle at centre between both eyes, anterior ocellus inclined or directed forwards. Antennae 8-segmented; II with two setae surrounding dorsoapical chordotonal sensilla; segment III with subbasal hyaline and membranose ring, pedicel cylindric to slightly fungiform, segments III–VI globose and pedicellate, each with annulae and microtrichia; segments III–IV each with a bifurcate trichome (dorsal and ventral respectively). Mouth-cone commonly long (nearly to completely reaching posterior margin of prosternum), narrow to broadly round, longer or shorter than head's dorsal length. Maxillary palps three-segmented; labial palpi two-segmented. Pronotum broader than long, smooth or with some faint transverse striae in anterior margin that become stronger in posterior margin. Chaetotaxy of pronotum with two major anteroangulars commonly short, two major anteromarginals commonly long but sometimes reduced; four minor posteromarginals; two posteroangulars, the inner one very long, the outer reduced; basantra membranous, ferna entire but constricted at middle. Mesonotum transverse, oblong, pentagonal to hexagonal, with transverse parallel to confluent striae; with two pairs of posteromarginal setae, and one lateral on each side. Metanotum scutum transverse, smooth at centre, concentrically striated, or with polygonal reticulation; pair of median setae on anterior margin or posterior displaced. Pterosternum: mesosternal furca with spinula, absent in metasternal furca. Legs slender and moderately long; all tarsi two-segmented. Fore wings sabre-like, commonly with apex curved forwards, upper vein with sparse and interrupted chaetotaxy, second vein with regularly placed setae; posterior fringe cilia wavy. Abdomen with suture separating laterotergites and pleurites. Tergite I with two setae at middle (also present on tergites II–VIII). Tergite VIII with ctenidium anterolateral to spiracle; with craspedum (sometimes not apparent) in posterior margin. Tergite X with short to long longitudinal suture. Sternites II–VII each with accessory transverse setae row plus posteromarginals.

<==Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 JR-SM-G05
    |  i. s.: W. trinidadensis (Hood 1956) JR-SM-G05
    |         W. virginianus (Johansen & Mojica 1986) [=Plesiopsothrips virginianus] JR-SM-G05
    |--W. exiguamirabilis Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
    `--+--*W. admirabilis Johansen 1983 JR-SM-G05
       `--+--W. teoceloensis Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
          `--+--+--W. longistilus Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
             |  `--+--W. centraliamericanus Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
             |     `--W. grandemirabilis Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
             `--+--W. godmansalvinorum Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
                `--+--W. bicolor Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
                   `--W. minor Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61-83.

Thrips

Onion thrips Thrips tabaci, photographed by Nigel Cattlin.

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Thrips is a large genus of thrips, most diverse in the Holarctic and Old World tropics, though some species have become cosmopolitan pest species. These include the onion thrips Thrips tabaci and the melon thrips T. palmi, both of which feed on a wide range of crops and can transmit viruses between them. Members of Thrips are characterised by the absence of ocellar setae I, and the presence of paired tergal ctenidia posteromesad of the spiracles on tergite VIII (Mound & Marullo 1996). Phylogenetic analysis by Buckman et al. (2013) indicated that Thrips is paraphyletic to Microcephalothrips abdominalis, which has a particularly small head relative to the pronotum and seven-segmented antennae, and the genus Stenchaetothrips which has elongate ocellar setae pair II (Mound & Marullo 1996).

<==Thrips Linnaeus 1758 JR-SM-G05
    |--+--T. knoxi BMW13
    |  `--T. setipennis BMW13
    `--+--+--T. vulgatissimus BMW13
       |  `--Microcephalothrips Bagnall 1926 BMW13, MM96
       |       `--*M. abdominalis (Crawford 1910) [=Thrips abdominalis] MM96
       `--+--+--T. australis (Bagnall 1915) BMW13, MM96 (see below for synonymy)
          |  `--T. imaginis Bagnall 1926 BMW13, GM79
          `--+--T. simplex (Morison 1930) BMW13, MM96 [=Physothrips simplex MM96]
             `--+--T. nigropilosus BMW13
                `--Stenchaetothrips Bagnall 1926 BMW13, MM96 [incl. Anaphidothrips Hood 1954 MM96]
                     |--*S. melanurus Bagnall 1926 MM96
                     |--S. biformis (Bagnall 1913) [=Bagnallia biformis; incl. Chloethrips oryzae] MM96
                     |--S. brasiliensis (Hood 1954) [=*Anaphidothrips brasiliensis] MM96
                     `--S. minutus (Deventer 1906) (see below for synonymy) MM96

Thrips incertae sedis:
  *T. physapus Linnaeus 1758 MM96
  T. addendus (Priesner 1933) [=Taeniothrips addendus] MM96
  T. albopilosum KU07
  T. aligherini Girault 1927 G27b
  T. coprosmae Mound 1978 MM04
  T. darci Girault 1930 G30
  T. exilicornis MM96
  T. fasciata Linnaeus 1758 L58
  T. flavus M04
  T. florum Schmutz 1913 MM96
  T. formosanus Priesner 1934 S76
  T. hawaiiensis (Morgan 1913) [=Euthrips hawaiiensis] MM96
  T. helianthi C38
  T. indigenus Girault 1929 G29
  T. japonicus Bagnall 1914 GM79 [=T. partirufus Girault 1927 G27c]
  T. juniperina Linnaeus 1758 L58
  T. lacteicorpus Girault 1927 GM79
  T. major M04
  T. minutissima Linnaeus 1758 L58
  T. obscuratus (Crawford 1941) MM04
  T. orientalis (Bagnall 1915) [=Isoneurothrips orientalis] MM96
  T. pallicornis C38
  T. pallidulus Bagnall 1924 S76
  T. palmi Karny 1925 MM96
  T. parvispinus MC13
  T. safrus MC13
  T. seminiveus Girault 1926 G26
  T. shakespearei Girault 1927 G27a
  T. tabaci Lindeman 1889 MM96
  T. trehernei B08
  T. unispinus M04
  T. walteri Crawford 1938 C38

Stenchaetothrips minutus (Deventer 1906) [=Thrips minutus; incl. T. minutus var. puttemansi Costa Lima 1926, Stenchaetothrips saccharoni] MM96

Thrips australis (Bagnall 1915) BMW13, MM96 [=Isoneurothrips australis MM96; incl. I. marisabellae Ortiz 1973 MM96]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B08] Bartos, M. 2008. Alternative predatory tactics in a juvenile jumping spider. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 300–305.

[BMW13] Buckman, R. S., L. A. Mound & M. F. Whiting. 2013. Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 38: 123–133.

[C38] Crawford, J. C. 1938. Some new or little known Thysanoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (2): 35–43.

[G26] Girault, A. A. 1926. New pests from Australia. IV. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 205).

[G27a] Girault, A. A. 1927a. Some new wild animals. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 208–210).

[G27b] Girault, A. A. 1927b. New Australian animals so far overlooked by outsiders. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 211–212).

[G27c] Girault, A. A. 1927c. A discourse on wild animals. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 216–217).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. North American Hymenoptera Mymaridae. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 233–261).

[G30] Girault, A. A. 1930. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273–277).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61–83.

[KU07] Khanjani, M., & E. A. Ueckermann. 2007. Natural enemies of the walnut pest Aceria tristriatus (Nal.) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in western Iran. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 451–453. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[MM04] Martin, N. A., & L. A. Mound. 2004. Host plants for some New Zealand thrips (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia). New Zealand Entomologist 27: 119–123.

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian Thysanoptera—biological diversity and a diversity of studies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 248–257.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[S76] Strassen, R. zur. 1976. Hochmontane Arisaema-Arten (Araceae) in Nepal als Wirtspflanzen floricoler Fransenflügler (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (1–3): 55–59.

Last updated: 30 January 2019.

Caliothrips

Bean thrips Caliothrips phaseoli, photographed by Ted MacRae.

Belongs within: Panchaetothripinae.

Caliothrips is a genus of thrips often associated with grasses though some species are minor crop pests. These include the bean thrips Caliothrips phaseoli, a pest of beans and also sometimes of cotton.

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Head and pronotum dark with conspicuous reticulate sculpture; wrinkle- or dot-shaped markings present within reticulate sculpture. Antennae eight-segmented; head with cheeks more or less parallel-sided, not constricted into neck-like region. Forewings usually with dark and light bands, first vein with wide interval in setal row. Metathoracic furca with two long curved arms extending to mesothorax. Tarsi one-segmented. Tergite VIII reticulate; tergite X usually with longitudinal split.

<==Caliothrips Daniel 1904 MM96
    |--C. fasciatus (Pergande 1895) [=Heliothrips fasciatus; incl. *C. woodworthi] MM96
    |--C. cinctipennis MM96
    |--C. fasciapennis (Hinds 1902) [=Heliothrips fasciapennis] MM96
    |--C. flavescentis De Santis 1967 MM96
    |--C. indicus MH91
    |--C. insularis (Hood 1928) [=Hercothrips insularis; incl. Heliothrips bruneri Morgan 1929] MM96
    |--C. marginipennis (Hood 1912) [=Heliothrips marginipennis] MM96
    |--C. masculinus (Hood 1928) [=Hercothrips masculinus] MM96
    |--C. multistriatus MM96
    |--C. nanus (Hood 1928) [=Hercothrips nanus] MM96
    |--C. phaseoli (Hood 1912) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--C. punctipennis (Hood 1912) [=Heliothrips punctipennis] MM96
    `--C. striatopterus BMW13

Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood 1912) [=Heliothrips phaseoli; incl. Hel. braziliensis Morgan 1929, Caliothrips flavescentis De Santis 1967, Hercothrips ipomoeae Moulton 1932] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BMW13] Buckman, R. S., L. A. Mound & M. F. Whiting. 2013. Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 38: 123–133.

[MH91] Mound, L. A., & B. S. Heming. 1991. Thysanoptera (thrips). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 510–515. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

Last updated: 26 April 2022.

Chirothrips

Male and female of Chirothrips manicatus, from CSIRO.

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Chirothrips is a cosmopolitan genus of thrips whose members are all found living in grass flowers. Each individual thrips develops within a single floret on the grass's flower-stalk, and individuals within a species may vary in size depending on the nutritional quality of the host floret (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Pronotum trapezoidal, posterior margin at least 1.5 times as wide as anterior margin; sense cones on antennal segments III–IV simple, not forked; antennal segment II usually strongly asymmetric, external margin often produced into a point; mesofurca well-developed, T-shaped, invaginated medially and with paired lateral flanges or, if mesofurca reduced, then metanotum and ventral surface of head with numerous short stout setae.

<==Chirothrips Haliday 1836 MM96 [=Chirtothrips (l. c.) G28]
    |--*C. manicatus (Haliday 1836) [=Thrips (*Chirothrips) manicata] MM96
    |--C. ah Girault 1929 G29
    |--C. atricorpus Girault 1927 G27
    |--C. dorsalis MM96
    |--C. falsus Priesner 1925 MM96
    |--C. frontalis MM96
    |--C. orizaba Hood 1938 MM96
    |--C. pallidicornis M83
    |--C. patruelis MM96
    |--C. priesneri Hood 1949 MM96
    |--C. productus MM96
    |--C. pubescens Hood 1949 MM96
    |--C. ruthae MM96
    |--C. sericatus Hood 1949 MM96
    |--C. simplex MM96
    |--C. spinosus Moulton 1946 MM96
    |--C. texanus MM96
    `--C. vestis MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G27] Girault, A. A. 1927. Thysanoptera nova Australiensis from Queensland. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 213).

[G28] Girault, A. A. 1928. Some Insecta and a new All Highness. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 225-228).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. New pests from Australia. VI. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 266-269).

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: An annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1-98.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Frankliniella

Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, from here.

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Frankliniella is a large genus of thrips, most diverse in the Neotropics though some species are cosmopolitan crop pests. These include the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and the common blossom thrips F. schultzei. They cause scarring and deformation of leaves, flowers and fruit of a wide range of crops, and can also transmit viruses between plants.

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennae eight-segmented (rarely seven-segmented), segments III and IV each with a forked trichome; head with ocellar setae I present, III variable in position; compound eyes usually with four pigmented ommatidia (rarely five or absent); pronotum usually with two pairs of long setae on anterior margin (sometimes reduced) and two pairs of long posteroangular setae; pronotal posterior margin with median pair of setae (pm I) shorter than submedian pair (pm II); mesonotal median setae arising at anterior margin of the sclerite; metanotal median setae arising at anterior margin of the sclerite; wings usually fully developed in both sexes, both veins with a complete row of setae, wing-scale usually with 5 veinal and one discal setae; tergite II with three lateral marginal setae, a fourth seta on extreme anterior angle of pleurotergite; tergites V–VIII with paired lateral ctenidia, on VIII anterolateral to spiracles; sternite I with three small anteromedian setae; sternites III–VII without discal setae; the three pairs of marginal setae on sternite VII arising at or close to the margin. Larvae with reduced microtrichia on antennal segment III; tergite IX with a small row of teeth on posterior margin, the distance between the pair of dorsal sensilla about twice the distance between the median dorsal setae, posterior sclerotised band usually extending anteriorly beyond dorsal setae; tergite X with sclerotised band extending at least to dorsal sensilla.

<==Frankliniella Karny 1910 B06 [incl. Bolbothrips Crawford 1945 MM96, Exophthalmothrips Moulton 1933 MM96]
    |--*F. intonsa [=Thrips intonsa] MM96
    |--F. aeschyli Girault 1927 G27
    |--F. akaina Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--F. aliaepennae Berzosa 2006 B06
    |--F. altura Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--F. ameliae Hood 1925 MM96
    |--F. amigoi Berzosa & Maroto 2003 B06
    |--F. annulipes Hood 1915 JR-SM-G05 [incl. F. ingentissima Priesner 1933 MM96]
    |--F. aurea Moulton 1948 MM96
    |--F. aureominuta Johansen 1981 MM96
    |--F. aztecus (Crawford 1945) [=*Bolbothrips aztecus] MM96
    |--F. bagnalliana Hood 1925 B06 [incl. F. inutilis Priesner 1932 MM96, F. varitibia Moulton 1948 MM96]
    |--F. bispinosa MM96
    |--F. bondari Hood 1942 [incl. F. alba Moulton 1948, F. bratleyi Watson 1942] MM96
    |--F. borinquen Hood 1942 MM96
    |--F. brevicaulis Hood 1937 MM96
    |--F. breviseta Moulton 1948 MM96
    |--F. bruneri Watson 1926 B06 [incl. F. inornata Moulton 1936 MM96, F. pseudotritici Priesner 1932 MM96]
    |--F. brunnea Priesner 1932 B06 (see below for synonymy)
    |--F. cassiae Berzosa 2006 B06
    |--F. cephalica Crawford 1910 MM96
    |--F. chamulae Johansen 1981 MM96
    |--F. citripes Hood 1916 B06
    |--F. colombiana Moulton 1948 MM96
    |--F. cotobrusensis Retana & Mound 1995 MM96
    |--F. crotalariae Mound & Marullo 1996 B06
    |--F. cubensis Hood 1925 MM96
    |--F. curiosa Priesner 1932 MM96
    |--F. curta Hood 1942 [incl. Isochaetothrips unicolor Moulton 1933] MM96
    |--F. desertileonidum Watson 1942 [incl. F. oneillae Johansen 1979] MM96
    |--F. desmodii Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--F. difficilis Hood 1925 MM96
    |--F. distinguenda Bagnall 1919 [incl. Isochaetothrips varicornis Moulton 1933, F. verbesinae Sakimura 1967] MM96
    |--F. diversa Hood 1935 MM96
    |--F. espeletiae Berzosa 2006 B06
    |--F. fallaciosa Priesner 1933 MM96
    |--F. floydandrei Sakimura & O’Neill 1979 MM96
    |--F. fulvipennis Moulton 1933 [incl. F. chiapaensis Johansen 1981] MM96
    |--F. fulvipes Bagnall 1919 B06 [incl. F. sulfuripes Hood 1937 MM96]
    |--F. fusca (Hinds 1902) [=Euthrips fusca] MM96
    |--F. gardeniae Moulton 1948 MM96
    |--F. gemina MM96
    |--F. georgiensis Beshear 1982 MM96
    |--‘Euthrips’ gossypii Morgan 1913 [incl. Frankliniella gossypiana Hood 1936] MM96
    |--F. gracilis Berzosa 2006 B06
    |--F. hansoni Retana & Mound 1995 MM96
    |--F. hemerocallis Crawford 1948 MM96
    |--F. incerta Berzosa 2006 B06
    |--F. insularis (Franklin 1908) MM96 (see below for synonymy)
    |--F. invasor Sakimura 1972 MM96
    |--F. jamaicensis Sakimura & O’Neill 1979 MM96
    |--F. kelliae Sakimura 1981 MM96
    |--F. kiesteri Retana & Mound 1995 MM96
    |--F. lichenicola Johansen & Mojica 1989 MM96
    |--‘*Exophthalmothrips’ longipennis MM96
    |--F. lorena Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--F. mekokara Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--F. melanommata Williams 1913 MM96
    |--F. minuta (Moulton 1907) [=Euthrips minuta] MM96
    |--F. mixteca Johansen 1981 MM96
    |--F. molesta Priesner 1932 MM96
    |--F. montanosa Retana & Mound 1994 B06
    |--F. moultoni MM96
    |--F. musaeperda Hood 1952 MM96
    |--F. nigricauda Hood 1925 MM96
    |--F. occidentalis (Pergande 1895) B06 (see below for synonymy)
    |--F. otites Berzosa & Maroto 2003 B06
    |--F. panamensis Hood 1925 B06
    |--F. paramorum Berzosa 2006 B06
    |--F. parvula Hood 1925 MM96
    |--F. pasta Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--F. peruviana MM96
    |--F. pineticola Hood 1942 B06
    |--F. pintada Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--F. pulchella Hood 1935 B06
    |--F. ramirezi Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--F. regentis Berzosa 2006 B06
    |--F. regia Hood 1942 B06
    |--F. regina Hood 1937 B06
    |--F. rodeos MM96
    |--F. rostrata Priesner 1932 B06
    |--F. salviae Moulton 1948 MM96
    |--F. sanramona Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--F. schultzei Trybom 1910 B06 [incl. F. ipomoeae Moulton 1948 MM96, F. sulphurea MM96]
    |--F. simplex Priesner 1924 B06 [incl. F. inutilis f. adadusta Moulton 1948 MM96]
    |--F. spinosissima Johansen & Mojica 1989 B06
    |--F. standleyana Hood 1935 B06
    |--F. sueoa Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--F. talamanca Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--F. tolucensis Watson 1942 MM96
    |--F. torquis Berzosa 2006 B06
    |--F. trinidadensis Hood 1942 [incl. F. lactea Moulton 1948] MM96
    |--F. trisetosa Hood 1942 B06
    |--F. tritici MM96
    |--F. trybomi Karny 1920 GM79
    |--F. vargasi Retana & Mound 1994 B06
    |--F. varipes Moulton 1933 MM96
    |--F. wedeliae Berzosa 2006 B06
    |--F. williamsi Hood 1915 B06
    |--F. zeteki Hood 1925 MM96
    `--F. zurqui Retana & Mound 1995 MM96

Frankliniella brunnea Priesner 1932 B06 [incl. F. fuscipennis Moulton 1948 MM96, F. inopinata Moulton 1948 MM96, Euthrips cephalica var. reticulata Crawford 1910 non E. insularis var. reticulata Crawford 1909 MM96, F. tridacana Hood 1937 MM96]

Frankliniella insularis (Franklin 1908) MM96 [=Euthrips insularis MM96, Franklinothrips (l. c.) insularis G30; incl. Frankliniella fortissima Priesner 1925 MM96, E. insularis var. reticulata Crawford 1909 MM96]

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande 1895) B06 [=Euthrips occidentalis MM96; incl. F. dianthi Moulton 1948 MM96, F. syringae Moulton 1948 MM96]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B06] Berzosa, J. 2006. Some new Neotropical species of Frankliniella Karny in the Senckenberg collection, Frankfurt am Main (Germany) (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 55-74.

[G27] Girault, A. A. 1927. Some new wild animals. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 208-210).

[G30] Girault, A. A. 1930. New pests from Australia. IX. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 278-279).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61-83.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Neohydatothrips

Marigold thrips Neohydatothrips samyunkur, from CSIRO.

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Neohydatothrips is a genus of thrips found worldwide, distinguished from the closely related Hydatothrips by the absence of a deeply excavated anterior margin to the metasternum (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Sense cones on antennal segments III–IV forked. Metasternum anterior border rounded. First vein of forewing with continuous row of setae, second vein with two distal setae. Lateral thirds of abdominal tergites covered with regular rows of fine microtrichia.

<==Neohydatothrips John 1929 MM96
    |--N. portoricensis (Morgan 1925) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--N. basilaris (Hood 1941) [=Sericothrips basilaris] MM96
    |--N. flavicollis (Hood 1954) [=Sericothrips flavicollis] MM96
    |--N. gracilipes (Hood 1924) [=Sericothrips gracilipes] MM96
    |--N. hadrosetae Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--N. humberto Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--N. inversus (Hood 1928) [=Sericothrips inversus; incl. S. geminus Hood 1935] MM96
    |--N. luculentus (Moulton 1938) MM96
    |--N. mirandai (Johansen 1981) [=Sericothrips mirandai] MM96
    |--N. pseudoannulipes Johansen 1983 MM96
    |--N. rapoporti Johansen 1983 MM96
    |--N. samyunkur M04
    |--N. signifer (Priesner 1932) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--N. tibialis (Priesner 1924) [=Sericothrips tibialis] MM96
    `--N. williamsi (Hood 1928) [=Sericothrips williamsi] MM96

Neohydatothrips portoricensis (Morgan 1925) [=Sericothrips portoricensis; incl. Scirtothrips batatae Bondar 1930, Se. portoricensis extremus Moulton 1941, *Neohydatothrips latereostriatus John 1929] MM96

Neohydatothrips signifer (Priesner 1932) [=Sericothrips signifer; incl. N. aztecus Johansen 1983, S. burungae Hood 1935, S. mimosae Hood 1955] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian Thysanoptera—biological diversity and a diversity of studies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 248-257.

Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Scirtothrips

Citrus thrips Scirtothrips citri, photographed by Joseph Morse.

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Scirtothrips is a genus of leaf-feeding thrips, several of which are important economic pests causing scarring on fruit. These include the citrus thrips S. citri and S. aurantii, the latter of which is also a pest on crops such as bananas and mangoes. Some species occupy cryptic habitats on the leaves; the oak-dwelling S. abditus lives beneath marginal hairs on the leaf veins and within domatia formed by these hairs (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennae 8-segmented, sense cones forked; head transversely striate; ocellar setae I present, III varying in position between species; usually two pairs of postocular setae behind ocellae; pronotum transversely striate, with four pairs of posteromarginal setae which vary in spize (pm I is median pair, pm II frequently elongate); median pair of mesonotal setae arising well in front of posterior margin; forewing first vein usually with irregular series of setae, two to four (rarely up to ten) setae on second vein; fringe cilia wavy or straight, particularly distally; abdominal tergites with regular microtrichial field on lateral thirds, median pair of setae varying in size and position; VIII with well-developed posteromarginal comb; male sometimes with paired long processes (drepanae) laterally on tergite IX, sternal glandular areas not developed.

<==Scirtothrips Shull 1909 R-SN07
    |--*S. ruthveni Shull 1909 MM96
    |--S. abditus Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. albomaculatus MM09
    |--S. astrictus Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. aurantii M04
    |--S. bisbravoae Johansen 1983 MM96
    |--S. bondari Moulton 1933 MM96
    |--S. bounites Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. citri MM96
    |--S. dobroskyi M04
    |--S. euthyntus Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. gladiiseta Girault 1933 G33
    |--S. ikelus Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. longipennis (Bagnall 1909) [=Euthrips longipennis] MM96
    |--S. lumarius Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. manihoti (Bondar 1924) [=Euthrips manihoti] MM96
    |--S. multistriatus Hood 1954 MM96
    |--S. oligochaetus (Karny 1927) [=Anaphothrips oligochaetus] MM96
    |--S. panamensis Hood 1935 MM96
    |--S. perseae FYP07
    `--S. pteridis Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FYP07] Faber, B. A., W. L. Yee & P. A. Phillips. 2007. Effect of abamectin treatments for avocado thrips (Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara [Thysanoptera: Thripidae]) on persea mite (Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello [Acari: Tetranychidae]) and avocado bud mite (Tegolophus myresi Keifer [Acari: Eriophyidae]) populations and on their associated damage to leaves and fruit of avocado (Persea americana). In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 521–527. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[G33] Girault, A. A. 1933. Some beauties inhabitant not of commercial boudoirs but of Nature’s bosom, notably new insects. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 299–303).

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian Thysanoptera—biological diversity and a diversity of studies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 248–257.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[MM09] Mound, L. A., & M. Masumoto. 2009. Australian Thripinae of the Anaphothrips genus-group (Thysanoptera), with three new genera and thirty-three new species. Zootaxa 2042: 1–76.

[R-SN07] Retana-Salazar, A. P., & K. Nishida. 2007. First gall-inducing thrips on Elaphoglossum ferns: a new genus and species of thrips, Jersonithrips galligenus from Costa Rica (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (2): 143–148.

Last updated: 30 January 2019.

Chalcidoidea

Neapterolelaps viridescens, from Desjardins (2004).

Belongs within: Diaprioidea.
Contains: Eucomys, Ectromatini, Mymaridae, Ceinae, Tetracampidae, Eriaporidae, Aphelinidae, Trichogrammatidae, Azotidae, Agaonidae, Eupelmidae, Tanaostigmatidae, Encyrtidae, Eurytomidae, Spalangiinae, Chalcididae, Leucospidae, Cleonymidae, Eunotinae, Torymidae, Colotrechninae, Ormyridae, Diparinae, Cerocephalinae, Asaphinae, Ormocerinae, Pireninae, Coelocybinae, Chromeurytominae, Perilampidae, Miscogastrinae, Pteromalinae, Sycoryctinae, Otitesellinae, Epichrysomallinae.

The Chalcidoidea is a hyperdiverse group of mostly small, parasitoid wasps (though some derived subgroups are phytophagous). Phylogeny within the chalcidoids remains contentious; a large-scale molecular analysis by Munro et al. (2011) was able to recover monophyly for only nine of nineteen generally recognised families (with a tenth family, Rotoitidae, represented in the analysis by only a single exemplar). A combined morphological and molecular analysis by Heraty et al. (2013) was more consistent with previous classifications, but still indicated polyphyly for Aphelinidae, Tetracampidae, Perilampidae and Pteromalidae sensu Bouček (1988). The fossil Khutelchalcis gobiensis from the uppermost Jurassic or lowermost Cretaceous of Mongolia was described as a possible stem-chalcidoid by Rasnitsyn et al. (2004); it retains a more complete wing venation than living chalcidoids, including the presence of a Cu vein.

Most recent analyses agree in placing the Mymaridae as the basalmost lineage of modern chalcidoids. Strong morphological synapomorphies for chalcidoids excluding Mymaridae have not been identified (largely because variation within the clade is so extreme), but one potential supporting character is the absence of sensilla from the first antennal flagellomere of non-mymarid males with non-reduced flagellomere counts (Heraty et al. 2013). The most basal lineage after the Mymaridae is probably the Rotoitidae, a small family known only from New Zealand & Chile (Munro et al. 2011) characterised by 14-segmented antennae, four-segmented tarsi, and the absence of notauli or a distinct prepectus (Bouček 1988). The clade containing the remaining Chalcidoidea is, again, not morphologically well-characterised, but may be supported by the presence of an anelliform first flagellomere (modified or lost in many sub-groups), and an asymmetrical ovipositor structure with an overlapping dorsal valve in cross-section (Heraty et al. 2013). The results of combined morphological and molecular analyses by Heraty et al. (2013) further suggest that this clade may be subdivided between a 'soft-bodied' clade containing taxa related to the Aphelinidae and Eulophidae, and a 'hard-bodied' clade containing the Chalcididae, Encyrtidae and the majority of the 'Pteromalidae'.

Synapomorphies (from Heraty et al. 2013): Multiporous plate sensilla present on antennae, with sensilla fused to antennal surface along most of length but with distal end free; prepectus (triangular sclerite separating base of forewing from pronotum) present, exposed between pronotum and mesepisternum (reduced in some subgroups); mesothoracic spiracle situated at or above exposed lateral edge of mesoscutum; paired lateral metafurcal pits present at anterior margin of metasternum.

Chalcidoidea (see below for synonymy)
    |--Khutelchalcis Rasnitsyn, Basibuyuk & Quicke 2004 [Khutelchalcididae] RBQ04
    |    `--*K. gobiensis Rasnitsyn, Basibuyuk & Quicke 2004 RBQ04
    `--+--Mymaridae HB13
       `--+--Rotoitidae HB13
          |    |--Chiloe micropteron HB13
          |    `--Rotoita Bouček & Noyes 1987 B88
          |         `--*R. basalis Bouček & Noyes 1987 B88
          `--+--+--+--Ceinae HB13
             |  |  `--Tetracampidae HB13
             |  `--+--+--Cecidellis MH11
             |     |  `--Eriaporidae HB13
             |     `--+--+--Aphelinidae HB13
             |        |  `--+--Trisecodes agromyzae HB13
             |        |     `--Trichogrammatidae HB13
             |        `--+--Azotidae HB13
             |           `--Signiphoridae [Thysanidae, Thysaninae] HB13
             |                |--+--Chartocerus HB13
             |                |  `--Clytina giraudi HB13
             |                `--+--Thysanus ater HB13
             |                   `--Signiphora [Signiphorinae] HB13
             |                        |--S. euclidi Girault 1935 G35
             |                        |--S. flavella MH11
             |                        `--S. rectrix Girault 1915 GM79
             `--+--Agaonidae HB13
                `--+--+--Eupelmidae HB13
                   |  `--+--Tanaostigmatidae HB13
                   |     `--+--Encyrtidae HB13
                   |        `--Cynipencyrtus [Cynipencyrtidae, Cynipencyrtinae, Cynipencyrtini] HB13
                   |             `--C. flavus HB13
                   `--+--+--Eurytomidae HB13
                      |  `--+--+--Spalangiinae HB13
                      |     |  `--Leptofoeninae [Leptofoenidae, Leptofoenini] HB13
                      |     |       |--Leptofoenus HB13 [incl. Pelecinella B88; Pelecinellinae]
                      |     |       |    |--L. stephanoides HB13
                      |     |       |    `--L. westwoodi HB13
                      |     |       `--Doddifoenus Bouček 1988 B88
                      |     |            |--*D. australiensis (Dodd 1927) [=Leptofoenus australiensis] B88
                      |     |            |--D. rex Bouček 1988 B88
                      |     |            `--D. wallacei HB13
                      |     `--+--Chalcididae HB13
                      |        `--+--Leucospidae HB13
                      |           `--Chalcedectini [Chalcedectinae, Polychrominae] HB13
                      |                |--*Chalcedectus maculicornis B88
                      |                `--Amotura Cameron 1884 (see below for synonymy) B88
                      |                     |--*A. annulicornis B88
                      |                     |--A. cuprescens (Westwood 1874) (see below for synonymy) B88
                      |                     |--‘*Polychroma’ histrionica [=*Polychromatium histrionicum] B88
                      |                     |--A. meteora (Girault 1927) [=Episystole meteora, Chalcedectus meteora] B88
                      |                     |--A. poeta (Girault 1927) [=*Episystole poeta, Chalcedectus poeta] B88
                      |                     `--‘*Neochalcodectus’ sinaiticus B88
                      `--+--+--Cleonymidae HB13
                         |  `--Eunotinae HB13
                         `--+--+--+--Torymidae HB13
                            |  |  `--+--Colotrechninae HB13
                            |  |     `--Ormyridae HB13
                            |  `--+--Yrka Bouček 1988 HB13, B88
                            |     |    `--*Y. dahmsi Bouček 1988 B88
                            |     `--+--Diparinae HB13
                            |        `--Cerocephalinae HB13
                            `--+--+--Collessina Bouček 1975 HB13, B88
                               |  |    `--*C. pachyneura Bouček 1975 B88
                               |  `--+--Austrosystasis Girault 1924 B88 (see below for synonymy)
                               |     |    `--*A. atricorpus Girault 1924 (see below for synonymy) B88
                               |     `--Systolomorpha Ashmead 1900 HB13, B88 [incl. Aphotismus Girault 1913 B88]
                               |          |--*S. thyridopterygis Ashmead 1900 B88
                               |          |--S. nassaui Girault 1925 B88
                               |          |--S. nigra (Girault 1913) [=*Aphotismus niger] B88
                               |          `--S. noblei Gahan in Gahan & Ferrière 1947 B88
                               `--+--+--Micradelus [Micradelini] HB13
                                  |  |    `--M. rotundus HB13
                                  |  `--+--+--Asaphinae HB13
                                  |     |  `--+--Lanthanomyia HB13
                                  |     |     `--Liepara Bouček 1988 D07 [Lieparini HB13]
                                  |     |          |--*L. dentata Bouček 1988 B88
                                  |     |          `--L. dahmsi Bouček 1988 B88
                                  |     `--+--Herbertia Howard 1894 B88 (see below for synonymy)
                                  |        |    |--*H. lucens B88
                                  |        |    |--H. indica B88
                                  |        |    |--H. nipponica B88
                                  |        |    `--H. setosa (Dodd in Girault 1915) (see below for synonymy) B88
                                  |        `--Neapterolelaps Girault 1913 D07 (see below for synonymy)
                                  |             |--*N. lodgei Girault 1913 D07
                                  |             |--N. aeniceps (Girault 1925) [=*Australolaelaps aeniceps] D07
                                  |             |--N. leai Dodd 1924 D07
                                  |             |--N. mitteri Desjardins 2007 D07
                                  |             |--N. nigrisaepta (Girault 1929) [=*Austrolaelaps nigrisaepta] D07
                                  |             `--N. viridescens Desjardins 2007 D07
                                  `--+--+--+--Ormocerinae HB13
                                     |  |  `--+--Pireninae HB13
                                     |  |     `--+--Coelocybinae HB13
                                     |  |        `--Chromeurytominae HB13
                                     |  `--+--Nodisoplata HB13
                                     |     `--Macromesus Walker 1848 B88 (see below for synonymy)
                                     |          |--*M. amphiretus B88
                                     |          |--M. americanus HB13
                                     |          `--M. fulvicoxa (Girault 1925) [=*Metasystasis fulvicoxa] B88
                                     `--+--Perilampidae HB13
                                        `--+--+--Miscogastrinae HB13
                                           |  `--+--Diconocara petiolata HB13
                                           |     `--+--Keirana Bouček 1988 B88 [Keiraninae HB13]
                                           |        |    `--*K. longicollis Bouček 1988 B88
                                           |        `--Ditropinotella Girault 1915 B88 (see below for synonymy)
                                           |             |--*D. compressiventris Girault 1915 B88
                                           |             |--D. ciron (Walker 1839) (see below for synonymy) B88
                                           |             `--D. latipennis (Girault 1929) (see below for synonymy) B88
                                           `--+--+--Trigonoderini HB13
                                              |  |    |--Plutothrix HB13
                                              |  |    `--Trigonoderus irvingi Girault 1917 G17g
                                              |  `--Cheiropachus Haliday 1833 HB13, GM79 (see below for synonymy)
                                              |       |--*C. colon G38
                                              |       |--C. arizonensis (Ashmead 1904) (see below for synonymy) G38
                                              |       |--C. brunneri G38
                                              |       `--C. quadrum HB13
                                              `--+--Pteromalinae HB13
                                                 `--+--Sycoryctinae HB13
                                                    `--+--Otitesellinae HB13
                                                       `--+--Epichrysomallinae HB13
                                                          `--Sycoecinae HB13
                                                               |--Crossogaster B88
                                                               |--Sycoecus B88
                                                               |--Seres B88
                                                               |--Diaziella Grandi 1928 B88
                                                               |    |--*D. bicolor B88
                                                               |    `--D. falcata B88
                                                               `--Robertsia Bouček 1988 B88
                                                                    |--*R. mandibularis Bouček 1988 B88
                                                                    `--R. xylosyciae Bouček 1988 B88

Chalcidoidea incertae sedis:
  Caenacis G17b
    |--C. asinus Girault 1917 G17b
    `--C. divisa A71
  Aximopsis G17a
    |--A. javensis Girault 1917 G17a
    `--A. tephrosiae Girault 1917 G17a
  Megaceratoneura Girault 1917 G17a
    `--*M. inusitata Girault 1917 G17a
  Paromphaloidomyia Girault 1917 G17b
    `--*P. homeri Girault 1917 G17b
  Prothymus Girault 1917 G17b
    `--*P. novus Girault 1917 G17b
  Megatrydymus Girault 1917 G17b
    `--*M. taciti Girault 1917 G17b
  Acaenacis Girault 1917 G17b
    `--*A. ficigerae (Ashmead 1885) G17b, GM79 [=Semioteilus ficigerae G17b]
  Dimmockia G17b
    |--D. botticellini Girault 1917 G17b
    `--D. secunda Crawford 1910 GM79
  Comedo G17b
    |--C. neomexicanus Girault 1917 G17b
    |--C. omari Girault 1917 G17d
    `--C. orgyiae Fitch 1855 GM79
  Hexacladia Ashmead 1891 GM79 [incl. Sophencyrtus Crawford 1911 G17c, GM79]
    |--H. mexicana Girault 1917 G17c
    `--H. townsendi Crawford 1911 GM79 [=Sophencyrtus townsendi G17c]
  Paracalocerinus G17e
    |--P. marilandia Girault 1917 G17e
    `--P. tertius Girault 1917 G17c
  Calocerinus Howard 1892 GM79
    `--C. floridanus (Ashmead 1885) GM79
  Habrolepopteryx Ashmead 1900 GM79
    `--H. marilandia Girault 1917 G17e
  Cryptopristus G17c
    |--C. americanus Girault 1917 G17c
    `--C. caliginosus (Walker 1833) GM79
  Eucomys G17g
  Metacolus Forster 1856 GM79
    |--M. bifasciatus Girault 1917 G17c
    `--M. fasciatus Girault 1917 G17c
  Dipachystigma secunda Girault 1917 G17c
  Isodromus pulcher Girault 1917 G17c
  Berecyntus Howard 1898 GM79
    |--B. bakeri Howard 1898 GM79
    |    |--B. b. bakeri G17c
    |    `--B. b. euxoae Girault 1917 G17c
    `--B. melanocera (Ashmead 1900) GM79
  Omphalchrysocharis Girault 1917 G17g
    |--*O. orientalis Girault 1917 G17g
    |--O. ainsliei (Crawford 1912) G17g, GM79 [=Chrysocharis ainsliei G17g]
    |--O. parksi (Crawford 1912) G17g, GM79 [=Chrysocharis parksi G17g]
    `--O. thomsoni (Crawford 1912) G17g, GM79 [=Entedon thomsoni G17g]
  Habrolepoidea G17c
    |--H. aphidiphagus G17c
    |--H. celia Girault 1917 G17c
    `--H. perplexa Girault 1917 G17g
  Solenotus Forster 1856 GM79
  Hyperteles Girault 1917 G17d
    `--*H. elongata (Forster 1841) G17d, GM79 [=Oxyomorpha elongata G17d]
  Pseudaphycus Clausen 1915 GM79
    |--P. notativentris Girault 1917 G17d
    `--P. texanus (Howard 1898) GM79
  Chrysocharodes majoriani Girault 1917 G17d
  Uscanopsis carlylei Girault 1916 GM79
  Parectromoides Girault 1915 G24, GM79 [incl. Parastenoterys Girault 1915 G24, GM79]
    `--‘Parastenoterys’ niveiclava Girault 1917 G17f
  Paradibrachys Girault 1917 G17g
    `--*P. guizoti Girault 1917 G17g
  Howardiella tarsata Ashmead 1905 GM79
  Parhabritys Girault 1917 G17g
    `--*P. nubilipennis (Ashmead 1887) G17g, GM79 [=Megorismus nubilipennis G17g]
  Systellogaster Gahan 1917 GM79
  Rhicnopeltoidea Girault 1917 G17g
    |--*R. amsterdamensis Girault 1917 G17g
    `--R. mallochi (Gahan 1917) GM79 [=Chrysocharis mallochi G17g]
  Arthrolytus aeneoviridis Girault 1911 GM79 [incl. Dibrachys meteori Gahan 1913 G17g, GM79]
  Parmicromelus Girault 1917 G17g
    `--*P. europaeus Girault 1917 G17g
  Aphycoideus Williams 1916 GM79
    `--*A. io Girault 1917 G17g
  Zarhopalus Ashmead 1900 GM79 [incl. Anagyrella Girault 1915 G17g, GM79]
  Asteropaeus Howard 1898 GM79 [incl. Anicetus Howard 1896 G17g, GM79]
  Spintherus pulchripennis Crawford 1912 GM79 [incl. Rhopalicus americanus Girault 1916 G17g, GM79]
  Rhopus Forster 1856 GM79
    `--R. fuscus (Girault 1912) G17g, GM79 [=Rhopoideus fuscus G17g]
  Diplodontia secunda Girault 1917 G17g
  Ophelinoideus Ashmead 1904 GM79
  Mirolynx Girault 1916 GM79
  Anenistus youngi Girault 1917 G17g
  Lamprostatus G17g
    |--L. canadensis Girault 1917 GM79
    `--L. conicus Girault 1917 G17g
  Cirrospilopsis sapientia Girault 1917 G17g
  Cryptanusia Girault 1917 G17g
    `--*C. albiclava Girault 1917 G17g
  Paraolinx Ashmead 1894 GM79 [incl. Leucodesmia Howard 1895 G17g, GM79]
    `--‘Leucodesmia’ typica B37
  Epaenasomyia Girault 1917 G17h
    `--*E. varicornis Girault 1917 G17h
  Paraenasomyia Girault 1915 GM79
    |--P. johnsoni Girault 1922 G22
    `--P. liszti Girault 1932 G32b [=Rhopalencyrtoidea dubia Girault 1915 (preoc.) G32b, GM79]
  Neblatticida tassoniaeformis Girault 1921 G21
  Habrolepopterygis G21
    |--H. felis Girault 1915 GM79
    `--H. mirabilis Girault 1921 G21
  Pseudoligosita variclava Girault 1922 G22
  Australanusia tarsalis Girault 1923 G23a
  Coccidencyrtus G23a
    |--C. bicoloricornis Girault 1915 GM79
    `--C. ipswichia Girault 1923 G23a
  Austrobella Girault 1923 G28a, G23a [=Austrobelia G23a]
    `--*A. gargantua Girault 1923 G23a
  Ruskiniana Girault 1923 G23b
    `--*R. sexguttatipennis Girault 1923 G23b
  Pseudanusia Girault 1915 GM79
  Nezarhopalus G23b
    |--N. caudatus Girault 1915 GM79
    |--N. compressifemur Girault 1923 G23b
    `--N. perplexus Girault 1925 G25
  Lathromeromyia perminuta Girault 1914 GM79
  Chrysopophagus Ashmead 1894 GM79 [incl. Saranotum Perkins 1906 G24, GM79]
  Psylledontus Crawford 1910 GM79 [incl. Metallonella Girault 1915 G24, GM79]
  Isodromoides Girault 1924 GM79 [incl. Neocopidosomyiia Girault 1924 G24, GM79]
  Ericydnella Girault 1924 GM79 [incl. Cerchysiella Girault 1924 G24, GM79]
  Rhopalencyrtoidea G25
    |--R. cinctifemur Girault 1925 G25
    `--R. purpureus G25
  Ecthrodryinus G25
    |--E. ovidivorus Girault 1925 G25
    `--E. shakespeari G25
  Mesorhopella Girault 1923 GM79
  Paragryon postmarginalis Girault 1926 G26
  Shakespearia Girault 1928 G28b
    `--*S. flabellata Girault 1928 G28b
  Pterygogramma G29b
    |--P. dubium Girault 1912 GM79
    |--P. postmarginale Girault 1929 G29b
    |--P. semifuscipennis Girault 1912 GM79
    `--P. tingoorae Girault 1929 G29b
  Urogramma G29b
    |--U. latreille Girault 1929 G29b
    `--U. lucrum Girault 1920 GM79
  Japania Girault 1911 GM79
    |--J. carbajali Girault 1934 G34b
    |--J. ruskini Girault 1929 G29b
    `--J. tristis Girault 1912 GM79
  Centrobiella G29b
    |--C. mulierum Girault 1912 GM79
    `--C. particula Girault 1929 G29b
  Chaetostricha G29b
    |--C. anima Girault 1912 GM79
    |--C. aurea Girault 1912 GM79
    |--C. australis Girault 1920 GM79
    |--C. concisicilia Girault 1929 G29b
    |--C. emma Girault 1929 G29b
    |--C. krygeri Girault 1929 G29b [=C. pulchra Kryger 1918 (preoc.) G29b, GM79]
    `--C. tridentata Girault 1929 G29b
  Emersonopsis arizonensis (Ashmead 1888) GM79 (see below for synonymy)
  Zaomencyrtus aeripes Girault 1932 G32b
  Microrhopus striatithorax Girault 1932 G32b
  Echthrogonatopus G34b
    |--E. cinctiventris Girault 1934 G34b
    `--E. fera G34b
  Belonura Ashmead 1896 GM79
  Catolacous Thompson 1878 GM79
  Thymus Girault 1916 GM79
  Phylloxeroxenus Ashmead 1888 B88
  Glyphotoma albitarsis Cameron 1912 B88
  Trichaulus aeneicorpus Girault 1915 (n. d.) B88
  Xiphydriophagus meyerinckii A71
  Hypopteromalus Ashmead 1900 G36, GM79
  Stenomalina B88
  Asparagobius B88
  Oricoruna B88
  Mayrellus B88
  Selimnus B88
  Rivasia Askew & Nieves-Aldrey 2005 F05
    `--*R. fumariae Askew & Nieves-Aldrey 2005 F05
  Elatoides Nikolskaya 1952 B88 [Elatoidinae HB13]
    `--*E. niger B88
  Storeya Bouček 1988 B88 [Storeyinae HB13]
    `--*S. paradoxa Bouček 1988 B88
  Nefoenus Bouček 1988 B88 [Nefoeninae HB13]
    `--*N. pilosus Bouček 1988 B88
  Austroterobia Girault 1938 B88 [Austroterobiinae HB13]
    `--*A. partibrunnea Girault 1938 B88
  Parasaphodes Schulz 1906 B88 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*P. iceryae (Ashmead 1904) [=*Parasaphes iceryae, *Amiscogaster ruskini Girault 1917] B88
    `--P. townsendi B88
  Callimomoides Girault 1926 B88 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*C. fuscipennis Girault 1926 [incl. *Aligheria cyanea Girault 1928] B88
    |--C. ovivorus [=*Louricia ovivora] B88
    `--C. robertsi Bouček 1988 B88
  Erotolepsiinae B88
    |--Erotolepsia B88
    |--Balrogia Hedqvist 1977 B88
    |--Eunotopsia Bouček 1988 B88
    |    `--*E. nikitini Bouček 1988 B88
    `--Papuopsia Bouček 1988 B88
         `--*P. setosa Bouček 1988 B88
  Epiencyrtoides G29a
    |--E. axillaris Girault 1915 GM79
    `--E. quinquedentatus Girault 1929 G29a
  Austrochoreia Girault 1929 G29a
    `--*A. latiscutum Girault 1929 G29a
  Choreia Westwood 1833 G29a, GM79
  ‘Richteria’ Girault 1920 non Jones 1874 G30b, G20
    |--*R. lamennaisi Girault 1920 G20
    `--R. bicornuta Girault 1930 G30b
  Parectromoidella Girault 1915 G31, GM79 [incl. Eucheiloneuropsis Girault 1922 G24, GM79]
    |--P. acaciae Girault 1931 G31
    `--P. lowelli Girault 1922 GM79
  Mesanusia speciosa Girault 1932 G32a
  Liothorax G32a
    |--L. glabriscutellum Girault 1932 G32a
    `--L. longiartus Girault 1932 G32a
  Aenasomyiella parkeri Girault 1932 G32a
  Coccidoxenus Crawford 1913 G32a, GM79 [incl. Tetracnemella Girault 1915 G24, GM79]
    |--C. mexicanus Girault 1917 G17c
    `--C. rubensi Girault 1932 G32a
  Arhopoideus G32a
    |--A. brevicornis Girault 1915 GM79 [incl. Tetracnemus pretiosus G32a]
    |--A. ipswichia Girault 1922 G22
    |--A. mozarti Girault 1932 G32c
    `--A. tertius Girault 1923 GM79
  ‘Schilleria’ Girault 1932 non Dahl 1907 G32a
    `--*S. pulchra Girault 1932 G32a
  Ectromatini G32a
  Helegonatopus G32a
    |--H. parkeri Girault 1932 G32a
    `--H. pseudophanes Perkins 1906 GM79
  Epanusia Girault 1913 G32a, GM79
    |--E. beenleighi Girault 1923 G23b
    |--E. bifasciata Girault 1913 GM79
    `--E. laticincta Girault 1932 G32a
  Baoanusia G32a
    |--B. albifunicle Girault 1932 G32a
    `--B. lotae Girault 1922 GM79
  Cristatithorax G32a
    |--C. beerwahi G32a
    |--C. bidentimaxillae G32a
    |    |--C. b. bidentimaxillae G32a
    |    `--C. b. poeta Girault 1932 G32a
    |--C. latiscapus Girault 1916 GM79
    |--C. partipes Girault 1932 G32a
    |--C. quadricolor Girault 1915 GM79
    `--C. regis Girault 1932 G32a
  Sarothrus io Girault 1932 G32a
  Achrysopophagus G32a
    |--A. americanus Girault 1917 G17c
    |--A. aureipleurum Girault 1932 G32a
    |--A. clavatus Girault 1915 GM79
    |--A. dactylopii (Howard 1885) GM79
    `--A. nigriflagellum Girault 1932 G32a
  Oaphycus Girault 1932 G32a
    `--*O. sanguinithorax (Girault 1915) G32a, GM79 [=Aphycus sanguinithorax G32a]
  Neobrachista G32a
    |--N. javae Girault 1917 G17a
    `--N. novifasciata G32a
         |--N. n. novifasciata G32a
         `--N. n. leptopsi Girault 1932 G32a
  Zarhopaloides G32a
    |--Z. axillaris Girault 1915 GM79
    |--Z. gracilis Girault 1915 GM79
    `--Z. speciosus Girault 1932 G32a
  Aphycopsis G32c
    |--A. australiensis (Howard 1898) GM79
    `--A. bicinctitibiae Girault 1932 G32c
  Stenoteropsis Girault 1915 G32c, GM79
    `--S. papilionidis Girault 1932 G32c
  Epitetracnemus quadriguttus Girault 1932 G32c
  Matritia G32c
    |--M. gratis Girault 1932 G32c
    `--M. hebes Girault 1929 GM79
  Diversinervus Silvestri 1914 G33a, GM79
  Xanthoencyrtus G33a
    |--X. garibaldia Girault 1933 G33a
    `--X. keatsi (Girault 1915) GM79
  Matricia delicata Girault 1933 G33b
  Anthemus G34a
    |--A. hilli G34a
    `--A. nigriceps Girault 1934 G34a
  Australufens Girault 1935 G35
    `--*A. varicornis Girault 1935 G35
  Cowperella Girault 1935 G35
    `--*C. aeneifrons Girault 1935 G35
  Borrowella Girault 1923 G35, GM79
    |--B. bioculata Girault 1923 GM79
    `--B. consobrina Girault 1923 G23a
  Parasyrphophagus G35
    |--P. casuarinae Girault 1934 [=Parasyrpophagus (l. c.) casuarinae] G34b
    |--P. homeri Girault 1935 G35
    `--P. semiargentipes Girault 1915 GM79
  Leimacis G36
    |--L. australia Girault 1916 GM79
    `--L. hilaris Girault 1936 G36
  Baocharis marlatti Ashmead 1888 G17g, GM79 [incl. Aphelinus subapterus Girault 1916 GM79]
  Diomerus armatus BM76
  Lonchetron fennicum BM76
  Neodiparinae HB13
  Erdoesina alboannulata P93
  Brachycerites Hong 2002 [Brachyceritidae] H02
    `--*B. furvus Hong 2002 H02
  Eopteromalites Hong 2002 H02
    `--*E. fushunensis Hong 2002 H02
  Expansicornia Hong 2002 [Expansicornidae] H02
    `--*E. conulata Hong 2002 H02
  Psychophagus omnivorus [=Diglochis omnivorus] G38
  Tritneptis Girault 1924 G38
    |--*T. hemerocampae Girault 1908 [incl. Coelopisthia diacrisiae Crawford 1910] G38
    |--T. diprionis Gahan 1938 G38
    |--T. klugii (Ratzeburg 1844) (see below for synonymy) G38
    |--T. koebelei Gahan 1938 G38
    `--T. scutellata (Muesebeck 1927) [=Coelopisthia scutellata] G38
  Diglochis complanatus G38
  Tomicobia Ashmead 1899 [incl. Ipocoelius Ruschka 1924] G38
    |--*T. tibialis Ashmead 1904 G38
    |--T. rotundiventris (Ruschka 1924) [=Ipocoelius rotundiventris] G38
    `--T. seitneri (Ruschka 1924) [=Ipocoelius seitneri] G38
  Heteroschema Gahan 1919 G38
    |--H. rugosopunctata (Ashmead 1894) [=Pteromalus rugosopunctatus; incl. *H. prima Gahan 1919] G38
    `--H. punctata (Ashmead 1894) [=Glyphe punctata, Gastrancistrus punctatus] G38
  Zatropis alboclavus [=Z. albiclavatus (l. c.)] GT96
  Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus RD77
  Isocyrtus laetus W39a
  Spaniopus dissimilis W39a
  Seladerma epulo Walker 1839 W39b

Amotura Cameron 1884 [incl. Episystole Girault 1927, Neochalcodectus Masi 1936, Polychroma Westwood 1874 non Dejean 1836, Polychromatium Dalla Torre 1897] B88

Amotura cuprescens (Westwood 1874) [=Polychroma cuprescens, Chalcedectus cuprescens, Polychromatium cuprescens] B88

Austrosystasis Girault 1924 B88 [incl. Eurytomomoidea Girault 1928 B88; Austrosystasinae HB13]

*Austrosystasis atricorpus Girault 1924 [incl. *Eurytomomoidea eleocarpi Girault 1928] B88

Callimomoides Girault 1926 B88 [incl. Aligheria Girault 1928 B88, Louricia Ferrière 1936 B88; Louriciinae HB13, Louriciini]

Chalcidoidea [Brachymeriinae, Brachyscelidiphaginae, Callimomidae, Chalcidites, Chalcitellini, Eupelmini, Halticopterini, Hormoceroidae, Lelapini, Myinoidae, Ormoceridae, Ormocerides, Ormoceroidae, Pteromalidae, Pteromalides, Spalangoidae, Tetracampoidae, Tridymidae, Tridymina]

Cheiropachus Haliday 1833 HB13, GM79 [incl. Tropidogastra Ashmead 1904 G38]

Cheiropachus arizonensis (Ashmead 1904) [=*Tropidogastra arizonensis, Dinarmus arizonicus Girault 1916] G38

Ditropinotella Girault 1915 B88 [incl. Roptrocerella Girault 1929 B88; Ditropinotellinae HB13]

Ditropinotella ciron (Walker 1839) [=Miscogaster ciron, Lamprotatus ciron] B88

Ditropinotella latipennis (Girault 1929) [=*Roptrocerella latipennis] B88

Emersonopsis arizonensis (Ashmead 1888) GM79 [incl. Entedon cupreicollis Ashmead 1888 G30a, GM79, Em. cupreicollis G30a]

Herbertia Howard 1894 B88 [incl. Tetracampoides Dodd in Girault 1915 B88, Trydymiformis Girault 1915 B88; Herbertiinae HB13]

Herbertia setosa (Dodd in Girault 1915) [=*Tetracampoides setosus; incl. *Trydymiformis australiensis Girault 1915] B88

Macromesus Walker 1848 B88 [incl. Crossotomoria Delucchi 1956 B88, Metasystasis Girault 1925 B88, Wesenbergia Kryger 1943 B88; Macromesinae HB13]

Neapterolelaps Girault 1913 D07 [=Pinocchio Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 non Mello-Leitão 1940 D07; incl. Australolaelaps Girault 1925 D07, Austrolaelaps Girault 1929 D07; Neapterolelapini HB13]

Parasaphodes Schulz 1906 B88 [=Amiscogaster Girault 1917 B88, Parasaphes Ashmead 1904 non Candéze 1882 B88; Parasaphodinae HB13]

Tritneptis klugii (Ratzeburg 1844) [=Pteromalus klugii, Lariophagus klugii; incl. Diglochis lophyrorum Ruschka 1915, Pteromalus nematicida Packard 1883, Coelopisthia nematicida, Coelopisthoidea nematicida] G38

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B37] Balduf, W. V. 1937. Bionomic notes on the common bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., (Lepid., Psychidae) and its insect enemies (Hym., Lepid.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 169–184.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M. & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[D07] Desjardins, C. A. 2007. Phylogenetics and classification of the world genera of Diparinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa 1647: 1–88.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[G17a] Girault, A. A. 1917a. New Javanese Hymenoptera. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 59–71).

[G17b] Girault, A. A. 1917b. New chalcid flies. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 72–77).

[G17c] Girault, A. A. 1917c. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[G17d] Girault, A. A. 1917d. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. III. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 102–111).

[G17e] Girault, A. A. 1917e. Chalcidoidea nova Marilandensis. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 112–113).

[G17f] Girault, A. A. 1917f. Chalcidoidea nova Marilandensis. II. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 114–115).

[G17g] Girault, A. A. 1917g. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. V. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 116–131).

[G17h] Girault, A. A. 1917h. Chalcidoidea nova Marilandensis. III. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 132–137).

[G20] Girault, A. A. 1920. Some insects never before seen by mankind. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 157–160).

[G21] Girault, A. A. 1921. New animals of Australia and old men of the earth. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 161–163).

[G22] Girault, A. A. 1922. The true remedy for head lice, dedication of a new animal to the quality of majesty and so forth. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 166).

[G23a] Girault, A. A. 1923a. Loves wooed and won in Australia. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 167–169).

[G23b] Girault, A. A. 1923b. Microscopitis, womanitis and new Hexapoda. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 170–177).

[G24] Girault, A. A. 1924. Homo perniciosus and new Hymenoptera. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 178–181).

[G25] Girault, A. A. 1925. An essay on when a fly is lovable, the ceremony of baptizing some and unlovely hate. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 187–190).

[G26] Girault, A. A. 1926. New pests from Australia. V. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 206–207).

[G28a] Girault, A. A. 1928a. A prodigeous discourse on wild animals. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 218–220).

[G28b] Girault, A. A. 1928b. Some new hexapods stolen from authority. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 221–224).

[G29a] Girault, A. A. 1929a. Description of a case of lunacy in Homo and of six-legged articulates. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 262–265).

[G29b] Girault, A. A. 1929b. New pests from Australia. VI. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 266–269).

[G30a] Girault, A. A. 1930a. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273–277).

[G30b] Girault, A. A. 1930b. New pests from Australia. IX. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 278–279).

[G31] Girault, A. A. 1931. Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 284–285).

[G32a] Girault, A. A. 1932a. New pests from Australia, X. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 286–291).

[G32b] Girault, A. A. 1932b. Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. II. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 292).

[G32c] Girault, A. A. 1932c. New lower Hymenoptera from Australia and India. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 293–298).

[G33a] Girault, A. A. 1933a. Some beauties inhabitant not of commercial boudoirs but of Nature’s bosom, notably new insects. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 299–303).

[G33b] Girault, A. A. 1933b. Some beauties inhabitant not of the boudoirs of commerce but of Nature’s bosom—new insects. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 304–305).

[G34a] Girault, A. A. 1934a. Miridae et Hymenoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 308–310).

[G34b] Girault, A. A. 1934b. New Capsidae and Hymenoptera, with note on an unmentionable. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 311–314).

[G35] Girault, A. A. 1935. Microhymenoptera Australiensis nova, mostly Chalcididae. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 315–318).

[G36] Girault, A. A. (as ‘L. de St. Fargeau’). 1936. Chalcididae, Capsidae species nova Australiensis Giraulti. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 319–321).

[GT96] Goeden, R. D., & J. A. Teerink. 1996. Life histories and descriptions of adults and immature stages of two cryptic species, Aciurina ferruginea (Doane) and A. michaeli, new species (Diptera: Tephritidae), on Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hooker) Nuttall in southern California. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 415–438.

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[RBQ04] Rasnitsyn, A. P., H. H. Basibuyuk & D. L. J. Quicke. 2004. A basal chalcidoid (Insecta: Hymenoptera) from the earliest Cretaceous or latest Jurassic of Mongolia. Insect Systematics and Evolution 35: 123–135.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[W39a] Walker, F. 1839a. Monographia Chalciditum vol. 1. Hyppolitus Ballière: London.

[W39b] Walker, F. 1839b. Monographia Chalciditum vol. 2. Species collected by C. Darwin, Esq. Hyppolite Baillière: London.

Last updated: 18 March 2021.