Brachytheciaceae

Oxyrrhynchium hians, photographed by Des Callaghan.

Belongs within: Hypnales.

The Brachytheciaceae are a family of mosses that usually grow in mats or clumps. The family is distinguished by their pattern of pseudoparaphyllia, and the absence of papillae on the laminal cells (Ignatov & Huttunen 2002). More than 570 species are included in the family, making it one of the largest recognised families of pleurocarpous mosses. Members of the genus Brachythecium have irregular branches, more or less ovate-acuminate leaves, and inclined or horizontal capsules with a conical lid (Dixon 1924).

See also: Brachythecium salebrosum: some like it temperate.

Characters (from Smith & Smith 2004): Slender to robust plants. Stems creeping to ascending, sparsely and irregularly to closely and pinnately branched, branches straight to curved, complanate or not, spreading to erect. Paraphyllia usually absent. Leaves imbricate to spreading, rarely complanate, stem and branch leaves similar or not, plane or concave, plicate or not, broadly ovate to narrowly lanceolate, apex obtuse or rounded to longly acuminate; costa single, sometimes ending in a small projection on abaxial side of leaf, rarely forked or double; cells elongate-hexagonal to linear-vermicular, usually smooth, basal cells shorter, often porose, alar cells differentiated or not, forming auricles or not. Setae long, usually reddish, smooth or papillose with projecting cell ends; capsules erect, inclined or horizontal, ovoid to cylindrical, straight, curved or gibbous; annulus differentiated or not; lid conical, with or without rostrate to subulate beak; peristome double, exostome teeth horizontally striate below, papillose above, endostome with tall basal membrane and usually well-developed cilia; calyptrae cucullate, naked.

<==Brachytheciaceae
    |  i. s.: ‘Pilotrichella’ perpinnata [=Barbella perpinnata (Broth.) Broth. 1906] SK02
    |--Chamberlainia Grout 1928 SK02
    |--Streimannia Ochyra 1900 SK02
    |--Lepyrodontopsis trichophylla J87
    |--Eriodon Montagne 1845 SK02
    |    `--E. conostomus D03b
    |--Kindbergia Ochyra 1982 [=Stokesiella (Kindb.) Robinson 1967 non Lemmerm. 1908] II03
    |    `--K. praelonga (Hedw.) Ochyra 1982 II03, SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Bryostreimannia Ochyra 1991 SK02
    |    `--B. turgida (Ochyra) Ochyra 1991 [=Streimannia turgida Ochyra 1990] SK02
    |--Pseudoscleropodium (Limpr.) Fleischer ex Broth. 1925 SK02
    |    `--P. purum (Hedw.) Fleischer ex Broth. 1925 SK02
    |--Scleropodium Bruch & Schimp. 1853 SK02
    |    |--S. australe Hedenäs 1996 SK02
    |    `--S. purum M08
    |--Scorpiurum Schimp. 1876 SK02
    |    `--S. cucullatum (Mitt.) Hedenäs 1996 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--Homalothecium Schimp. 1851 J87, SK02
    |    |--H. leskeoides J87
    |    |--H. lutescens M08
    |    `--H. sericeum SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Platyhypnidium Fleischer 1923 SK02
    |    |--P. austrinum (Hooker & Wilson) Fleischer 1923 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--P. muelleri (Jaeger) Fleischer 1923 SK02
    |    `--P. riparioides [incl. P. mutatum] VHJ03
    |--Oxyrrhynchium (Schimp.) Warnst. 1905 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy) II03
    |    `--*O. hians II03 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--O. h. var. hians D24
    |         |--‘Eurhynchium swartzii’ var. atrovirens [=Hypnum atrovirens] D24
    |         `--‘Eurhynchium swartzii’ var. rigidum D24
    |--Cirriphyllum II03
    |    |--C. cirrhosum N02
    |    |--C. piliferum M08
    |    |--C. reichenbachianum (see below for synonymy) II03
    |    `--C. tommasinii M09
    |--Rhynchostegiella (Schimp.) Limpr. 1896 SK02
    |    |--R. divaricatifolia N02
    |    |--R. humillima N02
    |    |--R. menadensis N02
    |    |--R. pseudoteesdalei (Hampe) Broth. in Engler & Prantl 1909 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. sachensis N02
    |    `--R. tenella M09
    |--Isothecium FHH01
    |    |--I. alopecuroides M08
    |    |--I. comatum [=Hypnodendron comatum, Mniodendron comatum] SK02
    |    `--I. myosuroides FHH01 [=Eurhynchium myosuroides D24, Hypnum myosuroides D24; incl. I. subglaciale D24]
    |         |--I. m. var. myosuroides D24
    |         |--‘Eurhynchium’ m. var. brachythecioides Dixon 1902 [incl. Isothecium interludens] D24
    |         |--‘Eurhynchium’ m. var. cavernarum D24
    |         |--‘Eurhynchium’ m. var. debile D24
    |         |--‘Eurhynchium’ m. var. filescens D24
    |         |--‘Eurhynchium’ m. var. rivulare D24
    |         `--‘Eurhynchium’ m. var. tenuinerve D24
    |--Rhynchostegium Bruch & Schimp. 1852 SK02
    |    |--R. aristatum [=Brachythecium aristatum, Hypnum aristatum (preoc.)] SK02
    |    |--R. calderii N02
    |    |--R. celebicum N02
    |    |--R. cylindritheca Dixon 1915 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. distratum (Hampe) Jaeger 1878 [=Hypnum distratum] SK02
    |    |--R. fragilicuspis M49
    |    |--R. inaequale Dixon 1942 (n. d.) SK02
    |    |--R. laxatum (Mitt.) Paris 1898 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. muriculatum (Hooker & Wilson) Reichardt 1870 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--R. nanopennatum (Broth.) Kindb. 1891 [=Hypnum nanopennatum] SK02
    |    |--R. patulum Jaeger 1878 (n. d.) [=Hypnum patulum (preoc.)] SK02
    |    |--R. peracuminatum A49
    |    |--R. plagiotheciella Müll.Hal. 1897 SK02
    |    |--R. raphidorrhynchum (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1878 (n. d.) [=Hypnum raphidorrhynchum] SK02
    |    |--R. scariosum J87
    |    |--R. serrulatum WM14
    |    `--R. tenuifolium (Hedw.) Reichardt 1870 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |         |--R. t. var. tenuifolium SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |         `--R. t. var. howeanum Broth. & Watts 1915 SK02
    |--Eurhynchium Bruch & Schimp. 1854 SK02
    |    |--*E. striatum [=Hypnum striatum] II03
    |    |--E. abbreviatum D24 [=E. praelongum var. abbreviatum D24; incl. E. schleicheri M08, Hypnum schleicheri D24]
    |    |--E. angustirete M08
    |    |--E. asperipes (Mitt.) Dixon 1927 [=Hypnum asperipes] SK02
    |    |--E. circinatum [=Hypnum circinatum] D24
    |    |--E. cirrosum [=Brachythecium cirrosum, Hypnum cirrosum] D24
    |    |--E. crassinervium VHJ03 [=Hypnum crassinervium D24]
    |    |--E. curvisetum [=Hypnum curvisetum, Rhynchostegium curvisetum] D24
    |    |--E. laevisetum Geh. 1876 [=Rhynchostegium laevisetum; incl. Oxyrrhynchium howeanum Broth. & Watts 1915] SK02
    |    |--E. meridionale [=Hypnum meridionale] D24
    |    |--E. murale [=Hypnum murale, Rhynchostegium murale] D24
    |    |    |--E. m. var. murale D24
    |    |    |--E. m. var. complanatum D24
    |    |    `--E. m. var. julaceum D24
    |    |--E. myurum [=Hypnum myurum, Isothecium myurum; incl. I. viviparum] D24
    |    |    |--E. m. var. myurum D24
    |    |    `--E. m. var. minus [=Isothecium myosuroides var. minus] D24
    |    |--E. piliferum [=Hypnum piliferum] D24
    |    |--E. pulchellum (Hedw.) Jenn. 1913 JR-SM-G05
    |    |--E. pumilum (Wilson) Schimp. 1856 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--E. remotifolium (Greville) Jaeger 1878 [=Hypnum remotifolium, Oxyrrhynchium remotifolium] SK02
    |    |--E. rotundifolium [=Hypnum rotundifolium, Rhynchostegium rotundifolium] D24
    |    |--E. rusciforme [=Hypnum rusciforme, Rhynchostegium rusciforme; incl. H. ruscifolium] D24
    |    |    |--E. r. var. rusciforme D24
    |    |    |--E. r. var. alopecuroides D24
    |    |    |--E. r. var. atlanticum D24
    |    |    |--E. r. var. inundatum D24
    |    |    `--E. r. var. prolixum D24
    |    |--E. speciosum (Brid.) Jur. 1863 SK02 [=Hypnum speciosum D24]
    |    |--E. striatulum [=Hypnum striatulum] D24
    |    |--E. strigosum [=Hypnum strigosum] D24
    |    |    |--E. s. var. strigosum D24
    |    |    |--E. s. var. diversifolium D24
    |    |    |--E. s. var. imbricatum [incl. E. strigosum var. praecox] D24
    |    |    `--E. s. var. scabrisetum D24
    |    |--E. teesdalei [=Hypnum teesdalei] D24
    |    |--E. tenellum [=Hypnum tenellum, Rhynchostegium tenellum; incl. H. algirianum] D24
    |    |    |--E. t. var. tenellum D24
    |    |    `--E. t. var. scabrellum [=Hypnum scabrellum; incl. H. litoreum] D24
    |    `--E. tommasinii [incl. E. vaucheri] D24
    `--Brachythecium Schimp. 1853 SK02
         |--B. albicans (Hedw.) Schimp. 1853 SK02 [=Chamberlainia albicans (Hedw.) Rob. 1962 SK02, Hypnum albicans D24]
         |--B. brachycladum N02
         |--B. buchananii N02
         |--B. caespitosum [=Hypnum caespitosum, Scleropodium caespitosum] D24
         |--B. campestre [=Chamberlainia campestris (Müll.Hal.) Rob. 1962, Hypnum campestre] SK02
         |--B. curvatulum N02
         |--B. falcatulum N02
         |--B. formosanum N02
         |--B. glaciale [=Hypnum glaciale] D24
         |    |--B. g. var. glaciale D24
         |    `--B. g. var. subsecundum D24
         |--B. glareosum [=Hypnum glareosum] D24
         |--B. illecebrum [=Hypnum illecebrum, Scleropodium illecebrum] D24
         |--B. kamounense N02
         |--B. latinervium Hedenäs 1996 SK02
         |--B. longicuspidatum N02
         |--B. longidens D03b
         |--B. mildeanum (Schimp.) Milde 1862 SK02 [=Hypnum mildeanum D24]
         |--B. morenoi D03b
         |--B. obsoletinerve N02
         |--B. pachytheceum N02
         |--B. paradoxum (Hooker & Wilson) Jaeger 1878 [=Hypnum paradoxum] SK02
         |--B. plicatum [=Hypnum plicatum, Lesquereuxia plicata, Ptychodium plicatum] D24
         |--B. plumosum (Hedw.) Schimp. 1853 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--B. p. var. plumosum D24
         |    `--B. p. var. homomallum D24
         |--B. populeum [=Hypnum populeum] D24
         |    |--B. p. var. populeum D24
         |    `--B. p. var. majus D24
         |--B. procumbens N02
         |--B. purum [=Hypnum purum] D24
         |--B. reflexum [=Hypnum reflexum] D24
         |    |--B. r. var. reflexum D24
         |    `--B. r. var. micropus D24
         |--B. rivulare Schimp. 1853 SK02 [=Hypnum rivulare D24]
         |    |  i. s.: B. r. f. homomalla D24
         |    |--B. r. var. rivulare D24
         |    |--B. r. var. cataractarum D24
         |    |--B. r. var. chrysophyllum D24
         |    |--B. r. var. latifolium D24
         |    `--B. r. var. tenue D24
         |--B. rutabulum (Hedw.) Schimp. 1853 [=Hypnum rutabulum; incl. B. novae-valesiae Geh. 1876] SK02
         |    |--B. r. var. rutabulum D24
         |    |--B. r. var. longisetum D24
         |    |--B. r. var. plumulosum D24
         |    `--B. r. var. robustum D24
         |--B. salebrosum (Weber & Mohr) Schimp. 1853 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    |--B. s. var. salebrosum D24
         |    `--B. s. var. palustre [incl. B. salebrosum var. mildei] D24
         |--B. sericeo-virens D03b
         |--B. spegazzinii D03b
         |--B. spurio-albicans D03b
         |--B. starkei [=Hypnum starkei; incl. H. curtum] D24
         |--B. stereopoma J87
         |--B. subpilosum D03b
         |--B. subplicatum A49
         |--B. trachypodium D24
         |--B. velutinum FHH01 [=Hypnum velutinum D24]
         |    |--B. v. var. velutinum D24
         |    |--B. v. var. intricatum D24
         |    `--B. v. var. praelongum D24
         |--B. wichurae N02
         `--B. zanonii J87

Nomina nuda: Brachythecium cuspidarioides Dusén 1903 D03b
             Brachythecium majusculum Dusén 1903b
             Brachythecium sericeo-nitens Dusén 1903 D03a
             Brachythecium subtilicaule Dusén 1903 D03b
             Brachythecium turgens Dusén 1903 D03b
             Isothecium serpens Dusén 1903 D03b
             Rhynchostegium byssicladum Dusén 1903 D03b
             Rhynchostegium latifolium Geh. 1876 SK02
             Rhynchostegium mollissimum Dusén 1903 D03b
             Rhynchostegium obtusissimum Geh. 1876 [=R. obtusum Mitt. 1882] SK02
             Rhynchostegium strictiusculum Broth. ex Bailey 1891 [=R. strictifolium Broth. ex Paris 1898] SK02

Brachythecium plumosum (Hedw.) Schimp. 1853 SK02 [=Hypnum plumosum D24; incl. B. kayseri Geh. 1876 SK02, H. pseudoplumosum SK02]

Brachythecium salebrosum (Weber & Mohr) Schimp. 1853 [=Hypnum salebrosum, Chamberlainia salebrosa (Weber & Mohr) Rob. 1962] SK02

Cirriphyllum reichenbachianum [=Hypnum reichenbachianum, Eurhynchium velutinoides (nom. illeg.); incl. Hypnum flotowianum, Cirriphyllum floto-wianum] II03

Eurhynchium pumilum (Wilson) Schimp. 1856 SK02 [=Hypnum pumilum Hooker & Wilson ex Hampe 1880 (n. n.) D24, SK02, Rhynchostegiella pumila (Wilson) Warb. 1962 SK02; incl. H. pallidirostre D24]

Homalothecium sericeum SK02 [=Camptothecium sericeum D24, Hypnum sericeum D24, Pleuropus sericeus D24; incl. Homalothecium australiense Dixon 1948 SK02]

Kindbergia praelonga (Hedw.) Ochyra 1982 II03, SK02 [=Hypnum praelongum II03, Eurhynchium praelongum (Hedw.) Schimp. 1854 SK02, Oxyrrhynchium praelongum II03; incl. Hypnum praelongum var. stokesii D24, II03, Eurhynchium stokesii II03, *Kindbergia stokesii II03]

Oxyrrhynchium (Schimp.) Warnst. 1905 (nom. cons.) [=Eurhynchium subg. Oxyrrhynchium Schimp. in Bruch et al. 1854] II03

*Oxyrrhynchium hians II03 [=Hypnum hians II03, Eurhynchium hians II03; incl. H. anomalum D24, E. swartzii D24, H. swartzii II03]

Platyhypnidium austrinum (Hooker & Wilson) Fleischer 1923 [=Hypnum austrinum, Eurhynchium austrinum, Oxyrrhynchium austrinum; incl. Hypnum austroalpinum Hampe 1860, Brachythecium austroalpinum (Hampe) Jaeger 1878, H. moorei, Platyhypnidium moorei, Rhynchostegium moorei] SK02

Rhynchostegiella pseudoteesdalei (Hampe) Broth. in Engler & Prantl 1909 (n. d.) [=Hypnum pseudoteesdalei, Eurhynchium pseudoteesdalei, Rhynchostegium pseudoteesdalei] SK02

Rhynchostegium cylindritheca Dixon 1915 [=Eriodon cylindritheca (Dixon) Dixon & Sainsbury 1945; incl. Helicodontiadelphus australiensis, Helicodontium colliei (nom. inv.)] SK02

Rhynchostegium laxatum (Mitt.) Paris 1898 [=Hypnum laxatum, H. luxatum (l. c.), Rhynchostegium taxatum (l. c.); incl. H. dentiferum Hampe 1860, R. dentiferum (Hampe) Jaeger 1878, R. elusum, Hypnum pseudomurale, R. pseudomurale (Hampe) Jaeger 1878] SK02

Rhynchostegium muriculatum (Hooker & Wilson) Reichardt 1870 SK02 [=Hypnum muriculatum SK02, Eurhynchium muriculatum SK02, E. muricatulum (l. c.) M49, Rhynchostegiella muriculata (Hooker & Wilson) Broth. 1909 SK02; incl. Hypnum pterocladum (nom. inv.) SK02]

Rhynchostegium tenuifolium (Hedw.) Reichardt 1870 [=Hypnum tenuifolium, Amblystegiella tenuifolia, Helicodontium tenuifolium (nom. inv.), Isothecium tenuifolium] SK02

Rhynchostegium tenuifolium (Hedw.) Reichardt 1870 var. tenuifolium SK02 [incl. Hypnum collatum SK02, Rhynchostegium collatum SK02, H. confertum (nom. inv.) SK02, Eurhynchium confertum D24, Rhynchostegium confertum D24, Hypnum collatum var. laxifolium SK02, H. collatum var. minus non H. cupressiforme var. minus SK02, H. radicole (nom. inv.) SK02, H. subclavatum SK02, Rhynchostegium subclavatum SK02]

Scorpiurum cucullatum (Mitt.) Hedenäs 1996 [=Hypnum cucullatum Mitt. 1856, Eurhynchium cucullatum (Mitt.) Stone & Scott 1973, Rhychostegiella cucullata, Rhynchostegium cucullatum; incl. Hypnum convolutifolium Hampe 1860, Amblystegium convolutifolium, Rhynchostegiella convolutifolia, Rhynchostegium convolutifolium, Rhynchostegiella subconvolutifolia Broth. & Watts 1912] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A49] Allison, K. W. 1949. Description of a new species with notes and localities for some Otago and Southland mosses. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 278–283.

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03a] Dusén, P. 1903a. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[D03b] Dusén, P. 1903b. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[FHH01] Frey, W., M. Hofmann & H. H. Hilger. 2001. The gametophyte-sporophyte junction: unequivocal hints for two evolutionary lines of archegoniate land plants. Flora 196: 431–445.

[II03] Ignatov, M. S., & P. Isoviita. 2003. (1579) Proposal to conserve the name Oxyrrhynchium (Brachytheciaceae, Musci) with a conserved type. Taxon 52: 352–354.

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61–83.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[M09] Marstaller, R. 2009. Die Moosgesellschaften des geplanten Naturschutzgebietes "Brandenburg und Göringer Stein" bei Göringen (Wartburgkreis, Eisenach). 136. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (3): 529–557.

[M49] Martin, W. 1949. Distribution of the mosses indigenous to New Zealand (supplement no. 1). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 355–360.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

Smith, A. J. E., & R. Smith. 2004. The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[VHJ03] Vanderpoorten, A., L. Hedenäs & A.-L. Jacquemart. 2003. Differentiation in DNA fingerprinting and morphology among species of the pleurocarpous moss genus, Rhytidiadelphus (Hylocomiaceae). Taxon 52: 229–236.

[WM14] Wickett, N. H., S. Mirarab, N. Nguyen, T. Warnow, E. Carpenter, N. Matasci, S. Ayyampalayam, M. S. Barker, J. G. Burleigh, M. A. Gitzendanner, B. R. Ruhfel, E. Wafula, J. P. Der, S. W. Graham, S. Mathews, M. Melkonian, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, N. W. Miles, C. J. Rothfels, L. Pokorny, A. J. Shaw, L. DeGeronimo, D. W. Stevenson, B. Surek, J. C. Villarreal, B. Roure, H. Philippe, C. W. dePamphilis, T. Chen, M. K. Deyholos, R. S. Baucom, T. M. Kutchan, M. M. Augustin, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Tian, Z. Yan, X. Wu, X. Sun, G. K.-S. Wong & J. Leebens-Mack. 2014. Phylotranscriptomic analysis of the origin and early diversification of land plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 111 (45): E4859–E4868.

Last updated: 7 January 2018.

Hypnum

Hypnum cupressiforme, from here.

Belongs within: Hypnales.
Contains: Hypnum exannulatum.

Hypnum is a large genus of mosses found worldwide. While more clearly defined than in the past, Hypnum remains a repository for a number of pleurocarpous mosses of less certain relationships, and its content may still require revision. Species within the genus are predominantly distinguished by features of the gametophytes, but this may be complicated by a certain degree of morphological plasticity in relation to growth habitat. Members of the subgenus Limnobium, characterised by soft, flaccid leaves, are semi-aquatic and generally found on wet rocks (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Smith & Smith 2004): Autoicous or dioicous. Stems creeping to erect, more or less unbranched to closely pinnately branched. Branches long or short. Pseudoparaphyllia usually present. Stem leaves straight to falcate or circinate, secund, narrowly lanceolate to broadly ovate, gradually or abruptly narrowed to acute to filiform apex; margins plane or recurved, entire or denticulate; costa short and double or absent; basal cells usually narrowly rhomboidal, incrassate, porose or not, alar cells distinct, quadrate to rectangular, thin-walled to incrassate, hyaline or not, cells above elliptical to linear-vermicular. Branch leaves more or less similar to stem leaves but smaller. Setae long, reddish, smooth; capsules erect to horizontal, obloid to cylindrical, straight or curved; lid mamillate to conical with subulate beak; exostome teeth transversely striate below, longitudinally point-striate, papillose or smooth above, endostome with tall basal membrane and cilia.

<==Hypnum Hedw. 1801 SK02
    |--H. subg. Drepanium D24
    |    |--H. bambergeri [=Stereodon bambergeri] D24
    |    |--H. callichroum [=Stereodon callichrous; incl. H. rupestre] D24
    |    |--H. canariense [=Stereodon canariensis] D24
    |    |--H. circinale D24
    |    |--H. cupressiforme Hedw. 1801 D24, SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--H. c. var. cupressiforme [incl. H. c. var. minus, Stereodon cupressiformis var. minor] SK02
    |    |    |--H. c. var. ericetorum D24
    |    |    |--H. c. var. filiforme Brid. 1801 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--H. c. var. lacunosum Brid. 1801 SK02 [=H. lacunosum (Brid.) Hoffmann ex Brid. 1819 PL04]
    |    |    |--H. c. var. mamillatum D24
    |    |    |--H. c. var. mossmanianum (Müll.Hal.) Ando 1982 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |    `--H. c. var. resupinatum [=Stereodon resupinatus; incl. H. cupressiforme var. longirostre] D24
    |    |--H. hamulosum [=Stereodon hamulosus] D24
    |    |--H. imponens [=Stereodon imponens] D24
    |    |--H. incurvatum [=Stereodon incurvatus] D24
    |    |--H. molluscum [=Ctenidium molluscum; incl. H. intortum, H. provectum] D24
    |    |    |--H. m. var. molluscum D24
    |    |    |--H. m. var. condensatum D24
    |    |    |--H. m. var. erectum non H. chrysophyllum var. erectum Bagnall 1896 D24
    |    |    |--H. m. var. fastigiatum D24
    |    |    |--H. m. var. robustum [incl. H. molluscum var. croceum] D24
    |    |    `--H. m. var. squarrosulum D24
    |    |--H. patientiae [incl. Stereodon lindbergii] D24
    |    |--H. pratense [=Isopterygium pratense] D24
    |    |--H. procerrimum [=Ctenidium procerrimum] D24
    |    `--H. revolutum [=Stereodon revolutus Mitten 1859; incl. H. heufleri, H. plicatile, Stereodon plicatilis] D24
    |--H. subg. Harpidium D24
    |    |--H. capillifolium D24
    |    |--H. commutatum [incl. Amblystegium glaucum] D24
    |    |--H. decipiens [=Amblystegium decipiens, Thuidium decipiens; incl. Hypnum notarisii] D24
    |    |--H. exannulatum D24
    |    |--H. falcatum [=Amblystegium falcatum] D24
    |    |    |--H. f. var. falcatum D24
    |    |    |--H. f. var. gracilescens non H. aduncum var. gracilescens D24
    |    |    `--H. f. var. virescens [incl. Amblystegium falcatum var. fluctuans, H. irrigatum] D24
    |    |--H. intermedium [=Amblystegium intermedium] D24
    |    |--H. lycopodioides [=Amblystegium lycopodioides] D24
    |    |--H. revolvens [=Amblystegium revolvens; incl. H. revolvens var. cossoni] D24
    |    |--H. sendtneri [=Amblystegium sendtneri] D24
    |    |--H. sulcatum [=Amblystegium glaucum var. sulcatum; incl. H. breadalbense, H. sulcatum var. subsulcatum] D24
    |    |--H. vernicosum [=Amblystegium vernicosum] D24
    |    |    |--H. v. var. vernicosum D24
    |    |    `--H. v. var. majus D24
    |    `--H. wilsoni [=Amblystegium sendtneri var. wilsoni, H. sendtneri var. wilsoni] D24
    |         |--H. w. var. wilsoni D24
    |         `--H. w. var. hamatum [=H. aduncum var. hamatum; incl. H. hamifolium] D24
    `--H. subg. Limnobium D24
         |--H. arcticum [incl. Amblystegium smithii] D24
         |--H. eugyrium [=Amblystegium eugyrium, Limnobium eugyrium] D24
         |    |--H. e. var. eugyrium D24
         |    `--H. e. var. mackayi D24
         |--H. molle [=Amblystegium molle] D24
         |    |--H. m. var. molle D24
         |    `--H. m. var. schimperianum D24
         |--H. ochraceum D24
         |    |--H. o. var. ochraceum D24
         |    `--H. o. var. flaccidum [incl. H. ochraceum var. complanatum non H. complanatum] D24
         |--H. palustre [=Amblystegium palustre] D24
         |    |--H. p. var. palustre D24
         |    |--H. p. var. hamulosum nec H. hamulosum nec H. elodes var. hamulosum D24
         |    |--H. p. var. julaceum non H. julaceum D24
         |    |--H. p. var. laxum D24
         |    `--H. p. var. subsphaericarpon D24
         `--H. scorpioides [=Amblystegium scorpioides] D24
              |--H. s. var. scorpioides D24
              `--H. s. var. angustifolium D24

Hypnum incertae sedis:
  H. alternans Brid. 1801 SK02
  H. campbellianum [=Thuidium campbellianum; incl. Aequatoriella bifaria] SK02
  H. castrense H04
  H. chrysogaster Müll.Hal. 1851 (see below for synonymy) SK02
  H. fuegianum D03
  H. heseleri VHJ03
  H. jutlandicum M08
  H. lindbergii M09
  H. megapolitanum SK02 [=Eurhynchium megapolitanum D24, Rhynchostegium megapolitanum SK02]
  H. nelsonii (Broth.) Paris 1896 [=Stereodon nelsonii] SK02
  H. pallescens VH02
  H. perplicatum Dusén 1903 D03
  H. polypterum J87
  H. subchrysogaster (Broth.) Paris 1900 [=Stereodon subchrysogaster] SK02
  H. vaucheri M08

Nomina nuda: Hypnum antipodum Hampe 1880 [=Rhynchohypnum antipodum Hampe ex Wijk, Margad. & Florsch. 1967, Rhynchostegium antipodum Mitt. 1882] SK02
             Hypnum austromontanum Hampe 1880 [=Rhynchostegium austromontanum Mitt. 1882] SK02
             Hypnum brachytheciella Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1886 [=Rhaphidostegium brachytheciella Müll.Hal. ex Burges 1935] SK02
             Hypnum brevicolle Hampe 1880 SK02
             Hypnum decurvatum Hampe 1880 [=Porotrichum decurvatum Hampe ex Mitt. 1882] SK02
             Hypnum exalare Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1886 SK02
             Hypnum flagellaceum Paris 1900 [=Stereodon flagellaceus Broth. & Burchard ex Weymouth 1893] SK02
             Hypnum hodgkinsoniae Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 SK02
             Hypnum incurvum Hampe 1880 [=Rhynchostegium incurvum Mitt. 1882] SK02
             Hypnum lineatum Hooker & Wilson ex Hampe 1880 SK02
             Hypnum luridulum Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 SK02
             Hypnum microflagellare Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1888 SK02
             Hypnum myurium Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 SK02
             Hypnum novae-cambriae Hampe 1880 [=Porotrichum novae-cambriae Mitt. 1882] SK02
             Hypnum obtusifolium Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 SK02
             Hypnum parramattense Hampe & Müll.Hal. ex Hampe 1880 [=Rhynchostegium parramattense Mitt. 1882] SK02
             Hypnum perpumilum Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 SK02
             Hypnum pseudodemissum Müll.Hal. ex Hampe 1880 SK02
             Hypnum pseudohomomallum Müll.Hal. ex Geh. 1876 SK02
             Hypnum pseudopilaceum Hampe 1880 [=Porotrichum pseudopilaceum Mitt. 1882] SK02
             Hypnum pseudopraelongum Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 SK02
             Hypnum rubens Hampe & Müll.Hal. ex Paris 1898 SK02
             Hypnum strictiusculum Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1886 SK02
             Hypnum strumiferum Hampe 1881 [=Rhynchostegium strumiferum Mitt. 1882] SK02
             Hypnum subpungens Hampe & Müll.Hal. ex Hampe 1880 SK02
             Hypnum umbilicatulum Müll.Hal. ex Geh. 1876 [=Isopterygium umbilicatulum Mitt. 1882, Isothecium umbilicatulum Mitt. ex Wijk, Florsch. & Margad. 1964] SK02
             Hypnum vesiculifolium Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 SK02
             Hypnum wilhelmii Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 SK02

Hypnum chrysogaster Müll.Hal. 1851 [=H. cupressiforme var. chrysogaster, Stereodon chrysogaster; incl. H. patale] SK02

Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. 1801 D24, SK02 [=Stereodon cupressiformis SK02; incl. H. deflectens D24, H. teichophilum D24]

Hypnum cupressiforme var. filiforme Brid. 1801 SK02 [=H. cupressiforme f. filiformis SK02, Stereodon cupressiforme var. filiforme M49]

Hypnum cupressiforme var. mossmanianum (Müll.Hal.) Ando 1982 [=Stereodon cupressiformis var. mossmanianus; incl. Drepanohypnum walterianum, Hypnum walterianum, H. walteri (l. c.), Isopterygium walterianum, Stereodon walterianus] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[M09] Marstaller, R. 2009. Die Moosgesellschaften des geplanten Naturschutzgebietes "Brandenburg und Göringer Stein" bei Göringen (Wartburgkreis, Eisenach). 136. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (3): 529–557.

[M49] Martin, W. 1949. The bryophytes of Stewart Island.—Part I. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 257–277.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

Smith, A. J. E., & R. Smith. 2004. The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[VH02] Vanderpoorten, A., L. Hedenäs, C. J. Cox & A. J. Shaw. 2002. Phylogeny and morphological evolution of the Amblystegiaceae (Bryopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (1): 1–21.

[VHJ03] Vanderpoorten, A., L. Hedenäs & A.-L. Jacquemart. 2003. Differentiation in DNA fingerprinting and morphology among species of the pleurocarpous moss genus, Rhytidiadelphus (Hylocomiaceae). Taxon 52: 229–236.

Last updated: 7 January 2018.

Hookeriales

Hypopterygium arbuscula, from Juan Larraín.

Belongs within: Bryidae.
Contains: Hookeriaceae.

The Hookeriales is an order of mosses found primarily in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. They are distinguished from other pleurocarpous mosses by having undifferentiated alar cells. Members of the Hookeriales can be divided between the Ptychomniineae, with furrowed capsules, and the Hookeriineae with smooth capsules.

Characters (from Smith & Smith 2004): Pleurocarpous. Leaves often complanate and often asymmetrical, sometimes with border of elongate cells; costa single or double, long or short or absent; alar cells not differentiated. Setae often rough; capsules exserted, erect, inclined or horizontal; peristome double, exostome teeth long, tapering, often furrowed, usually with thickened lamellae on inner face, basal membrane of endostome high, cilia absent; calyptrae conical, often hairy or fringed.

<==Hookeriales
    |  i. s.: Leskeodon cubensis VH02
    |         Pilotrichum Palisot de Beauvois 1804 VH02, SK02
    |           `--P. fendleri VH02
    |         Crossomitrium rotundifolium VH02
    |         Campylotrichum Sikora 1836 SK02
    |--Ptychomniineae SK02
    |    |--Ptychomniaceae SK02
    |    |    |--Glyphothecium Hampe 1860 SK02
    |    |    |    |--G. alare M49b
    |    |    |    `--G. sciuroides (Hooker) Hampe 1860 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |    |--Tetraphidopsis Broth. & Dixon 1912 SK02
    |    |    |    `--T. pusilla (Hooker & Wilson) Dixon 1913 SK02
    |    |    |--Hampeella Müll.Hal. 1881 SK02
    |    |    |    |--H. alaris (Dixon & Sainsbury) Sainsbury 1951 SK02
    |    |    |    `--H. pallens (Sande Lac.) Fleischer 1908 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |    `--Ptychomnion (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1869 SK02
    |    |         |--P. aciculare (Brid.) Mitt. 1869 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |         |--P. cygnisetum (Müll.Hal.) Kindb. 1888 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |         |--P. densifolium (Brid.) Jaeger 1879 SK02
    |    |         `--P. subaciculare D03
    |    `--Garovagliaceae SK02
    |         |--Euptychium Schimp. 1866 SK02
    |         |    |--E. cuspidatum (Mitt.) Mitt. 1881 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |         |    |--E. mucronatum Hampe 1874 [=Garovaglia mucronata] SK02
    |         |    |--E. robustum Hampe 1874 [=Garovaglia robusta] SK02
    |         |    `--E. setigerum (Sull.) Broth. 1906 [=Garovaglia setigera; incl. G. longicuspis] SK02
    |         `--Garovaglia Endl. 1836 SK02
    |              |--G. elegans (Dozy & Molk.) Bosch & Sande Lac. 1863 SK02
    |              |    |--G. e. var. elegans [incl. Endotrichella campbelliana] SK02
    |              |    `--G. e. var. dietrichiae (Müll.Hal.) During 1977 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |              |--G. powellii Mitt. 1868 SK02
    |              |    |--G. p. ssp. powellii SK02
    |              |    `--G. p. ssp. muelleri (Hampe) During 1977 [=Endotrichum muelleri] SK02
    |              `--G. subelegans [=Endotrichella subelegans] SK02
    `--Hookeriineae SK02
         |--Hookeriaceae SK02
         |--Leucomium Mitt. 1868 [Leucomiaceae] SK02
         |    `--L. strumosum (Hornsch.) Mitt. 1869 SK02
         |--Hypopterygiaceae SK02
         |    |--Canalohypopterygium tamariscinum (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    |--Cyathophorum Palisot de Beauvois 1804 SK02
         |    |    |--C. bulbosum (Hedw.) Müll.Hal. 1851 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    |    `--C. splendidissimum D03
         |    |--Lopidium Hooker & Wilson 1854 SK02
         |    |    |--L. concinnum (Hooker) Wilson 1854 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    |    |--L. nematosum (Müll.Hal.) Fleischer 1922 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    |    `--L. struthiopteris (Brid.) Fleischer 1908 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    `--Hypopterygium Brid. 1827 SK02
         |         |--H. arbuscula FHH01
         |         |--H. didictyon Müll.Hal. 1850 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |         |--H. discolor Mitt. 1867 [incl. H. scottiae Müll.Hal. 1868] SK02
         |         |--H. filiculaeforme M49b
         |         |--H. flexisetum D03
         |         |--H. rotulatum (Hedw.) Brid. 1827 (n. d.) SK02
         |         |--H. setigerum M49a
         |         |--H. tamarisci (Swartz) Brid. ex Müll.Hal. 1850 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |         `--H. thouinii D03
         `--Callicostaceae SK02
              |--Schizomitrium Schimp. 1851 (nom. rej.) SK02
              |--Sauloma (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1860 SK02
              |    `--S. tenella (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1860 (see below for synonymy) SK02
              |--Hookeriopsis (Besch.) Jaeger 1877 SK02
              |    |--H. luteo-rufescens J87
              |    `--H. utacamundiana (Montagne) Broth. 1907 SK02
              |--Cyclodictyon Mitt. 1864 SK02
              |    |--C. albicans J87
              |    |--C. blumeanum (Müll.Hal.) Kuntze 1891 (see below for synonymy) SK02
              |    `--C. varians J87
              |--Callicostella (Müll.Hal.) Mitt. 1859 SK02
              |    `--C. papillata (Montagne) Mitt. 1859 [=Schizomitrium papillatum (Montagne) Sull. 1859] SK02
              |         |--C. p. var. papillata [incl. Hookeria baileyi, C. bayleyi (Broth.) Kindb. 1891] SK02
              |         `--C. p. var. prabaktiana (Müll.Hal.) Streimann 1997 (see below for synonymy) SK02
              `--Callicosta J87
                   |--C. affinis J87
                   |--C. cristatum J87
                   `--C. fendleri J87

Nomina nuda: Endotrichella perrotii Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 [=Glyphothecium perrotii Müll.Hal. ex Burges 1935] SK02
             Pilotrichum howei Müll.Hal. ex Kindb. 1888 SK02
             Pilotrichum whiteleggeanum Müll.Hal. ex Clarke 1973 SK02

Callicostella papillata var. prabaktiana (Müll.Hal.) Streimann 1997 [incl. C. kaernbachii Broth. ex Fleischer 1908, C. rugiseta Dixon 1942] SK02

Canalohypopterygium tamariscinum [=Hypopterygium tamariscinum (Hedw.) Brid. 1819, Pterygophyllum tamarisci, P. tamariscinum; incl. Hypopterygium commutatum Müll.Hal. 1850 (nom. illeg.), H. setigerum (nom. illeg.)] SK02

Cyathophorum bulbosum (Hedw.) Müll.Hal. 1851 [=Anictangium bulbosum, Hedwigia bulbosa; incl. Cyathophorum densirete, C. bulbosum var. minus (Hooker & Wilson) Paris 1894, C. pennatum var. minus, Leskea pennata, C. pennatum (nom. illeg.), Hookeria pennata (nom. illeg.), C. pteridioides] SK02

Cyclodictyon blumeanum (Müll.Hal.) Kuntze 1891 [incl. Hookeria karsteniana, C. karstenianum, H. lepida, C. lepidum (Mitt.) Broth. & Watts 1918] SK02

Euptychium cuspidatum (Mitt.) Mitt. 1881 [=Esenbeckia cuspidata, Garovaglia cuspidata; incl. Euptychium neocaledonicum, Garovaglia neocaledonica (n. n.)] SK02

Garovaglia elegans var. dietrichiae (Müll.Hal.) During 1977 [=Endotrichella dietrichiae; incl. E. lepida, Garovaglia lepida, Neckera lepida (nom. inv.), E. dietrichiae var. longiseta] SK02

Glyphothecium sciuroides (Hooker) Hampe 1860 [=Leskea sciuroides, Cladomnion sciuroides, Garovaglia sciuroides, Glyptothecium sciuroides, Ptychothecium sciuroides (comb. inv.), Stereodon sciuroides; incl. Neckera glyphotheca, Garovaglia glyphotheca (nom. inv.), Glyphothecium muellerianum, Cladomnion muellerianum, Garovaglia muelleriana (nom. inv.), Ptychothecium muelleri (nom. inv.), Cladomnion tasmanicum (nom. inv.)] SK02

Hampeella pallens (Sande Lac.) Fleischer 1908 [incl. Lepidopilum australe, Sematophyllum australe (n. n.), Whiteleggea australis (nom. inv.), Hampeella kurzii] SK02

Hypopterygium didictyon Müll.Hal. 1850 [incl. H. chrysopus (nom. inv.), H. novae-seelandiae var. glaucum, H. novae-seelandiae, H. smithianum, H. tasmanicum] SK02

Hypopterygium tamarisci (Swartz) Brid. ex Müll.Hal. 1850 [incl. H. rigidulum ssp. balantii Müll.Hal. ex Kindb. 1901, H. scottiae var. denticulatum, H. rotulatum var. incurvum Brid. 1827, H. muelleri Hampe 1856, Pterobryon muelleri, H. tenellum Müll.Hal. 1854, H. viridulum] SK02

Lopidium concinnum (Hooker) Wilson 1854 [=Leskea concinna, Hookeria concinna, Hypopterygium concinnum; incl. Hy. hyalinolimbatum (n. n.), Lopidium hyalinolimbatum (n. n.), Lo. pallens, Hypopterygium pallens] SK02

Lopidium nematosum (Müll.Hal.) Fleischer 1922 (n. d.) [=Hypopterygium struthiopteris ssp. nematosum] SK02

Lopidium struthiopteris (Brid.) Fleischer 1908 [=Hypopterygium struthiopteris; incl. H. daymannianum, L. daymannianum (Broth. & Geh.) Fleischer 1908, L. pinnatum Hampe 1874, Hypopterygium struthiopteris ssp. pinnatum, H. planatum (l. c.), Lopidium planatum (l. c.)] SK02

Ptychomnion aciculare (Brid.) Mitt. 1869 [=Hypnum aciculare, Achyrophyllum aciculare, Phycomium aciculare (nom. inv.), Stereodon acicularis; incl. Hypnum nigrum (nom. inv.)] SK02

Ptychomnion cygnisetum (Müll.Hal.) Kindb. 1888 [=Eurhynchium cygnisetum (n. n.), Ectropothecium cygnisetum (n. n.)] SK02

Sauloma tenella (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1860 [=Hookeria tenella; incl. Hypnum lepidopiloides (nom. inv.), Hookeria zetterstedtii, Distichophyllum zetterstedtii, Homalia zetterstedtii, Sauloma zetterstedtii (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1879] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 63-126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[FHH01] Frey, W., M. Hofmann & H. H. Hilger. 2001. The gametophyte-sporophyte junction: Unequivocal hints for two evolutionary lines of archegoniate land plants. Flora 196: 431-445.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[M49a] Martin, W. 1949a. The bryophytes of Stewart Island.—Part I. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 257-277.

[M49b] Martin, W. 1949b. Distribution of the mosses indigenous to New Zealand (supp. no. 1). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 355-360.

Smith, A. J. E., & R. Smith. 2004. The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[VH02] Vanderpoorten, A., L. Hedenäs, C. J. Cox & A. J. Shaw. 2002. Phylogeny and morphological evolution of the Amblystegiaceae (Bryopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (1): 1-21.

Thuidiaceae

Thuidium tamariscinum, photographed by Carl Farmer.

Belongs within: Hypnales.

The Thuidiaceae are a family of mosses, including a number of species forming carpets on forest floors. The family is cosmopolitan, but has its highest diversity in the Asian region. Circumscription of Thuidiaceae relative to the closely-related Leskeaceae is currently uncertain, and the two may not be maintainable as separate families. The type genus, Thuidium, includes relatively large, dioicous mosses with abundant, 2- or 3-pinnate paraphyllia.

Characters (from García-Avila et al. 2009): pinnate gametophyte covered by abundant paraphyllia (linear or ramified); foliar dimorphism between stem and branches; papillae on leaf and paraphyllia cells, sometimes on setae; perfect hypnaceous peristome.

<==Thuidiaceae
    |--+--Abietinella abietina VH02
    |  `--Helodium blandowii VH02
    `--+--Haplocladium VH02
       |    |--H. microphyllum J87
       |    `--H. virginianum VH02
       `--Thuidium Bruch & Schimp. 1899 VH02, SK02
            |--T. abietinum [=Hypnum abietinum] D24
            |--T. blandovii [=Hypnum blandovii] D24
            |--T. cymbifolium (Dozy & Molk.) Dozy & Molk. 1865 (see below for synonymy) SK02
            |--T. delicatulum VH02 [=Hypnum delicatulum D24]
            |--T. hystricosum D24
            |--T. laeviusculum (Mitt.) Jaeger 1878 [=Leskea laeviuscula, Hypnum laeviusculum (preoc.)] SK02
            |--T. minutulum J87
            |--T. philiberti D24
            |--T. plumulosum (Dozy & Molk.) Dozy & Molk. 1865 (see below for synonymy) SK02
            |--T. recognitum (Hedw.) Lindb. 1874 [=Hypnum recognitum] SK02
            |--T. samoanum B57
            |--T. sparsifolium N02
            |--T. squarrosulum N02
            |--T. subglaucinum Cardot 1911 SK02
            |--T. tamariscinum FHH01 [=Hypnum tamariscinum D24; incl. T. tamariscifolium D24]
            `--T. urceolatum J87

Thuidiaceae incertae sedis:
  Pelekium Mitt. 1868 SK02
    |--P. bonianum (Besch.) Touw 2001 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--P. gratum (Palisot de Beauvois) Touw 2001 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--P. investe (Mitt.) Touw 2001 SK02
    |--P. synoicum (Touw) Touw 2001 [=Thuidium synoicum Touw 1989] SK02
    `--P. velatum Mitt. 1868 [=Thuidium velatum (Mitt.) Paris 1898] SK02
  Thuidiopsis (Broth.) Fleischer 1923 SK02
    |--T. furfurosa (Hooker & Wilson) Fleischer 1923 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    `--T. sparsa (Hooker & Wilson) Broth. 1925 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--T. s. var. sparsa SK02
         `--‘Thuidium sparsum’ var. hastatum (Mitt.) Touw & Falter-van den Haak 1989 (see below for synonymy) SK02

Nomina nuda: Thuidium corralense Broth. in Dusén 1903 D03
             Thuidium rubens Mitt. 1882 SK02

Pelekium bonianum (Besch.) Touw 2001 [=Thuidium bonianum Besch. 1887; incl. T. trachypodioides Broth. & Watts 1915] SK02

Pelekium gratum (Palisot de Beauvois) Touw 2001 [incl. Thuidium erosulum, T. kuripanum (Dozy & Molk.) Wanatabe 1987] SK02

Thuidiopsis furfurosa (Hooker & Wilson) Fleischer 1923 [=Hypnum furfurosum, Thuidium furfurosum (Hooker & Wilson) Reichardt 1870; incl. H. fulvastrum, Thuidium furfurosum var. fulvastrum (Mitt.) Dixon 1929] SK02

Thuidiopsis sparsa (Hooker & Wilson) Broth. 1925 [=Hypnum sparsum, Thuidiopsis furfurosa var. sparsa, Thuidium furfurosum var. sparsum (Hooker & Wilson) Sainsbury 1952, Thuidium sparsum (Hooker & Wilson) Reichardt 1870; incl. Thuidium atrovirens Broth. 1899, Thuidium suberectum var. byssoides (n. n.), Thuidium erectum Hampe 1877, Thuidium incompletopinnatum Müll.Hal. in Weymouth 1895 (n. n.), Thuidium liliputanum Broth. 1900, Thuidiopsis liliputana (Broth.) Broth. 1925, Thuidium obtusirameum Broth. ex Bailey 1890 (n. n.), Thuidium pallidolimbatum Broth. ex Bailey 1890 (n. n.), Thuidium squallidiusculum Müll.Hal. ex Burges 1935 (n. n.), Hypnum suberectum, Thuidiopsis suberecta, Thuidium suberectum, Thuidium subliliputanae Broth. ex Watts 1899 (n. n.), Hypnum unguiculatum, Thuidium unguiculatum] SK02

Thuidium cymbifolium (Dozy & Molk.) Dozy & Molk. 1865 [incl. Hypnum amblystegioides Müll.Hal. 1882, T. amblystegioides (n. n.), T. amblystoides (l. c.), Cyrtohypnum nanodelicatulum, Hypnum nanodelicatulum, Thuidium nanodelicatulum (Hampe) Jaeger 1878, T. pennula (n. n.), Cyrtohypnum plumulosiforme, Hypnum plumulosiforme, Thuidium plumulosiforme (Hampe) Jaeger 1878, T. plumuliforme (l. c.), T. protensulum Müll.Hal. 1908] SK02

Thuidium plumulosum (Dozy & Molk.) Dozy & Molk. 1865 [incl. T. meyenianum (Hampe) Dozy & Molk. 1865, T. ramentosum] SK02

‘Thuidium sparsum’ var. hastatum (Mitt.) Touw & Falter-van den Haak 1989 [=Leskea hastata, Hypnum hastatum (preoc.), Thuidiopsis hastata, Thuidium bastatum (l. c.); incl. Hypnum stuartii, Thuidiopsis stuartii, Thuidium stuartii (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1878] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B57] Bartram, E. B. 1957. Additional Fijian mosses, III. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (12): 392–396.

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[FHH01] Frey, W., M. Hofmann & H. H. Hilger. 2001. The gametophyte-sporophyte junction: unequivocal hints for two evolutionary lines of archegoniate land plants. Flora 196: 431–445.

García-Avila, D., E. De Luna & A. E. Newton. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of the Thuidiaceae and the non-monophyly of the Thuidiaceae and the Leskeaceae based on rbcL, rps4 and the rps4-trnS intergenic spacer. Bryologist 112 (1): 80-93.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[VH02] Vanderpoorten, A., L. Hedenäs, C. J. Cox & A. J. Shaw. 2002. Phylogeny and morphological evolution of the Amblystegiaceae (Bryopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (1): 1–21.

Last updated: 7 January 2018.

Rhizogoniaceae

Rhizogonium novae-hollandiae, photographed by Neils Klazenga.

Belongs within: Bryidae.

The Rhizogoniaceae is a family of mosses distinguished by the position of their sporophytes, attached to the gametophytes at the base or basal half of the erect stems. Members of the Rhizogoniaceae are primarily tropical or subtropical, and many species are epiphytic (with a particular liking for tree ferns).

See also: Mosses have a place for reproduction.

Characters (from S. P. Churchill, Bryophyte Flora of North America): Plants small to large, in loose to dense tufts. Stems erect or curved, few branched; central strand well developed; radiculose, often densely tomentose. Leaves spirally arranged or appearing 2-ranked, distant or rather crowded, ovate to narrowly or broadly oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate, base decurrent or not; margins plane or reflexed to recurved, crenulate, dentate or sharply serrate, teeth single and margins 1-stratose or double and margins 2-stratose; 1-costate, strong, percurrent to short-excurrent, toothed abaxially distally or smooth; laminal cells mostly isodiametric and smooth or bulging mammillose, walls firm and entire; alar region undifferentiated. Specialized asexual reproduction lacking or present, in leaf axils of distal stems and branches, cylindrical. Sexual condition synoicous, autoicous, or dioicous. Perigonia bud-like, usually below perichaetia. Perichaetia lateral, at base or at mid stem, leaves small and differentiated. Seta elongate, smooth. Capsule horizontal to erect, short to long-cylindrical, symmetric to asymmetric, curved or straight; opercula conic, short to long-rostrate, oblique; peristome double or absent, exostome teeth 16, cross-striate proximally, papillose distally or papillose throughout; endostome basal membrane moderately high, segments 16, keeled, perforate, cilia usually present, 2-3. Calyptra cucullate. Spores spherical, lightly papillose.

<==Rhizogoniaceae
    |--Goniobryum Lindb. 1865 SK02
    |    `--G. subbasilare (Hooker) Lindb. 1865 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--Hymenodon Hooker & Wilson 1844 SK02
    |    |--H. aeruginosus J87
    |    `--H. pilifer Hooker & Wilson 1844 SK02
    |--Mesochaete Lindb. 1870 SK02
    |    |--M. taxiforme (Hampe) Watts & Whitel. 1906 [=Rhizogonium taxiforme; incl. M. grandiretis] SK02
    |    `--M. undulata Lindb. 1870 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--Leptotheca Schwägr. 1824 SK02
    |    |--L. gaudichaudii Schwägr. 1824 [=Aulacomnium gaudichaudii, Bryum gaudichaudii] SK02
    |    |    |--L. g. var. gaudichaudii [incl. L. beccarii, Weissia leptocarpa] SK02
    |    |    `--L. g. var. wattsii (Cardot) Churchill & Buck 1982 SK02
    |    `--L. spegazzinii D03
    |--Rhizogonium Brid. 1827 SK02
    |    |--R. alpestre Müll.Hal. 1897 SK02
    |    |--R. distichum (Swartz) Brid. 1827 [=Mnium distichum; incl. R. muelleri] SK02
    |    |--R. graeffeanum (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1875 [incl. R. geheebii, Mnium geheebii] SK02
    |    |--R. novae-hollandiae (Brid.) Brid. 1827 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. pennatum Hooker & Wilson 1854 [incl. R. pennatum var. aristatum (Hampe) Dixon 1926] SK02
    |    `--R. setosum [=Pyrrhobryum setosum] SK02
    `--Pyrrhobryum Mitt. 1868 SK02
         |--P. bifarium (Hooker) Manuel 1980 [=Mnium bifarium, Rhizogonium bifarium] SK02
         |--P. medium (Besch.) Manuel 1980 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--P. mnioides (Hooker) Manuel 1980 [=Rhizogonium mnioides] SK02
         |    |--P. m. ssp. mnioides SK02
         |    `--P. m. ssp. contortum (Wilson) Fife 1995 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--P. paramattense (Müll.Hal.) Manuel 1980 [=Mnium paramattense, Rhizogonium paramattense] SK02
         `--P. spiniforme (Hedw.) Mitt. 1868 (see below for synonymy) SK02

Nomina nuda: Rhizogonium spiniforme var. australe Müll.Hal. 1900 SK02
             Rhizogonium parramattense var. gracilior Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Rhizogonium spiniforme var. minus Jaeger 1875 SK02
             Rhizogonium parramattense var. minus Watts & Whitel. 1906 non R. spiniforme var. minus Jaeger 1875 SK02
             Rhizogonium parramattense var. nanum Bailey 1883 SK02

Goniobryum subbasilare (Hooker) Lindb. 1865 [=Rhizogonium subbasilare, Trachyloma subbasilare; incl. Photinophyllum pellucidum, Goniobryum pellucidum, Rhizogonium pellucidum, R. reticulatum] SK02

Mesochaete undulata Lindb. 1870 [=Mnium undulatum (preoc.), Rhizogonium undulatum; incl. R. plumaeforme (n. n.)] SK02

Pyrrhobryum medium (Besch.) Manuel 1980 [incl. Rhizogonium brevifolium, Mnium brevifolium, Pyrrhobryum brevifolium (Broth.) Manuel 1980] SK02

Pyrrhobryum mnioides ssp. contortum (Wilson) Fife 1995 [=Rhizogonium mnioides var. contortum; incl. Polytrichum gulliveri, Pogonatum gulliveri (Hampe) Jaeger 1879, Mnium hookeri, Rhizogonium hookeri, R. mnioides var. lutescens, Mnium mossmanianum, R. mossmanianum] SK02

Pyrrhobryum spiniforme (Hedw.) Mitt. 1868 [=Rhizogonium spiniforme; incl. R. spininerve Brid. ex Bailey 1890 (n. n.)] SK02

Rhizogonium novae-hollandiae (Brid.) Brid. 1827 [=Fissidens novae-hollandiae, Conomitrium novae-hollandiae Müll.Hal. 1901 (n. n.), Hypnum novae-hollandiae, Mnium novae-hollandiae, Skitophyllum novae-hollandiae; incl. Bartramia billaridierei (nom. illeg.)] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 63-126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Hookeriaceae

Daltonia angustifolia, from here.

Belongs within: Hookeriales.

The Hookeriaceae are a family of predominantly tropical mosses. Hookeriaceae are distinguished from other families of Hookeriales by the presence of a central strand in the stem. The circumscription of the Hookeriaceae, however, has varied between authors, with Daltonia and related genera potentially separated as the Daltoniaceae. Genera of the Hookeriaceae include Distichophyllum, characterised by dimorphic leaves with a single costa.

Characters (from Smith & Smith 2004): Stems with central strand. Pseudoparaphyllia filamentous or absent. Rhizoids unbranched. Leaves more or less complanate, often asymmetrical, often bordered; costa short and double or absent; cells large, lax, alar cells undifferentiated. Setae smooth or spinose; capsules inclined to pendulous; stomata usually superficially; lid conical; exostome teeth horizontally striate, endostome with high basal membrane, processes keeled, finely papillose, cilia sometimes present; calyptrae multistratose at middle, glabrous.

<==Hookeriaceae [Daltoniaceae]
    |--Orontobryum hookeri N02
    |--Hepaticina Müll.Hal. 1902 SK02
    |--Adelothecium bogotense J87
    |--Hemiragis aurea J87
    |--Bryobrothera Thér. 1920 SK02
    |    `--B. crenulata (Broth. & Paris) Thér. 1920 SK02
    |--Eriopus Müll.Hal. 1847 SK02
    |    `--E. cristatus (Hedw.) Brid. 1801 [=Calyptrochaeta cristata] SK02
    |--Mniadelphus Müll.Hal. 1848 SK02
    |    |--M. flaccidus D03b
    |    `--M. krausei D03b
    |--Ephemeropsis Goebel 1892 SK02
    |    |--E. tjibodensis Goebel 1892 SK02
    |    `--E. trentepohlioides (Renner) Sainsbury 1951 SK02
    |--Achrophyllum Vitt & Crosby 1972 SK02
    |    `--A. dentatum (Hooker & Wilson) Vitt & Crosby 1972 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |         |--A. d. var. dentatum M49b
    |         `--‘Pterygophyllum’ d. var. robustum M49b [=Hookeria robusta (nom. inv.) SK02]
    |--Pterygophyllum Brid. 1819 SK02
    |    |--P. anomalum D03b
    |    |--P. lucens [=Hypnum lucens] D24
    |    |--P. magellanicum D03b
    |    |--P. obscurum D03b
    |    `--P. quadrifarium M49b
    |--Daltonia Hooker & Taylor 1818 SK02
    |    |--D. angustifolia Dozy & Molk. 1844 SK02
    |    |--D. contorta Müll.Hal. 1851 SK02
    |    |--D. krauseana D03a
    |    |--D. longifolia J87
    |    `--D. splachnoides (Smith) Hooker & Taylor 1818 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Hookeria Smith 1808 SK02
    |    |--H. acutifolia Hooker & Greville 1825 SK02
    |    |--H. ancistroides D03b
    |    |--H. campbelliana [=Callicostella campbelliana] SK02
    |    |--H. jungermannioides [=Pterygophyllum jungermannioides Brid. 1819] SK02
    |    |--H. laete-virens D24
    |    `--H. lucens SK02
    |--Calyptrochaeta Desv. 1825 SK02
    |    |--C. apiculata (Hooker & Wilson) Vitt 1979 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--C. brassii (Bartram) Streimann 2000 [=Eriopus brassii Bartram 1952] SK02
    |    |--C. brownii (Dixon) Bartlett 1985 [=Eriopus brownii Dixon 1927] SK02
    |    |--C. flexicollis (Mitt.) Vitt 1979 [=Eriopus flexicollis (Mitt.) Jaeger 1877] SK02
    |    |--C. otwayensis Streimann 2000 SK02
    |    `--C. rotundifolia (Nog. & Iwats.) Touw 1978 SK02
    |--Lepidopilum J87
    |    |--L. amplirete J87
    |    |--L. antillarum J87
    |    |--L. muelleri J87
    |    |--L. polytrichoides [incl. Campylotrichum acuminatum Sikora 1836] SK02
    |    |--L. robustum J87
    |    |--L. scabrisetum VH02
    |    |--L. surinamense VH02
    |    `--L. tortifolium J87
    `--Distichophyllum Dozy & Molk. 1846 SK02
         |--D. assimile Broth. 1902 [=Mniadelphus assimilis (n. n.)] SK02
         |--D. crispulum (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1882 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--D. cuspidatum (Dozy & Molk.) Dozy & Molk. 1846 SK02
         |--D. dicksoni D03b
         |--D. eremitae D03b
         |--D. kraussei (Lorentz) Mitt. 1885 SK02
         |--D. longicuspis Broth. 1893 SK02
         |--D. microcarpum (Hedw.) Mitt. 1882 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--D. microphyllum M49a
         |--D. mittenii Bosch & Sande Lac. 1861 SK02
         |--D. molle D03b
         |--D. nigricans D03b
         |--D. patagonicum D03b
         |--D. pulchellum (Hampe) Mitt. 1882 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    |--D. p. var. pulchellum M49b
         |    `--D. p. var. parvirete M49b
         |--D. rotundifolium (Hooker & Wilson) Müll.Hal. & Broth. 1900 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         `--D. vitianum B57

Nomen nudum: Daltonia affinis Dusén 1903 D03a
             Daltonia patagonica Dusén 1903 D03b
             Distichophyllum crispatissimum Dusén 1903 D03b
             Distichophyllum leucoloma Whitel. 1893 SK02
             Eriopus odontoloma Dusén 1903 D03b
             Pterygophyllum lamellatum Dusén 1903 D03b

Achrophyllum dentatum (Hooker & Wilson) Vitt & Crosby 1972 [=Pterygophyllum dentatum; incl. P. bryoides Broth. 1907, Hepaticina bryoides Müll.Hal. 1902, P. cyclophyllum, He. cyclophylla Müll.Hal. 1902, P. denticulatum (nom. illeg.), Hookeria denticulata (nom. illeg.), P. flaccidissimum Broth. 1907, Hepaticina flaccidissima Müll.Hal. 1902, Hookeria hepaticaefolia, Pterygophyllum hepaticaefolium, P. hookeri Jaeger 1877, Hepaticina interstitialis Müll.Hal. 1902, Hookeria nigella, Pterygophyllum nigellum, P. obscurum Mitt. 1869, Hookeria obscura (preoc.), Hepaticina pseudo-obscura (nom. inv.), Pterygophyllum trichoides Geh. ex Burges 1935 (n. n.), P. wattsii Broth. 1900, Achrophyllum wattsii (Broth.) Ramsay 1984 (comb. inv.)] SK02

Calyptrochaeta apiculata (Hooker & Wilson) Vitt 1979 [=Hookeria apiculata, Distichophyllum apiculatum, Eriopus apiculatus, Pterygophyllum apiculatum; incl. E. tasmanicus Broth. 1900, Calyptrochaeta apiculata var. tasmanica] SK02

Daltonia splachnoides (Smith) Hooker & Taylor 1818 SK02 [=Neckera splachnoides D24; incl. D. novae-zelandiae SK02, D. pusilla Hooker & Wilson 1859 SK02]

Distichophyllum crispulum (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1882 [=Hookeria crispula, Mniadelphus crispulus; incl. D. baileyanum Müll.Hal. 1902, Mniadelphus baileyi Müll.Hal. ex Kindb. 1891 (n. n.), D. minutifolium Müll.Hal. 1902, D. subflexuosum Broth. ex Burges 1935 (n. n.), Mniadelphus subflexuosus Broth. & Geh. 1897 (n. n.)] SK02

Distichophyllum microcarpum (Hedw.) Mitt. 1882 [=Hypnum microcarpon, Hookeria microcarpa, Mniadelphus microcarpus, Pterygophyllum microcarpum; incl. Hookeria complanata, Distichophyllum complanatum (Hampe) Mitt. 1882, Pterygophyllum complanatum, Hookeria distichophylla (nom. inv.), P. levieri, Distichophyllum levieri (Geh.) Broth. 1907, Hookeria subrotunda Hampe 1876, D. subrotundum (Hampe) Mitt. 1882, Mniadelphus subrotundus (nom. inv.), Pterygophyllum subrotundum (Hampe) Jaeger 1877] SK02

Distichophyllum pulchellum (Hampe) Mitt. 1882 [=Mniadelphus pulchellus, Hookeria pulchella (preoc.); incl. H. amblyophylla, Distichophyllum amblyophyllum, Mniadelphus amblyophyllus, Hookeria sinuosa, Distichophyllum sinuosum, Mniadelphus sinuosus, D. subsinuosum Fleischer 1922 (n. n.), M. subsinuosus Müll.Hal. 1922 (n. n.), D. whiteleggeanum Müll.Hal. 1902, M. whiteleggeanus (nom. inv.)] SK02

Distichophyllum rotundifolium (Hooker & Wilson) Müll.Hal. & Broth. 1900 [=Mniadelphus rotundifolius; incl. M. beccarii, D. beccarii (Müll.Hal. ex Hampe & Geh.) Paris 1895, D. fissidentoides, D. obliquomucronatum, D. squarrosulum, Mniadelphus subminutifolius, D. subminutifolium (Broth. & Geh.) Fleischer 1922] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B57] Bartram, E. B. 1957. Additional Fijian mosses, III. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (12): 392–396.

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03a] Dusén, P. 1903a. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[D03b] Dusén, P. 1903b. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[M49a] Martin, W. 1949a. The bryophytes of Stewart Island.—Part I. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 257–277.

[M49b] Martin, W. 1949b. Distribution of the mosses indigenous to New Zealand (supplement no. 1). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 355–360.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

Smith, A. J. E., & R. Smith. 2004. The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[VH02] Vanderpoorten, A., L. Hedenäs, C. J. Cox & A. J. Shaw. 2002. Phylogeny and morphological evolution of the Amblystegiaceae (Bryopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (1): 1–21.

Last updated: 7 January 2018.