Monograptus

Monograptus uniformis, photographed by Francisco Miguel Merino Laguna.

Belongs within: Monograptidae.

Monograptus has been recognised as a genus of uniserial graptoloids from the Lower Silurian to Lower Devonian. Monophyly of the genus is, however, uncertain, as it has been used to refer to all monograptids that lack cladia or characters of other monograptine genera (Bulman 1970). Ni & Jiao (1983) used the name Monograptus for a lineage with a long conical sicula, usually with a dorsal tongue, and uniform thecae of the uncinatus type. The type species of Monograptus, M. priodon, has a relatively straight rhabdosome, and aome authors have separated species with a strongly curved and/or spiral rhabdosome into separate genera such as Spirograptus, Oktavites and Campograptus. This distinction was not accepted by Bulman & Rickards (1970) who noted that the finer thecal morphology of many of these spiral forms was poorly known.

Monograptus Geinitz 1852 NJ83 (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. uncinatus Tullberg 1883 NJ83, ZL97
    `--+--M. uniformis NJ83
       `--+--M. thomasi NJ83
          |    |--M. t. thomasi NJ83
          |    `--M. t. lijiangensis Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
          `--+--M. yukonensis Jackson & Lenz 1963 [=M. (Metamonograptus) yukonensis] NJ83
             |    |--M. y. yukonensis NJ83
             |    |--M. y. fangensis [=M. (Metamonograptus) yukonensis fangensis] NJ83
             |    `--M. y. mitis Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
             `--M. yunnanensis Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83

Monograptus incertae sedis:
  *M. priodon (Bronn 1835) [=*Lomatoceras priodon, *Pomatograptus priodon] B70
  M. acinaces [incl. M. rheidolensis] BR70
  M. aequabilis B70
  M. angustidens B70
  M. antennularius BR70
  M. argutus BR70
  M. atavus BR70
  M. atops B70
  M. becki B70
  M. belophorus K-D04
  M. bouceki B70
  M. chimaera B79
  M. clingani B70
  M. clintonensis EB01
  M. colonus B79
  M. communis Lapworth 1876 BR70, B70 [=M. convolutus var. communis B70, *Campograptus communis BR70]
  M. convolutus B70
  M. crenulatus B79
  M. crinitus F71
  M. crispus B70 [=Streptograptus crispus K-D04]
  M. cyphus BR70 [=Coronograptus cyphus K-D04]
  M. daubeli B79
  M. difformis BR70
  M. discus B70
  M. dubius F71
    |--M. d. dubius B79
    `--M. d. thuringicus B79
  M. exiguus BR70
  M. falcarius H79
  M. flemingii [incl. M. flemingii var. compactus] F71
  M. flexilis B79
  M. formosus NJ83
  M. gregarius Lapworth 1876 [=*Coronograptus gregarius] BR70
  M. griestoniensis B79
  ‘Spirograptus’ guerichi K-D04
  M. hercynicus B70
    |--M. h. hercynicus N79
    `--M. h. nevadensis N79
  M. huckei B70
  M. incommodus Törnquist 1899 [=*Pribylograptus incommodus] BR70
  ‘*Lagarograptus’ inexpeditus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70
  M. knockensis B70
  M. kolihai Bouček 1931 [=*Mediograptus kolihai] BR70
  M. langgunensis NJ83
  M. leptotheca BR70
  M. limatulus BR70
  M. lobiferus B70
  M. microdon XY86
  M. millepeda B79
  M. minimus [=Mediograptus minimus] BR70
    |--M. m. minimus BR70
    `--M. m. cautleyensis BR70
  M. mojiangensis Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
  M. nodifer Törnquist 1881 [=*Streptograptus nodifer] BR70
  M. pala B70
  M. paraformosus NJ83
  ‘Demirastrites’ pectinatus K-D04
  M. perneri B70
  M. planus BR70
  M. praehercynicus B70
  M. pseudoplanus BR70
  M. revolutus BR70
  M. riccartonensis B70
  M. roemeri F71
  M. salweyi F71
  M. sandersoni BR70
  M. sartorius BR70
  M. sedgwickii ZL97
  M. serratulus [=Graptolithus serratulus] W77
  M. spiralis (Geinitz 1842) B70 (see below for synonymy)
  M. testis (Barrande 1850) BR70, B70 [=Graptolithus testis BR70, *Testograptus testis BR70]
  M. toernquisti BR70
  M. transgrediens B79
  M. triangulatus (Harkness 1851) [=Rastrites triangulatus, *Demirastrites triangulatus] BR70
    |--M. t. triangulatus B70
    |--M. t. extremus B70
    `--M. t. separatus B70
  ‘Spirograptus’ tullbergi BR70
  M. tumescens F71
    |--M. t. tumescens B79
    `--M. t. minor B79
  M. turriculatus (Barrande 1850) B70 (see below for synonymy)
  M. ultimus W97
  M. varians BR70
  M. veles BR70
  M. vomerinus F71
  M. wimani Bouček 1932 [=*Globosograptus wimani] BR70
  M. yaliensis NJ83

Monograptus Geinitz 1852 NJ83 [=Lomatoceras Bronn 1835 B70, Monoprion Barrande 1850 B70, Pomatograptus Jaekel 1889 B70; incl. Campograptus Obut 1949 BR70, Coronograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70, Demirastrites Eisel 1912 BR70, Globosograptus Bouček & Přibyl ex Přibyl 1948 BR70, Lagarograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70, Mediograptus Bouček & Přibyl ex Přibyl 1948 BR70, Obutograptus Mu 1955 BR70, Oktavites Levina 1928 BR70, Pribylograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1966 BR70, Spirograptus Gürich 1908 BR70, Streptograptus Yin 1937 BR70, Testograptus Přibyl 1967 BR70, Tyrsograptus Obut 1949 BR70]

Monograptus spiralis (Geinitz 1842) B70 [=Graptolithus spiralis BR70, *Obutograptus spiralis BR70, *Oktavites spiralis BR70]

Monograptus turriculatus (Barrande 1850) B70 [=Graptolithus turriculatus BR70, *Spirograptus turriculatus BR70, *Tyrsograptus turriculatus BR70]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B79] Boucot, A. J. 1979. Silurian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A167–182. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[BR70] Bulman, O. M. B., & R. B. Rickards. 1970. Classification of the graptolite family Monograptidae Lapworth, 1873. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V149–V157. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[EB01] Eckert, J. D., & C. E. Brett. 2001. Early Silurian (Llandovery) crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, western New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 360: 1–88.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[H79] House, M. R. 1979. Devonian in the Eastern Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A183–A217. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[K-D04] Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 2004. Evolution of retiolitid graptolites—a synopsis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (4): 505–518.

[NJ83] Ni Y.-N. & Jiao S.-D. 1983. Lower Devonian graptolites from Yunnan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 22 (3): 295–307.

[N79] Norris, A. W. 1979. Devonian in the Western Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A218–A253. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[W97] Wang N. 1997. Restudy of thelodont microfossils from the lower part of the Cuifengshan Group of Qujing, eastern Yunnan, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35 (1): 1–17.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

[XY86] Xu H.-K. & Yao Z.-G. 1986. The Lower Devonian and its brachiopods from Lingshan, Guangxi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 25 (2): 169–179.

[ZL97] Zhang Y. & A. C. Lenz. 1997. Uppermost Wenlock and Ludlow graptolites from southern Yunnan, China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34: 1220–1238.