Drosophila (Drosophila)

Drosophila virilis, photographed by Darren J. Obbard.


Belongs within: Drosophila.

Drosophila subgenus Drosophila is one of the major recognised subdivisions of the large genus Drosophila. Two major subdivisions have been recognised within the subgenus as the virilis-repleta and quinaria-tripunctata sections; a phylogenetic study by Robe et al. (2005) supported the monophyly of the former as well as a clade including most (but not all) species studied of the latter. The same phylogenetic analysis also suggested that some lineages recognised as distinct genera may be nested within the subgenus.

Characters (from Singh et al. 2004): Gena often broad; second oral bristle large; prescutellar acrostichals not, or barely, enlarged; propleural bristle absent; apical bands on anterior abdominal tergites, when present, usually interrupted in midline; usually rather large species.

<==Drosophila Fallén 1823 (Drosophila) SDF04
    |--+--+--D. nannoptera group CE79
    |  |  |    |--D. (D.) nannoptera RV05
    |  |  |    `--D. (D.) pachea CE79
    |  |  `--D. (D.) pallidipennis RV05
    |  |       |--D. p. pallidipennis D51
    |  |       `--D. p. centralis D51
    |  `--D. virilis-repleta section RV05
    |       |  i. s.: D. (D.) aracea T68
    |       |         D. (D.) bromeliae T68
    |       |         D. (D.) castanea T68
    |       |         D. (D.) micromelanica T68
    |       |         D. (D.) paramelanica T68
    |       |         D. (D.) peruviana T68
    |       |         D. (D.) serenensis T68
    |       |         D. (D.) tira T68
    |       |--+--D. (D.) robusta RV05
    |       |  `--D. virilis group CE79
    |       |       |--D. (D.) americana CE79
    |       |       |    |--D. a. americana CE79
    |       |       |    `--D. a. texana CE79
    |       |       |--D. (D.) borealis CE79
    |       |       |--D. (D.) ezoana CE79
    |       |       |--D. (D.) flavomontana CE79
    |       |       |--D. (D.) lacicola CE79
    |       |       |--D. (D.) littoralis CE79
    |       |       |--D. (D.) lummei CE79
    |       |       |--D. (D.) montana CE79
    |       |       |    |--D. m. montana CE79
    |       |       |    `--D. m. ovivororum CE79
    |       |       |--D. (D.) novamexicana CE79
    |       |       `--D. (D.) virilis RV05
    |       `--+--+--D. annulimana group RV05
    |          |  |    |--D. (D.) annulimana RV05
    |          |  |    `--D. (D.) aracatacas RV05
    |          |  `--D. flavopilosa group RV05
    |          |       |--D. (D.) cestri RV05
    |          |       |--D. (D.) flavopilosa RV05
    |          |       `--D. (D.) incompta RV05
    |          `--+--D. (D.) canalinea RV05
    |             `--+--D. dreyfusi group RV05
    |                |    |--D. (D.) camargoi RV05
    |                |    `--D. (D.) dreyfusi RV05
    |                `--+--D. repleta group RV05
    |                   |    |  i. s.: D. (D.) nigrohydei RV05
    |                   |    |         D. melanopalpa subgroup CE79
    |                   |    |           |--D. (D.) fulvimacula CE79
    |                   |    |           |--D. (D.) melanopalpa CE79
    |                   |    |           `--D. (D.) repleta Wollaston 1858 CE79, SDF04
    |                   |    |--D. mercatorum subgroup CE79
    |                   |    |    |--D. (D.) mercatorum RV05
    |                   |    |    `--D. (D.) paranaensis CE79
    |                   |    `--+--D. hydei subgroup CE79
    |                   |       |    |--D. (D.) bifurca CE79
    |                   |       |    |--D. (D.) eohydei CE79
    |                   |       |    |--D. (D.) hydei RV05
    |                   |       |    `--D. (D.) neohydei CE79
    |                   |       `--+--D. mulleri subgroup CE79
    |                   |          |    |--D. (D.) aldrichi CE79
    |                   |          |    |--D. (D.) arizonensis CE79
    |                   |          |    |--D. (D.) buzzatii RV05
    |                   |          |    |--D. (D.) meridiana CE79
    |                   |          |    |--D. (D.) mohavensis CE79
    |                   |          |    |--D. (D.) mulleri CE79
    |                   |          |    `--D. (D.) navajoa CE79
    |                   |          `--+--D. (D.) borborema RV05
    |                   |             `--D. (D.) serido RV05
    |                   `--D. mesophragmatica group RV05
    |                        |--D. (D.) viracochi RV05
    |                        `--+--+--D. (D.) gaucha RV05
    |                           |  `--D. (D.) pavani RV05
    |                           `--+--D. (D.) mesophragmatica RV05
    |                              `--+--D. (D.) brncici RV05
    |                                 `--D. (D.) gasici RV05
    `--+--+--Liodrosophila aerea RV05
       |  `--Zaprionus RV05
       |       |--Z. indianus RV05
       |       `--Z. tuberculatus RV05
       `--+--+--Samoaia leonensis RV05
          |  `--Hirtodrosophila Duda 1923 RV05, SDF04 [=Dasydrosophila Duda 1925 SDF04]
          |       |--*H. latifrontata (Fronta-Pessoa 1945) (see below for synonymy) SDF04
          |       |--H. batracida [=Drosophila (Hirtodrosophila) batracida] G10
          |       `--H. pictiventris RV05
          `--+--D. (D.) immigrans Sturtevant 1921 RV05, SDF04
             `--+--D. quinaria group RV05
                |    |--D. (D.) kunzei CE79
                |    |--D. (D.) phalerata RV05
                |    `--D. (D.) quinaria RV05
                `--+--+--*D. (D.) funebris (Fabricius 1787) SDF04, RV05, SDF04 [=Musca funebris SDF04]
                   |  `--D. testacea group RV05
                   |       |--D. (D.) putrida RV05
                   |       `--D. (D.) testacea RV05
                   `--+--D. (D.) nappae [incl. D. angustibucca] RV05
                      `--+--D. cardini group RV05
                         |    |--D. (D.) polymorpha RV05
                         |    `--+--D. (D.) cardini RV05
                         |       `--+--D. (D.) cardinoides RV05
                         |          `--D. (D.) neocardini RV05
                         `--+--+--D. (D.) tripunctata RV05
                            |  `--+--D. (D.) bandeirantorum RV05
                            |     `--D. (D.) mediopunctata RV05
                            `--+--+--D. (D.) calloptera RV05
                               |  `--+--D. (D.) paramediostriata RV05
                               |     `--D. guaramunu group RV05
                               |          |--D. (D.) griseolineata RV05
                               |          |--D. (D.) guaramunu RV05
                               |          `--D. (D.) maculifrons RV05
                               `--+--D. (D.) mediostriata [incl. D. crocina] RV05
                                  `--D. guarani group RV05
                                       |  i. s.: D. (D.) guarani RV05
                                       |--D. (D.) ornatifrons RV05
                                       `--+--D. (D.) guaru RV05
                                          `--D. (D.) subbadia RV05

Drosophila (Drosophila) incertae sedis:
  D. (D.) analspina Singh & Negi 1995 SDF04
  D. (D.) bageshwarensis Singh, Dash & Fartyal 2004 SDF04
  D. (D.) bishti Singh & Negi 1995 SDF04
  D. (D.) elongata Singh, Dash & Fartyal 2004 SDF04
  D. (D.) falleni T68
  D. (D.) hexaspina Singh, Dash & Fartyal 2004 SDF04
  D. (D.) hypocausta T68
  D. (D.) khansuensis Singh, Dash & Fartyal 2004 SDF04
  D. (D.) lacertosa Okada 1956 SDF04
  D. (D.) medioimpressa RV05
  D. (D.) nainitalensis Singh & Bhatt 1988 SDF04
  D. (D.) nasuta Lamb 1914 SDF04
  D. (D.) paharpaniensis Singh, Dash & Fartyal 2004 SDF04
  D. (D.) painii Singh & Negi 1995 SDF04
  D. (D.) paramarginata Singh, Dash & Fartyal 2004 SDF04
  D. (D.) paunai Singh & Negi 1989 SDF04
  D. (D.) procardinoides T68
  D. (D.) serrata Singh, Dash & Fartyal 2004 SDF04
  D. (D.) sticta T68
  D. (D.) sulfurigaster Duda 1923 SDF04
  D. (D.) surangensis Singh, Dash & Fartyal 2004 SDF04
  D. (D.) trisetosa Okada 1966 SDF04
  D. (D.) trizonata Okada 1966 SDF04
  D. (D.) uninubes T68
  0--D. (D.) mediopicta RV05
  `--+--+--D. (D.) cuaso RV05
     |  `--D. (D.) metzii RV05
     `--+--D. (D.) mediosignata RV05
        `--D. (D.) paraguayensis RV05

*Hirtodrosophila latifrontata (Fronta-Pessoa 1945) [=Drosophila carinata Duda 1923 non Grimshaw 1901, D. (*Hirtodrosophila) latifrontata] SDF04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CE79] Coyne, J. A., W. F. Eanes, J. A. M. Ramshaw & R. K. Koehn. 1979. Electrophoretic heterogeneity of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase among many species of Drosophila. Systematic Zoology 28 (2): 164–175.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[G10] Grimaldi, D. 2010. Drosophilidae (small fruit flies, pomace flies, vinegar flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1197–1206. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[RV05] Robe, L. J., V. L. S. Valente, M. Budnik & E. L. S. Loreto. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the subgenus Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) with an emphasis on Neotropical species and groups: a nuclear versus mitochondrial gene approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 623–640.

[SDF04] Singh, B. K., S. Dash & R. S. Fartyal. 2004. Revision of the species of the subgenus Drosophila (Drosophila) of the Kumaon region, India, with the description of eight new species. Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 163–176.

[T68] Throckmorton, L. H. 1968. Concordance and discordance of taxonomic characters in Drosophila classification. Systematic Zoology 17 (4): 355–387.

Last updated: 2 December 2019.

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