Belongs within: Angusteradulata.
Contains: Agoniatitaceae, Clymeniida, Ceratitida, Prolecanitidae, Medlicottioidea, Phylloceratidae, Lytoceratida, Ammonitida, Cravenoceras, Gastrioceras, Munsteroceras, Marathonitidae, Adrianitidae, Gephuroceras, Manticoceras, Magnosellaridae, Glyphioceratidae, Popanoceratidae, Cycloloboidea, Perrinitidae, Goniatites, Agathiceratidae.
The Ammonoidea are a highly diverse group of shelled cephalopods, mostly with coiled shells (some had straight or irregular shells), known from the Devonian to the Cretaceous. Most forms have a ventral siphuncle. Early forms had simple sutures, but sutures in later forms became more complex, bent into a series of lobes and saddles. The Goniatitida are characterised by sutures with saddles and lobes as simple curves or zig-zags. More derived forms had the lobes subdivided by crenulations, and the sutures of the Neoammonoidea (ammonites) are most complex, with both lobes and saddles bearing numerous subsidiary crenulations (Prothero 1998). Of the major groups of ammonoids, the Goniatitida became extinct at the end of the Permian, leaving only the prolecanitid lineage (including the paraphyletic Prolecanitida, Ceratitida and Neoammonoidea). The Ceratitida became extinct at the end of the Triassic, and later forms all belonged to the Neoammonoidea (Prothero 1998).
The soft anatomy of ammonoids remains largely unknown. Many basal forms are known to have had the body chamber closed by an anaptychus, a calcified hemispherical structure homologous to the lower jaw. The presence of this structure implies that the tentacle array was somehow reduced or modified compared to living cephalopods, in which the tentacles surround the jaws and would have prevented the anaptychus from closing (Enseger & Keupp 2002).
See also: The horns of Ammon.
Ammonoidea [Cloiochoanites]
|--+--Clymeniida P98
| `--+--Anarcestes Hou79 [Anarcestida P98]
| | |--A. circumflexifer H84
| | |--A. crispus H84
| | |--A. lateseptatus Hou79
| | | |--A. l. lateseptatus Hou79
| | | `--A. l. plebeius Hou79
| | |--A. neglectus H84
| | |--A. (Latanarcestes) praecursor N79
| | `--A. subnautilinus [incl. A. subnautilinus var. vittiger] H84
| `--+--Ceratitida P98
| |--Prolecanitida [Prolecanitina] P98
| | | i. s.: Daraelitidae RR79
| | | |--Daraelites texanus P68
| | | `--Boesites RR79
| | | Episageceratidae RR79
| | | |--Nodosageceras RR79
| | | `--Episageceras RR79
| | | |--E. nodosum RR79
| | | |--E. noetlingi RR79
| | | `--E. wynnei RR79
| | | Shikhanites [Shikhanitidae] RR79
| | | Sundaites [Sundaitidae] RR79
| | | `--S. levis RR79
| | | Prolecanitidae H84
| | `--Medlicottioidea ZL04
| `--Neoammonoidea [Ancyloceratida, Ancyloceratina, Desmocerataceae] EK02
| | i. s.: Deshayesitidae [Deshayesitaceae] EK02
| | |--Dufreynoyia Ka79
| | `--Deshayesites W69
| | |--D. callidiscus Ka79
| | |--D. deshayesi W69
| | |--D. fittoni Ka79
| | |--D. forbesi Ka79
| | |--D. grandis Ka79
| | `--D. kiliani Ka79
| | Arieticeras Seguenza 1885 [Arieticeratinae] EK02
| | Aconeceras Hyatt 1903 [Aconeceratinae] EK02
| | |--A. nisus Ka79
| | `--A. trautscholdi (Sinzow 1870) EK02
| | Pachyscaphites neubergicus CP02
| | Anapachydiscus CP02
| | |--A. arrialoorensis Ka79
| | |--A. deccanensis Ka79
| | |--A. fascicostatus Ka79
| | |--A. fresvillensis CP02
| | |--A. (Neopachydiscus) naumanni Ka79
| | |--A. sutneri Ka79
| | |--A. terminus CP02
| | `--A. wittekindi Ka79
| | Pseudokosmaticeras tercense CP02
| | Nostoceras CP02
| | |--N. ellipticum Ka79
| | |--N. hyatti C02
| | |--N. obtusum Ka79
| | |--N. polyplocum CP02
| | |--N. pozaryskii CP02
| | `--N. stantoni Ka79
| | Didymoceras CP02
| | |--D. dohezianum CP02
| | |--D. nebrascense Ka79
| | `--D. stevensoni Ka79
| | Favrella wilckensi RC02
| | Helicancylus patagonicum RC02
| | Silesites seranonis RC02, Ka79
| | Beudanticeras RC02
| | |--B. daintreei (Etheridge 1872) [=Ammonites daintreei, Haploceras daintreei] F71
| | |--B. glabrum Ka79
| | `--B. revoili Ka79
| | Newboldiceras RC02
| | Mammites A03
| | |--M. hourcqi Ka79
| | |--M. menabensis Ka79
| | `--M. nodosoides A03
| | Protancyloceras punicum W69
| | Bochianites baculitoides W69
| | Brahmaites haugi W69
| |--Phylloceratidae EK02
| `--+--+--Lytoceratida EK02
| | `--Ammonitida EK02
| `--Psilocerataceae EK02
| |--Schlotheimiidae EK02
| |--Oxynoceratidae EK02
| |--Echioceratidae EK02
| `--Psiloceras CDH04 [Psiloceratidae EK02]
| |--P. canadense Frebold 1951 Hol79
| |--P. (Caloceras) johnstoni M79
| |--P. ‘ovale’ (Quenstedt 1882) (see below for synonymy) CDH04
| `--P. planorbis H00
`--Goniatitida [Goniatitina] P98
| i. s.: Aganides de Montfort 1808 T64
| |--*A. capucinus Schlotheim 1820 T64
| `--A. zigzag [=Nautilus zigzag] T64
| Imitoceras Schindewolf 1923 T64
| |--I. grahamense P68
| |--I. pfefferae Miller & Werner 1942 P68
| |--I. rotatorium F71
| `--I. sinuatum Gordon 1964 P68
| Cheiloceras Hou79
| |--C. (Cheiloceras) amblylobum P68
| |--C. curvispina Hou79
| `--C. sacculum N79
| Tamarites Hou79
| Pseudoclymenia sandbergeri Hou79
| Sinotites Hou79
| Sunites Hou79
| Eobeloceras Hou79
| Ponticeras Hou79
| |--P. perlatum N79
| `--P. tschernyschewi N79
| Proshumardites morrowanus Gordon 1964 R79, P68
| Dunbarites R79
| Platygoniatites R79
| Cravenoceras R79
| Eumorphoceras R79
| |--E. bisulcatum Girty 1909 P68
| |--E. milleri Gordon 1964 P68
| `--E. (Edmooroceras) plummeri Miller & Youngquist 1948 P68
| Delepinoceras californicum Gordon 1964 R79, P68
| Cravenoceratoides nititoides R79, P68
| Homoceratidae RR79
| |--Homoceras Hyatt 1884 R79, H84
| | `--*H. calyx [=Goniatites calyx] H84
| |--Neoglaphyrites RR79
| `--Glaphyrites RR79
| |--G. depressus Gordon 1964 P68
| |--G. morrowensis P68
| `--G. oblatus P68
| Politoceras R79
| Bisatoceras R79
| |--B. greenei P68
| |--B. paynei Gordon 1964 P68
| `--B. (Pseudobisatoceras) secundum P68
| Gonioloboceras R79
| |--G. goniolobum (Meek 1877) P68
| `--G. welleri P68
| |--G. w. welleri P68
| `--G. w. gracile Girty 1911 P68
| Gonioglyphioceras R79
| Wiedeyoceras R79
| Winslowoceras henbesti Miller & Downs 1948 R79, P68
| Owenoceras R79
| Thalassoceratidae RR79
| |--Epithalassoceras ruzencevi RR79
| |--Aristoceras RR79
| |--Aristoceratoides RR79
| |--Yinoceras RR79
| `--Thalassoceras P68
| |--T. (Prothalassoceras) keytei Smith 1929 P68
| `--T. welleri P68
| Somoholitidae RR79
| |--Somoholites RR79
| |--Preshumardites RR79
| `--Neoshumardites RR79
| Gastrioceratidae [Gastriocerae] RR79
| |--Gastrioceras P68
| |--Eoasianites merriami Miller & Furnish 1940 RR79, P68
| |--Munsteroceras H84
| `--Paralegoceras Hyatt 1884 H84
| | i. s.: P. texanum P68
| |--*P. (Paralegoceas) iowense [=Goniatites iowensis] H84
| `--P. (Diaboloceras) P68
| |--‘Diaboloceras’ neumeieri N79
| `--P. (D.) varicostatum P68
| Eupleuroceratidae RR79
| |--Anatsabites RR79
| `--Atsabites RR79
| |--A. multiliratus RR79
| `--A. williamsi RR79
| Metalegoceratidae RR79
| |--Juresanites RR79
| |--Spirolegoceras RR79
| |--Pseudoschistoceras RR79
| `--Metalegoceras P68
| |--M. baylorense P68
| `--M. colemanense P68
| Eothinitidae RR79
| |--Eothinites RR79
| `--Epiglyphioceras Spath 1930 RR79, ZL04
| `--E. meneghinii P68
| Marathonitidae RR79
| Adrianitidae RR79
| Clinolobus [Clinolobidae] RR79
| Pseudohalorites [Pseudohaloritidae] RR79
| `--P. subglobosus RR79
| Neoaganides [Maximitidae] RR79
| |--N. grahamense P68
| `--N. pygmaeus P68
| Primordialidae H84
| |--Gephuroceras H84
| `--Manticoceras H84
| Magnosellaridae H84
| Nautilinidae H84
| |--Mimoceras H84
| | |--M. ambigena [=Goniatites ambigena] H84
| | |--M. compressum [=Goniatites compressus] H84
| | `--M. dannenbergi [=Goniatites dannenbergi] H84
| `--Heminautilinus Hyatt 1884 H84
| `--*H. hybridus [=Goniatites hybridus] H84
| Glyphioceratidae H84
|--Popanoceratidae SLE01
|--Cycloloboidea RR79
|--Perrinitidae RR79
`--Goniatitoidea ZL04
|--Goniatites P68
`--Agathiceratidae ZL04
Ammonoidea incertae sedis:
Agoniatitaceae KK02
Auguritinae KK02
|--Gaurites Bogoslovsky 1984 KK02
|--Weyeroceras Klug 2001 KK02
`--Celaeceras Hyatt 1884 KK02
|--*C. praematurum [=Goniatites praematurus] H84
`--C. mirandus (Bogoslovsky 1961) KK02
Mithraxites Becker & House 1994 KK02
Parentites Bogoslovsky 1961 KK02
Dipoloceras cristatum S02
Merocanites bicarinatus [=Michiganites bicarinatus] WSZ04
Ammonellipsites Parkinson 1822 (see below for synonymy) T64
|--A. (Stenocyclus) ballardensis Gordon 1964 P68
|--‘Coelonautilus’ gratiosus Girty 1909 P68
|--A. (Fascipericyclus) polaris Gordon 1957 P68
|--‘Nautilus’ stygialis [=*Trematoceras stygialis, *Trematodiscus stygialis] H84
`--‘Nautilus’ subsulcatus [=Trematoceras subsulcatum, Trematodiscus subsulcatus] H84
Gyroceratites Meyer 1831 [=Gyroceras De Koninck 1844 non Owen 1844] T64
`--G. gracilis Hou79
Anthracoceras P68
|--A. colubrellus Miller & Furnish 1940 P68
|--A. humphreyi Miller, Downs & Youngquist 1949 P68
`--A. paucilobum P68
Aptychus P68
|--A. knoxvillensis Stanton 1895 TMNZ64
`--A. solidum Girty 1915 P68
Aulatornoceras D02
|--A. auris (Quenstedt 1846) D02
|--A. belgicum (Matern 1931) D02
|--A. bicostatum P68
`--A. rhysum N79
Axinolobus modulus Gordon 1960 P68
Beyrichoceras P68
|--B. hornerae P68
`--B. micronotum P68
Bollandites P68
|--B. bowsheri Gordon 1957 P68
|--B. kiligwae Gordon 1957 P68
`--B. sulcatum P68
Bransonoceras bakeri Miller & Parizek 1948 P68
Entogonites borealis Gordon 1957 P68
Eothalassoceras aurorale Gordon 1957 P68
Eowellerites P68
|--E. discoidalis Gordon 1964 P68
`--E. moorei P68
Epicanites loeblichi P68
Falciclymenia bowsheri Miller & Collinson 1951 P68
Fayettevillea planorbis Gordon 1960 P68
Gattendorfia P68
|--G. alteri Gutschick & Treckman 1957 P68
`--G. subinvoluta R79
Girtyoceras Wedekind 1918 P68, K64 [incl. Adelphoceras Girty 1909 non Barrande 1870 K64]
|--G. arcticum Gordon 1957 P68
|--G. endicottense Gordon 1957 P68
|--G. jasperense Gordon 1964 P68
|--G. limatum P68
|--G. meslerianum (Girty 1909) [=Adelphoceras meslerianum] P68
`--G. ornatissimum Miller & Youngquist 1948 P68
Gordonites P68
|--G. filifer Gordon 1964 P68
`--G. matheri Gordon 1964 P68
Homoceratoides cracens Gordon 1964 P68
Koenenites D02
|--K. cooperi Miller 1938 P68
`--K. lamellosus (Sandberger & Sandberger 1856) D02
Lyrogoniatites P68
|--L. cloudi Miller & Youngquist 1948 P68
`--L. newsomi P68
|--L. n. newsomi P68
`--L. n. georgiensis Miller & Furnish 1940 P68
Neoglyphioceras P68
|--N. caneyanum P68
|--N. cloudi P68
|--N. crebriliratum Gordon 1964 P68
|--N. newsomi P68
`--N. subcirculare P68
Paracravenoceras P68
|--P. barnettense P68
`--P. ozarkense Gordon 1960 P68
Paradimorphoceras (Glyphiolobus) lepidus (Girty 1909) [=Trizonoceras lepidum] P68
Probeloceras P68
|--P. lutheri P68
`--P. strix N79
Prodromites gorbyi P68
Protocanites F71
|--P. australis Delepine 1941 F71
`--P. lyoni P68
Pseudoparalegoceras P68
| i. s.: P. williamsi Miller & Downs 1948 P68
`--P. (Phaneroceras) P68
|--P. (P.) compressum (Hyatt 1891) [=Gastrioceras compressum] P68
`--P. (P.) kesslerense P68
Ptychites P68
|--P. cumminsi White 1889 P68
`--P. opulentus [=Ammonites opulentus] H04
Pygmaeoceras P68
|--P. pygmaeum P68
`--P. solidum Gordon 1964 P68
Schuchertites grahami Smith 1903 P68
Schumardites P68
|--S. cuyleri P68
`--S. simondsi Smith 1903 P68
Sobolewia D02
|--S. nuciformis (Whidborne 1890) D02
|--S. rotella (Holzapfel 1985) D02
`--S. virginiana House 1962 P68
Stenopronorites arkansiensis P68
Subanarcestes micromphalus P68
Sudeticeras alaskae Gordon 1957 P68
Trizonoceras typicale Girty 1909 P68
Uddenites P68
|--U. oweni P68
`--U. schucherti P68
Xenaspis skinneri Miller & Furnish 1940 P68
Pseudoschloenbachia M08
|--P. boulei Ka79
|--P. dichotoma Ka79
`--P. umbulazi M08
Pseudophyllites indra M08
Madrasites similis M08
Hauericeras madagascariensis M08
Carinophylloceras collignoni Klinger et al. 1975 KK08
Umsinenoceras linguatuberculatum Kennedy et al. 1979 KK08
Ammonoceratites (Ammonoceratites) mahadeva (Stoliczka 1865) KK08
Alopecoceras ankeritterae Kennedy & Klinger 1978 KK08
Protanisoceras (Rossalites) superbus (Collignon 1949) KK08
Mojsisovicziinae Ka79
|--Oxytropidoceras alticarinatum Spath 1922 Ka79, KK08
|--Manuaniceras Ka79
`--Venezoliceras Ka79
Mkuzeiella andersoni Klinger & Kennedy 2008 KK08
Aleteceras F71
|--A. axonoides (Etheridge 1909) [=Crioceras axonoides] F71
|--A. nautiloides (Etheridge 1909) [=Crioceras nautiloides] F71
|--A. plectoides (Etheridge 1909) [=Crioceras plectoides] F71
`--A. tardicostatum Whitehouse 1926 F71
Boliteceras perlatum F71
Appurdiceras cordycepoides (Etheridge 1905) (see below for synonymy) F71
Toxoceratoides taylori (Etheridge 1892) [=Ancyloceras taylori] F71
Myloceras F71
|--M. ammonoides (Etheridge 1909) [=Crioceras ammonoides] F71
|--M. davidi F71
`--M. orbiculus Whitehouse 1926 F71
Crioceras F71
|--C. australe F71
|--C. discofalcatus Ka79
|--C. duvali Ka79
|--C. flindersi [=Flindersites flindersi; incl. F. baccatus, F. intermedius] F71
|--C. ishiharai Ka79
|--C. strombecki Ka79
`--C. taylori F71
Labeceras F71
|--L. bryani Whitehouse 1926 F71
|--L. laqueus (Etheridge 1892) [=Hamites laqueus] F71
`--L. trifidum Whitehouse 1926 (see below for synonymy) F71
Metalogoceras jacksoni (Etheridge 1907) [=Gastrioceras jacksoni] F71
Histrichoceras antipodeus Etheridge 1902 F71
Metacanthoplites rhotomagensis F71
Prohysteroceras F71
|--P. angolaense F71
`--P. richardsi (see below for synonymy) F71
Ptychoceras closteroides Etheridge 1904 F71
Sanmartinoceras fontinale F71
Costidiscus DJ95
|--C. recticostatus DJ95
`--C. striatosulcatus Ka79
Pseudohaploceras matheroni DJ95
Amaltheus de Montfort 1808 [Amaltheidae] CDH04
Tragophylloceras ibex (Quenstedt 1843) [=Ammonites ibex] CDH04
Haugia ‘ovalis’ (Quenstedt 1885) (see below for synonymy) CDH04
Strenoceras ‘bifurcatum’ (Quenstedt 1846) (see below for synonymy) CDH04
Dichotomoceras Buckman 1919 [incl. Divisosphinctes Schindewolf 1925] CDH04
`--D. ‘bifurcatus’ (Quenstedt 1846) (see below for synonymy) CDH04
Microderoceras birchi M79
Wocklumeria sphaeroides Hou79
Kalloclymenia subarmata Hou79
Prolobites Hou79
|--P. aktubensis Bogoslovsky 1969 KK02
`--P. delphinus (Sandberger & Sandbergber 1850) KK02
Crickites holzapfeli Wedekind 1913 Hou79, D02
Cabrieroceras N79
|--C. crispiforme Hou79
|--C. karpinskyi N79
`--C. plebeiforme N79
Sellanarcestes wenkenbachi Hou79
Mimagoniatites zorgensis Hou79
Anetoceras hunsrueckianum Hou79
Teicherticeras N79
|--T. desideratum TC71
|--T. lenzi House in House & Pedder 1963 N79
|--T. lissovi TC71
`--T. nevadense N79
Epitornoceras N79
|--E. mithracoides (Frech 1887) D02
`--E. peracutum N79
Sandbergeroceras syngonum N79
Arkanites relictus R79
Tumulites varians R79
Almites dunbari RR79
Himavatites columbianus Ku79
Drepanites rutherfordi Ku79
Juvavites magnus Ku79
Malayites Ku79
|--M. dawsoni Ku79
`--M. paulckei Ku79
Mojsisovicsites kerri Ku79
Klamathites macrolobatus Ku79
Sirenites nanseni Ku79
Frankites sutherlandi Ku79
Maclearnoceras maclearni Ku79
Meginoceras meginae Ku79
Progonoceratites poseidon Ku79
Protrachyceras Ku79
|--P. archelaus Ku79
|--P. reitzi Ku79
`--P. subasperum Ku79
Gymnotoceras Ku79
|--G. meeki Ku79
|--G. occidentalis Ku79
`--G. rotelliforme Ku79
Lenotropites caurus Ku79
Neopopanoceras haugi Ku79
Wasatchites tardus Ku79
Euflemingites romunderi Ku79
Vavilovites sverdrupi Ku79
Proptychites Ku79
|--P. candidus Ku79
|--P. rosenkrantzi Ku79
`--P. strigatus Ku79
Gyronites frequens Ku79
Haplophylloceras strigile Hol79
Virgataxioceras setatum Hol79
Bouleiceratinae Hol79
|--Frechiella Hol79
|--Paroniceras Hol79
`--Leukadiella Hol79
Dickersonia [Himalayitinae] Hol79
Gastroplitidae [Gastroplitinae] Ka79
|--Gastroplites Ka79
`--Neogastroplites Ka79
Vascoceratidae Ka79
|--Nigericeras Ka79
|--Paravascoceras Ka79
`--Fagesia Ka79
Kossmaticeratidae Ka79
|--Marshallites Ka79
|--Kossmaticeras Ka79
|--Maorites Ka79
|--Grossouvrites Ka79
`--Jacobites Ka79
Nevadisculites taylori FF13
Coroniceras bisulcatum GD00
Ammonellipsites Parkinson 1822 [incl. Coelonautilus Foord in Foord & Crick 1889, Collonautilus (l. c.), Discus King 1844 non Fitzinger 1833, Streptodiscus Miller 1889, Trematoceras Hyatt 1884 nec Eichwald 1851 nec Whitfield 1882, Trematodiscus Meek & Worthen 1861 non Haeckel 1860] T64
Appurdiceras cordycepoides (Etheridge 1905) [=Ancyloceras cordycepoides, Crioceras cordycepoides, Labeceras cordycepoides] F71
Dichotomoceras ‘bifurcatus’ (Quenstedt 1846) [=A. biplex bifurcatus nec A. bifurcatus Bruguière 1789 nec de Roissy 1805 nec Schlotheim 1820 nec A. parkinsoni bifurcatus Quenstedt 1846] CDH04
Haugia ‘ovalis’ (Quenstedt 1885) [=Ammonites insignis ovalis nec A. alternans ovalis Quenstedt 1845 nec A. psilonotus ovalis Quenstedt 1882] CDH04
Labeceras trifidum Whitehouse 1926 [incl. Crioceras laqueus Etheridge 1909 non Hamites laqueus Etheridge 1892] F71
Prohysteroceras richardsi [incl. Schloenbachia rostratus var. antipodeus Etheridge 1909, P. richardsi var. nitidum] F71
Psiloceras ‘ovale’ (Quenstedt 1882) [=Ammonites psilonotus ovalis non A. alternans ovalis Quenstedt 1845] CDH04
Strenoceras ‘bifurcatum’ (Quenstedt 1846) [=Ammonites parkinsoni bifurcatus nec A. bifurcatus Bruguière 1789 nec de Roissy 1805 nec Schlotheim 1820] CDH04
*Type species of generic name indicated
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