Tainoceratoidea

The Middle Devonian rutoceratid Tetranodoceras transversum in lateral, ventral (reconstruction) and cross-sectional view, from Kummel (1964).

Belongs within: Nautilida.
Contains: Tainoceratidae, Rhiphaeoceratidae, Temnocheilus.

The most morphologically diverse of the nautilid superfamilies recognised by Kummel (1964) (and possibly paraphyletic to the other superfamilies), the Devonian to Triassic Tainoceratoidea included forms varying from tightly coiled to almost straight. Many species had prominent lateral ornamentation on the whorls such as ribs and/or nodes (e.g. Tainoceratidae) or lateral wings (Rutoceratidae).

Characteristics (from Kummel 1964): Straight to loosely coiled shells with depressed to quadrate (rarely compressed) whorl sections. Early forms with straight to loosely coiled conch bearing wings, spines, ribs, nodes or frills; later forms with more tightly coiled conch bearing ribs or nodes or both; some forms nearly smooth. Siphuncle generally near-ventral in early forms, variable in position (usually central) in later forms. Sutures with very shallow lobes on venter and flanks, annular lobe present in many forms.

<==Tainoceratoidea (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--Tainoceratidae K64
    |  `--Rhiphaeoceratidae K64
    |--Koninckioceratidae [Aktubonautilidae, Knightoceratinae, Koninckioceracea, Koninckoceratida] K64
    |    |--Temnocheilus H99
    |    |--Koninckioceras Hyatt 1884 (n. d.) [=Koninckoceras (l. c.)] K64
    |    |--Edaphoceras Hyatt 1884 K64
    |    |    `--*E. niotense (Meek & Worthen 1873) [=Nautilus (Temnocheilus) niotensis] K64
    |    |--Millkoninckioceras Kummel 1963 K64
    |    |    `--*M. konincki (Miller & Kemp 1947) [=Koninckioceras konincki] K64
    |    |--Lophoceras Hyatt 1893 K64
    |    |    `--*L. pentagonum (Sowerby 1819) [=Nautilus pentagonus] K64
    |    |--Valhallites Shimanskiy 1959 K64
    |    |    `--*V. ornatus (Girty 1911) [=Endolobus ornatus] K64
    |    |--Endolobus Meek & Worthen 1865 (see below for synonymy) K64
    |    |    |--*E. spectabilis (Meek & Worthen 1860) (see below for synonymy) K64
    |    |    `--E. renfroae Miller & Youngquist 1949 P68
    |    |--Tylodiscoceras Miller & Collinson 1950 K64
    |    |    |--*T. unicum Miller & Collinson 1950 K64
    |    |    `--T. nosowi K64
    |    |--Foordiceras Hyatt 1893 [=Foordoceras (l. c.)] K64
    |    |    |--*F. goliathum (Waagen 1879) [=Nautilus goliathus] K64
    |    |    |--F. gregarium P68
    |    |    |--F. magnicostatum P68
    |    |    |--F. mammiferum P68
    |    |    |--F. ornatissimum Miller & Youngquist 1949 P68
    |    |    `--F. shumardianum Girty 1908 [=Foordoceras (l. c.) shumardianum] P68
    |    |--Knightoceras Miller & Owen 1934 [incl. Librovitschiceras Shimanskiy 1957] K64
    |    |    |--*K. missouriense Miller & Owen 1934 K64
    |    |    |--K. abundum K64
    |    |    |--‘Nautilus’ atuberculatus Tsvetaeva 1888 [=*Librovitschiceras atuberculatum] K64
    |    |    |--K. kempae Miller & Youngquist 1949
    |    |    |--K. oxylobatum Miller & Downs 1948
    |    |    `--K. pattoni Gordon 1957
    |    |--Subvestinautilus Turner 1954 H99
    |    |    |--*S. crassimarginatus (Foord 1900) (see below for synonymy) H99
    |    |    |--S. crateriformis (Foord 1900) (see below for synonymy) H99
    |    |    |--S. maritimus Shimansky 1967 H99
    |    |    |--S. rector Shimansky 1967 H99
    |    |    |--S. simulans Turner 1954 H99
    |    |    `--S. znamenskianus (Tzwetaev 1898) H99
    |    `--Planetoceras Hyatt 1893 H99
    |         |--*P. retardatum Hyatt 1893 H99
    |         |--P. bellilineatum Miller, Dunbar & Condra 1933 H99
    |         |--P. globatum (Sowerby 1824) (see below for synonymy) H99
    |         |--P. invenustum Shimansky 1967 H99
    |         |--P. janischewskyi Shimansky 1967 H99
    |         |--P. schartimiense (Janischevskyi 1900) H99
    |         `--P. tiltoni Miller, Dunbar & Condra 1933 H99
    `--Rutoceratidae (see below for synonymy) K64
         |--Halloceras Hyatt 1884 K64
         |    `--*H. undulatum (Vanuxem 1842) [=Cyrtoceras undulatum] K64
         |--Adelphoceras Barrande 1870 K64
         |    `--*A. bohemicum Barrande 1870 K64
         |--Ptenoceras Hyatt 1894 K64
         |    `--*P. alatum (Barrande 1865) [=Gyroceras alatum] K64
         |--Anomaloceras Hyatt 1884 [=Alpheiceras Cossman 1900, Hyatticeras Cossman 1900] K64
         |    `--*A. anomalum (Barrande 1865) [=Nautilus anomalus, *Alpheiceras anomalum, *Hyatticeras anomalum] K64
         |--Casteroceras Flower 1936 K64
         |    `--*C. alternatum (Hall 1879) [=Cyrtoceras alternatum, Cy. undulatum Hall 1876 non Vanuxem 1842] K64
         |--Centrolitoceras Flower 1945 K64
         |    `--*C. perplexum Flower 1945 K64
         |--Diademoceras Flower 1949 K64
         |    `--*D. palmeri Flower 1949 K64
         |--Duerleyoceras Turner 1954 K64
         |    `--*D. gaylense Turner 1954 K64
         |--Goldringia Flower 1945 [incl. Polycronites Troost 1840] K64
         |    `--*G. cyclops (Hall 1861) [=Gyroceras cyclops] K64
         |--Hindeoceras Flower 1945 K64
         |    `--*H. canadense (Whiteaves 1891) [=Gyroceras canadense] K64
         |--Homoadelphoceras Foerste 1926 K64
         |    `--*H. devonicans (Barrande 1866) [=Gyroceras devonicans] K64
         |--Litogyroceras Teichert & Glenister 1952 K64
         |    `--*L. spirale Teichert & Glenister 1952 K64
         |--Muiroceras Flower 1949 K64
         |    `--*M. tuberculosum Flower 1949 K64
         |--Pleuroncoceras Flower in Flower & Kummel 1950 (see below for synonymy) K64
         |    `--*P. nodosum (Bronn 1837) [=Spirula nodosa, *Spirulites nodosa] K64
         |--Ptyssoceras Hyatt 1884 K64
         |    `--*P. alienum (Barrande 1866) [=Cyrtoceras alienum] K64
         |--Roussanoffoceras Foerste 1925 [=Roussanofoceras (l. c.)] K64
         |    `--*R. depressum Foerste 1925 K64
         |--Syrrhegmatoceras Sverbilova 1957 [=Surrhegmatoceras (l. c.)] K64
         |    `--*S. arcuatum Sverbilova 1957 K64
         |--Tetranodoceras Flower 1936 K64
         |    `--*T. transversum (Hall 1860) [=Cyrtoceras transversum] K64
         |--Threaroceras Flower 1945 K64
         |    `--*T. inexpectans Flower 1945 K64
         |--Tylorthoceras Miller 1932 [incl. Trematoceras Whitfield 1882 non Eichwald 1851] K64
         |    `--*T. ohioense (Whitfield 1882) [=Trematoceras ohioense] K64
         |--Trochoceras Barrande in von Hauer 1848 K64
         |    |--*T. davidsoni Barrande 1865 K64
         |    `--T. pulchrum T64
         |--Rutoceras Hyatt 1884 (see below for synonymy) K64
         |    |--*R. jason (Hall 1879) [=Cyrtoceras jason] K64
         |    `--R. ornatus K64
         `--+--Hercoceras Barrande 1865 K64
            |    `--*H. mirum (Barrande 1854) [=Gyroceras mirum] K64
            `--Tetragonoceratidae K64
                 |--Tetragonoceras Whiteaves 1891 K64
                 |    `--*T. gracile Whiteaves 1891 K64
                 |--Nassauoceras Miller 1932 K64
                 |    `--*N. subtuberculatus (Sandberger & Sandberger 1852) [=Nautilus subtuberculatus] K64
                 `--Wellsoceras Flower 1945 K64
                      `--*W. columbiense (Whitfield 1882) [=Gyroceras columbiense] K64

Endolobus Meek & Worthen 1865 [incl. Aktubonautilus Ruzhentsev & Shimanskiy 1954, Heurekoceras Ruzhentsev & Shimanskiy 1954] K64

*Endolobus spectabilis (Meek & Worthen 1860) [=Nautilus spectabilis; incl. N. (Endolobus) peramplus Meek & Worthen 1865] K64

Planetoceras globatum (Sowerby 1824) [=Nautilus globatus, Coelonautilus globatus, N. (Temnocheilus) globatus] H99

Pleuroncoceras Flower in Flower & Kummel 1950 [=Spirulites Quenstedt 1846 nec Parkinson 1811 nec Krueger 1823] K64

Rutoceras Hyatt 1884 [=Ryticeras (l. c.); incl. Kophinoceras Hyatt 1884, Cophinaceras (l. c.), Cophinoceras (l. c.)] K64

Rutoceratidae [Adelphoceratidae, Halloceratidae, Hercoceratidae, Litogyroceratidae, Ptenoceratidae, Ryticeratidae, Trochoceratidae]

*Subvestinautilus crassimarginatus (Foord 1900) [=Vestinautilus crassimarginatus; incl. V. cariniferus var. triplicatus Foord 1900] H99

Subvestinautilus crateriformis (Foord 1900) [=Vestinautilus crateriformis; incl. V. cariniferus var. magnicameratus Foord 1900] H99

Tainoceratoidea [Encoilocerataceae, Hercoceracea, Hercoceratida, Koninckioceratida, Rhyticeratida, Riphaeocerataceae, Rutocerataceae, Rutoceratida, Rutoceratina, Ryticeracea, Tainocerataceae, Tainoceratina, Temnocheilaceae, Temnocheilidae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H99] Histon, K. 1999. A revision of A. H. Foord’s monograph of Irish Carboniferous nautiloid cephalopods (1897-1901). Part 2. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society 153: 63-129.

[K64] Kummel, B. 1964. Nautiloidea – Nautilida. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda – General Features – Endoceratoidea – Actinoceratoidea – Nautiloidea – Bactritoidea (R. C. Moore, ed.) pp. K383-K457. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.

[P68] Purnell, L. R. 1968. Catalog of the Type Specimens of Invertebrate Fossils. Part I: Paleozoic Cephalopoda. United States National Museum Bulletin 262: 1-198.

[T64] Teichert, C. 1964. Morphology of hard parts. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda – General Features – Endoceratoidea – Actinoceratoidea – Nautiloidea – Bactritoidea (R. C. Moore, ed.) pp. K13-K53. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.