Hydaticus

Hydaticus seminiger, copyright Udo Schmidt.

Belongs within: Dytiscinae.

Hydaticus is a cosmopolitan genus of diving beetles characterised by straight anterolateral margins on the metasternum, a stridulatory device in males consisting of a region of reticulate cells on the dorsum of the second protarsal segment and a series of pegs along the dorsal margin of the protibia, and an irregularly rugulose surface to the pronotum and the humeral regions of the elytra in females (Miller 2003).

<==Hydaticus Leach 1817 [Hydaticini] LM87
    |--H. (Hydaticus) M03
    |    |  i. s.: *H. (H.) transversalis (Pontoppidan 1763) [=Dytiscus transversalis] LM87
    |    |--H. (H.) seminiger M03
    |    `--+--H. (H.) aruspex M03
    |       `--H. (H.) cinctipennis M03
    `--H. (Guignotites) M03
         |  i. s.: H. (G.) bivittatus M01
         |--+--H. (G.) subfasciatus M03
         |  `--H. (Hydaticinus) xanthomelas M03
         `--+--H. (G.) parallelus Clark 1864 M03, LM87 [incl. H. consimilis Régimbart 1887 LM87]
            `--+--+--H. (G.) bowringi M03
               |  `--H. (G.) major M03
               `--+--H. (G.) fabricii M03
                  `--H. (G.) grammicus M03

Hydaticus incertae sedis:
  H. consanguineus Aubé 1838 LM87
  H. conspersus Régimbart 1899 I92
  H. daemeli Sharp 1882 LM87
  H. fabricii (Macleay 1825) [=Colymbetes fabricii] LM87
  H. finus Watts 1978 LM87
  H. flavocinctus M86
  H. goryi Aubé 1836 [incl. H. bihamatus Aubé 1838] LM87
  H. jucundus M03
  H. microdaemeli Watts 1978 LM87
  H. pacificus I92
  H. pulcher (Clark 1863) [=Colymbetes pulcher] LM87
  H. thermonectoides Sharp 1884 I92
  H. variegatus Watts 1978 LM87
  H. vittatus (Fabricius 1775) [=Dytiscus vittatus] LM87
  H. wattsi Daussin 1980 [=H. modestus Watts 1978 non Sharp 1882] LM87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[LM87] Lawrence, J. F., B. P. Moore, J. E. Pyke & T. A. Weir. 1987. Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 4. Coleoptera: Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[M86] Macleay, W. 1886. The insects of the Fly River, New Guinea, "Coleoptera". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 136–157.

[M01] Miller, K. B. 2001. On the phylogeny of the Dytiscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with emphasis on the morphology of the female reproductive system. Insect Systematics and Evolution 32: 45–92.

[M03] Miller, K. B. 2003. The phylogeny of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) and the evolution of sexual conflict. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 79: 359–388.

Myxophaga

Microsporus obsidianus, copyright Udo Schmidt.

Belongs within: Coleoptera.

The Myxophaga are a group of small, algae-feeding, aquatic or semi-aquatic beetles. Adults respire via a plastron of air trapped by a dense pile of hydrophobic hairs, and contain the wings beneath the elytra by a rolling mechanism. Larvae, where known, possess tracheal gills and pupate within the last larval exuvium. The larval gills are segmented in Torridincolidae and balloon-like in Hydroscaphidae and Microsporus (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).

<==Myxophaga [Microsporoidea, Schizophoroidea, Sphaeriusoidea]
    |--Hadeocoleus P02 [Schizophoridae GE05]
    |    `--H. calus P02
    `--+--Catiniidae GE05
       `--+--Hydroscaphidae MW15
          |    |--Scaphydra Reichardt 1973 H01
          |    |--Yara Reichardt & Hinton 1976 H01
          |    `--Hydroscapha LeConte 1874 H01
          |         |--H. granulum (Motschulsky 1855) B14
          |         `--H. natans LeConte 1874 H01
          `--+--Torridincolidae MW15
             |    |--Torrindicola rhodesica MW15, GE05
             |    `--Deleveinae B14
             |         |--Satonius stysi Hájek & Fikáček 2008 B14
             |         `--Delevea MW15
             `--+--Lepicerus [Cyathoceridae, Lepiceridae, Lepicerinae, Lepiceroidea] MW15
                |    |--L. bufo B14
                |    |--L. inaequalis Motschulsky 1855 B14
                |    `--L. pichinlingue B14
                `--Microsporus Kolenati 1846 LM87 (see below for synonymy)
                     |--*M. obsidianus Kolenati 1846 LM87
                     |--‘*Sphaerius’ acaroides Waltl 1838 LM87
                     |--M. coenensis (Oke 1954) LM87 [=Neosphaerius coenensis LM87, Sphaerius coenensis B70]
                     |--‘Sphaerius’ hispanicus B14
                     |--M. ovensensis (Oke 1954) LM87 [=*Neosphaerius ovensensis LM87, Sphaerius ovensensis B74]
                     `--‘Sphaerius’ spinissimus B14

Microsporus Kolenati 1846 LM87 [incl. Neosphaerius Oke 1954 LM87, Sphaerius Waltl 1838 (nom. rej.) LM87; Microsporidae, Sphaeriusidae MW15]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[B74] Britton, E. B. 1974. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 62–89. Melbourne University Press.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H01] Hall, W. E. 2001. Hydroscaphidae LeConte, 1874. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia pp. 27–29. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[LM87] Lawrence, J. F., B. P. Moore, J. E. Pyke & T. A. Weir. 1987. Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 4. Coleoptera: Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[P02] Ponomarenko, A. G. 2002. Superorder Scarabaeidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Coleoptera Linné, 1758. The beetles. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 164–176. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Last updated: 26 October 2018.

Sternopriscus

Sternopriscus hansardii, from here.

Belongs within: Hydroporini.

Sternopriscus is a genus of diving beetles found in Australia and New Guinea, characterised by a small, elongate, rugose-punctate form with a prominent mesosternum and distinctly visible fourth segment on the pro- and mesotarsi.

<==Sternopriscus Sharp 1882 LM87
    |--*S. browni Sharp 1882 LM87
    |--S. cervus Watts 1978 LM87
    |--S. hansardii (Clark 1862) [=Hydroporus hansardii; incl. S. clavatus Sharp 1882] LM87
    |--S. marginatus Watts 1978 LM87
    |--S. meadfootii (Clark 1862) [=Hydroporus meadfootii] LM87
    |--S. minimus Lea 1899 LM87
    |--S. montanus Watts 1978 LM87
    |--S. multimaculatus (Clark 1862) [=Hydroporus multimaculatus; incl. H. sinuatocollis Clark 1862] LM87
    |--S. mundanus Watts 1978 LM87
    |--S. obscurus Sharp 1882 LM87
    |--S. signatus Sharp 1882 LM87
    |--S. tarsalis Sharp 1882 LM87
    |    |--S. t. tarsalis LM87
    |    `--S. t. oscillator Sharp 1882 LM87
    |--S. tasmanicus Sharp 1882 LM87
    `--S. wehnckei Sharp 1882 LM87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[LM87] Lawrence, J. F., B. P. Moore, J. E. Pyke & T. A. Weir. 1987. Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 4. Coleoptera: Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Petrosaviidae

Resurrection plant Borya constricta, copyright William Archer.

Belongs within: Monocotyledoneae.
Contains: Pandanales, Dioscoreales, Liliales, Commelinidae, Lomandraceae, Orchidaceae, Asteliaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Iridaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Asphodelaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Allium, Hyacinthaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae, Convallariaceae, Asparagus.

The Petrosaviidae are a clade of monocotyledons united by molecular phylogenies, defined by Cantino et al. (2007) as the least inclusive clade containing Typha latifolia, Lilium regale and Petrosavia stellaris but not Acorus calamus or Gymnostachys anceps. Members of this clade have mostly been assigned in the past to the subclasses Liliidae and Commelinidae, with species of Liliidae often having showy trimerous flowers, but phylogenetic studies indicate that the 'Liliidae' is paraphyletic with regard to the Commelinidae. Possible synapomorphies for the Petrosaviidae are simple, amylophobic starch grains; leaf blades developing basipetally from hyperphyll/hypophyll junction; an epidermis with bulliform cells; anomocytic stomata; and the absence of colleters. Petrosaviids excluding the basal Petrosaviaceae may be united by the absence of a nucellar cap, and a nuclear endosperm (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website).

<==Petrosaviidae [Bromelianae, Haemodorales, Lilianae, Liliidae] CD07
    |--Petrosaviaceae [Petrosaviales, Petrosavianae] DS04
    |    |--Japonolirion osense DS04
    |    `--Petrosavia stellaris Becc. 1871 CD07
    `--+--+--Pandanales DS04
       |  `--Dioscoreales APG16
       `--Liliiflorae [Coronarieae] J87
            |--Liliales DS04
            `--+--Commelinidae DS04
               `--Asparagales [Amaryllideae, Orchidales] DS04
                    |  i. s.: Polygonatum BL04
                    |           |--P. cirrhifolium O88
                    |           |--P. hookeri O88
                    |           |--P. multiflorum HE80
                    |           |--P. × hybridum Bruegger von Churwalden 1886 [P. multiflorum × P. odoratum] HE80
                    |           |--P. odoratum HE80
                    |           |--P. singalilense O88
                    |           `--P. verticillatum O88
                    |         Maianthemum SaaRai07
                    |           |--M. bifolium C55
                    |           `--M. canadense M73
                    |         Lomandraceae DS04
                    |         Liliacidites RG07
                    |           |--L. intermedius RG07
                    |           |--L. kaitangataensis RG07
                    |           |--L. minutus RG07
                    |           `--L. pollucibilis RG07
                    |--Orchidaceae RG07
                    `--+--+--+--Blandfordia [Blandfordiaceae] DS04
                       |  |  |    |--B. grandiflora DS04
                       |  |  |    |--B. nobilis M87
                       |  |  |    `--B. punicea DS04
                       |  |  `--+--Asteliaceae RG07
                       |  |     `--+--Lanaria [Lanariaceae] RG07
                       |  |        `--Hypoxidaceae RG07
                       |  `--Boryaceae DS04
                       |       |--Alania endlicheri DS04
                       |       `--Borya DS04
                       |            |--B. constricta S95
                       |            |--B. jabirabela LK14
                       |            |--B. scirpoidea GK00
                       |            |--B. septentrionalis DS04
                       |            |--B. sphaerocephala DS04
                       |            `--B. subulata LK14
                       `--+--Cyanastrum SaaRai07
                          `--+--+--Doryanthes [Doryanthaceae] DS04
                             |  |    `--D. excelsa DS04
                             |  `--+--Tecophilaeaceae DS04
                             |     |    |--Tecophilaea cyanocrocus DS04
                             |     |    `--Eremolirion amboensis [=Cyanella amboensis] CV06
                             |     `--+--Iridaceae DS04
                             |        `--Ixiolirion [Ixioliriaceae, Ixiolirionaceae] DS04
                             |             `--I. tataricum DS04
                             `--+--Xeronema Brong. & Gris 1864 DS04, ME70 [Xeronemataceae]
                                |    |--X. callistemon Oliver 1926 ME70
                                |    |    |--X. c. var. callistemon ME70
                                |    |    `--X. c. var. bracteosa Moore 1969 ME70
                                |    `--X. moorei CR00
                                `--+--+--Hemerocallidaceae DS04
                                   |  `--Asphodelaceae CR00
                                   `--+--+--Agapanthus HE80 [Agapanthaceae CR00, Agapantheae]
                                      |  |    `--A. orientalis Leighton 1938 HE80
                                      |  `--+--Amaryllidaceae CR00
                                      |     `--Alliaceae [Allioideae]  CR00
                                      |          |--Allium HE80
                                      |          `--Nothoscordum inodorum (Aiton) Nicholson 1855 HE80
                                      `--+--+--Themidaceae CR00
                                         |  `--+--+--Aphyllanthaceae CR00
                                         |     |  `--Hyacinthaceae CR00
                                         |     `--+--Anemarrhenaceae CR00
                                         |        `--+--Agavaceae CR00
                                         |           `--+--Behniaceae CR00
                                         |              `--+--Herreriaceae CR00
                                         |                 `--Anthericaceae DS04
                                         `--+--Laxmannia [Laxmanniaceae CR00]
                                            |    |--L. grandiflora OS04
                                            |    |--L. minor GK00
                                            |    |--L. sessiliflora GK00
                                            |    `--L. squarrosa OS04
                                            `--+--Convallariaceae CR00
                                               `--Asparagaceae [Asparagineae] CR00
                                                    |--Asparagus HE80
                                                    `--Chlorophytum LK14
                                                         |--C. arundinaceum SanRav07
                                                         |--C. elatum MH98
                                                         |--C. laxum LK14
                                                         `--C. nimmonii SaaRai07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[BL04] Barkman, T. J., S.-H. Lim, K. M. Salleh & J. Nais. 2004. Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal the photosynthetic relatives of Rafflesia, the world’s largest flower. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (3): 787–792.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CR00] Chase, M. W., P. J. Rudall, M. F. Fay & K. L. Stobart. 2000. Xeronemataceae, a new family of asparagoid lilies from New Caledonia and New Zealand. Kew Bulletin 55: 865–870.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M73] Mason, L. G. 1973. The habitat and phenetic variation in Phymata americana Melin (Heteroptera). Systematic Zoology 22 (3): 271–279.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[RG07] Ramírez, S. R., B. Gravendeel, R. B. Singer, C. R. Marshall & N. E. Pierce. 2007. Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator. Nature 448: 1042–1045.

[SaaRai07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312–315.

[SanRav07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1–4): 165–172.

[S95] Smith, G. T. 1995. Species richness, habitat and conservation of scorpions in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 55–66.

Commelinidae

Pineapple bush Dasypogon bromeliifolius, copyright Russell Cumming.

Belongs within: Liliidae.
Contains: Poales, Commelinales, Zingiberales, Arecaceae.

The Commelinidae are a clade of monocotyledons united by the presence of UV-fluorescent ferulic acid in the cell walls. Many members of the clade also have bracteate inflorescences, starchy pollen and endosperm, and silica bodies in the plant (Cantino et al. 2007).

<==Commelinidae [Arecanae, Commelinanae, Commeliniflorae]
    |--+--Poales APG16
    |  `--+--Commelinales APG16
    |     `--+--Ensete SR07
    |        `--Zingiberales APG16
    `--Arecales APG16
         |--Arecaceae APG16
         `--Dasypogonaceae [Dasypogonales] APG16
              |  i. s.: Acanthocarpus KM08
              |           |--A. canaliculatus B00
              |           |--A. preissii KM08
              |           |--A. robustus KM08
              |           `--A. verticillatus B00
              |         Xerolirion divaricata G04a
              |         Chamaexeros serra OS04
              |--+--Baxteria australis DS04
              |  `--Kingia australis DS04
              `--+--Calectasia cyanea DS04
                 `--Dasypogon SR07
                      |--D. bromeliifolius RL05
                      `--D. hookeri Drumm. 1843 CD07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SR07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312–315.

Bryophyta

Diphyscium foliosum, from here.

Belongs within: Embryophyta.
Contains: Sphagnales, Andreaeopsida, Polytrichaceae, Tetraphidales, Bryidae, Funariidae, Grimmiales, Archidium, Seligeriaceae, Dicranaceae, Fissidentaceae, Leucobryum, Pottiaceae, Ditrichaceae, Erpodiaceae, Calymperaceae, Ephemeraceae.

The Bryophyta are the mosses, the largest living group of non-vascular land plants. Mosses are distinguished by the presence of distinct leaves and multicellular rhizoids on the gametophyte (which is the dominant part of the life-cycle, supporting the dependent sporophytes), and of a columnella (a cylinder of sterile cells) within the spore capsule (De Luna et al. 2003). Within the mosses, all authors support a division between the basalmost Sphagnopsida and the remaining mosses, with the Polytrichopsida and Bryopsida together forming a clade distinguished by a spore capsule opening through an operculum rather than dehiscently as in more basal forms. Sphagnopsida are represented in the modern flora by the genera Sphagnum and Ambuchanania; Ambuchanania leucobryoides is a rare species found growing in sandy washes in a small number of localities in Tasmania (Threatened Species Section, Tasmania, 2008).

Polytrichopsida and Bryopsida are distinguished by the forms of the teeth around the capsule opening (forming the peristome): in Polytrichopsida, they are nematodontous (formed from entire cells) while in Bryopsida they are arthrodontous (formed from fragments of cell walls). Within the Bryopsida, the peristome comprises a single circlet of teeth in members of the subclass Dicranidae whereas members of other subclasses typically have a peristome of two circlets (reduced or lost in some taxa).

<==Bryophyta [Bryophytina, Musci]
    |--Sphagnopsida SK02
    |    |--Sphagnales D24
    |    `--Ambuchanania Seppelt & Crum 1999 [Ambuchananiaceae, Ambuchananiales] SK02
    |         `--A. leucobryoides (Yamaguchi, Seppelt & Iwats.) Seppelt & Crum 1999 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    `--Bryatae [Acrocarpineae, Buxbaumiales, Buxbaumiidae] C-S98
         |  i. s.: Eustichia [Eustichiaceae] D03b
         |           `--E. longirostris D03b
         |--Andreaeopsida FHH01
         `--+--Polytrichopsida [Nematodonteae] SK02
            |    |--Polytrichaceae D24
            |    `--Tetraphidales SK02
            `--Bryopsida [Acrocarpae, Aplolepideae, Arthrodonteae, Diplolepideae] SK02
                 |  i. s.: Schistostega [Schistostegaceae] D24
                 |           `--S. osmundacea [=Mnium osmundaceum] D24
                 |         Timmia [Timmiaceae] D24
                 |           |--T. austriaca D24
                 |           |--T. megapolitana D24
                 |           `--T. norvegica [incl. T. scotica] D24
                 |--Bryidae BC98
                 |--Funariidae SK02
                 |--Diphyscium Mohr 1803 [Diphysciaceae, Diphysciales, Diphysciidae] SK02
                 |    |--D. foliosum [incl. Mollia haggarti, Webera sessilis] D24
                 |    |    |--D. f. var. foliosum D24
                 |    |    `--D. f. var. acutifolium D24
                 |    `--D. mucronifolium Mitt. 1855 SK02
                 `--Dicranidae SK02
                      |--Grimmiales SK02
                      |--Archidium SK02
                      |--Seligeriaceae SK02
                      |--Dicranales SK02
                      |    |--Dicranaceae SK02
                      |    |--Fissidentaceae SK02
                      |    `--Leucobryaceae SK02
                      |         |--Leucobryum SK02
                      |         `--Exodictyon B57
                      |              |--E. dentatum B57
                      |              `--E. subscabrum SK02
                      `--Pottiales SK02
                           |--Pottiaceae SK02
                           |--Ditrichaceae SK02
                           |--Erpodiaceae SK02
                           |--Calymperaceae SK02
                           |--Ephemeraceae SK02
                           |--Bryobartramia Sainsbury 1948 [Bryobartramiaceae] SK02
                           |    `--B. novae-valesiae (Broth. ex Roth) Stone & Scott 1973 (see below for synonymy) SK02
                           `--Viridivellus Stone 1976 [Viridivelleraceae] SK02
                                `--V. pulchellum Stone 1976 SK02

Bryophyta incertae sedis:
  Palamocladium leskeoides PK03
  Sporogonites BC98
  Trachypodaceae N02
    |--Trachypodopsis serrulata N02
    `--Duthiella declinata N02
  Catharomnion Hooker & Wilson 1854 SK02
    `--C. ciliatum (Hedw.) Wilson 1854 [=Hypopterygium ciliatum] SK02
  Cladomnion Hooker & Wilson 1854 SK02
    |--C. ericoides (Hooker) Wilson 1854 SK02
    `--C. gracile D03a
  Cyrtopus (Brid.) Hooker 1867 SK02
    `--C. setosus (Hedw.) Hooker 1867 (see below for synonymy) SK02
  Mniodendron dendroides [=Bryum dendroides, Hypnodendron dendroides; incl. Mniodendron palmaeum] SK02
  Mniomalia Müll.Hal. 1874 SK02
    `--M. semilimbata Müll.Hal. 1874 SK02
  Streblotrichum Palisot de Beauvois 1804 SK02
    `--S. bicolor (Bruch & Schimp.) Loeske 1909 [=Barbula bicolor, Gymnostomum bicolor] SK02
  Acanthocladium macgregorii SK02
  Chrysocladium phaeum SK02
  Phyllogonium [Phyllogoniaceae] J87
    `--P. fulgens J87
  Prionodon [Prionodontaceae] J87
    `--P. densus J87
  Pseudodistichium buchanani M49b
  *Bellia nervosa M49a
  Blindiopsis immersa M49a
  Sciadocladus menziesii M49a
  Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans M08
  Homomallium incurvatum M08
  Pleurozium schreberi M08
  Pseudoleskeella M08
    |--P. catenulata M08
    `--P. nervosa M08
  Rhizomnium punctatum M08
  Leptobarbula berica M09

Nomen nudum: Cladomnium crenato-obtusum Dusén 1903 D03a

Ambuchanania leucobryoides (Yamaguchi, Seppelt & Iwats.) Seppelt & Crum 1999 [=Sphagnum leucobryoides Yamaguchi, Seppelt & Iwats. 1990] SK02

Bryobartramia novae-valesiae (Broth. ex Roth) Stone & Scott 1973 [=Trachycarpidium novae-valesiae; incl. B. robbinsii] SK02

Cyrtopus setosus (Hedw.) Hooker 1867 [=Anictangium setosum, Cladomnion setosum, Garovaglia setosa (n. n.)] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B57] Bartram, E. B. 1957. Additional Fijian mosses, III. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (12): 392–396.

[BC98] Bateman, R. M., P. R. Crane, W. A. DiMichele, P. R. Kenrick, N. P. Rowe, T. Speck & W. E. Stein. 1998. Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 263–292.

[C-S98] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203–266.

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3^rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03a] Dusén, P. 1903a. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[D03b] Dusén, P. 1903b. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[FHH01] Frey, W., M. Hofmann & H. H. Hilger. 2001. The gametophyte-sporophyte junction: unequivocal hints for two evolutionary lines of archegoniate land plants. Flora 196: 431–445.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[M09] Marstaller, R. 2009. Die Moosgesellschaften des geplanten Naturschutzgebietes "Brandenburg und Göringer Stein" bei Göringen (Wartburgkreis, Eisenach). 136. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (3): 529–557.

[M49a] Martin, W. 1949a. The bryophytes of Stewart Island.—Part I. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 257–277.

[M49b] Martin, W. 1949b. Distribution of the mosses indigenous to New Zealand (supplement no. 1). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 355–360.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[PK03] Piippo, S., & T. Koponen. 2003. Review of the bryofloristic connections of New Guinea Island. Telopea 10 (1): 467–476.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Sphagnum subgenus Cymbifolia

Prairie sphagnum Sphagnum palustre, copyright Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Sphagnales.

Sphagnum subgenus Cymbifolium is a group of robust sphagnum mosses with unbordered stem leaves and rough branch leaves (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Plants robust. Cuticular cells of stem and branches fibrose and porose. Stem leaves not bordered. Branch leaves broadly cymbiform, concave, cucullate and scabrous at back of apex. Dioicous.

Sphagnum subg. Cymbifolia D24
    |--S. austini D24
    |    |--S. a. var. austini D24
    |    `--S. a. var. imbricatum D24
    |--S. centrale Jensen 1896 D24, SK02
    |    |--S. c. var. centrale SK02
    |    `--S. c. var. flavoglaucescens SK02
    |--S. degenerans D24
    |--S. magellanicum Brid. 1798 [incl. S. medium] SK02
    |    |--S. m. var. magellanicum D03
    |    |--S. ‘medium’ var. fusco-rubellum D03
    |    |    |--S. m. var. f. f. fusco-rubellum D03
    |    |    `--S. m. var. f. f. brachydasyclada D03
    |    `--S. ‘medium’ var. pallido-carneum D03
    |         |--S. m. var. p. f. pallido-carneum D03
    |         `--S. m. var. p. f. brachyorthoclada D03
    |--S. palustre Linnaeus 1753 [incl. S. cymbifolium, S. latifolium (nom. illeg.)] SK02
    |    |--S. p. var. palustre D24
    |    |--S. ‘cymbifolium’ var. condensatum D03
    |    |--S. ‘cymbifolium’ var. congestum D24
    |    `--S. ‘cymbifolium’ var. squarrosulum D24
    |--S. papillosum [=S. cymbifolium var. papillosum] D24
    |    |--S. p. var. papillosum D24
    |    |--S. p. var. laeve D24
    |    |--S. p. var. stenophyllum D24
    |    `--S. p. var. sublaeve D24
    `--S. turfaceum D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3^rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Tetraphidales

Buxbaumia aphylla, copyright Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Bryophyta.

The Tetraphidales are a group of mosses with leaves in which the costa is narrow or absent, and capsules with a nematodontous peristome (that is, the teeth are, at least in part, composed of entire cells).

<==Tetraphidales SK02
    |--Tetraphis [Tetraphidaceae, Tetraphididae] FHH01
    |    |--T. browniana [=Bryum brownianum, Georgia brownii, Tetrodontium brownianum] D24
    |    |--T. geniculata D24
    |    |--T. pellucida FHH01 [=Mnium pellucidum D24, Georgia pellucida D24]
    |    `--T. repanda D24
    `--Buxbaumia Hedw. 1801 [Buxbaumiaceae] SK02
         |--B. aphylla Hedw. 1801 SK02
         |--B. colyerae Burges 1932 SK02
         |--B. indusiata D24
         |--B. piperi FHH01
         |--B. tasmanica Mitt. 1859 SK02
         `--B. thorsborneae Stone 1983 SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3^rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[FHH01] Frey, W., M. Hofmann & H. H. Hilger. 2001. The gametophyte-sporophyte junction: unequivocal hints for two evolutionary lines of archegoniate land plants. Flora 196: 431–445.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Fontinalaceae

Greater water-moss Fontinalis antipyretica, copyright Tab Tannery.

Belongs within: Bryidae.

The Fontinalaceae are a group of aquatic, floating mosses that are adhered to the substrate only at their base (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Leaves in several rows or tristichous, nerveless or single-nerved, cells rhomboid—hexagonal, or linear and subvermincular, long, smooth. Capsule immersed or shortly exserted; annulus absent. Calyptra cucullate or mitriform, glabrous. Peristome of 16 outer teeth, transversely articulate and trabeculate on inner face, and an inner peristome of 16 cilia more or less completely united with one another by transverse partitions at regular intervals.

<==Fontinalaceae D24
    |--Dichelyma capillaceum D24
    `--Fontinalis D24
         |--F. antipyretica D24
         |    |--F. a. var. antipyretica D24
         |    |--F. a. var. cymbifolia Nicholson 1901 D24
         |    |--F. a. var. gigantea D24
         |    |--F. a. var. gracilis D24
         |    `--F. a. var. laxa D24
         |--F. arvernica D24
         |--F. dalecarlica D24
         |--F. dixoni Cardot in Dixon 1924 D24
         |--F. dolosa Cardot in Dixon 1924 D24
         |--F. hypnoides D24
         |--F. kindbergii D24
         |--F. seriata D24
         `--F. squamosa D24
              |--F. s. var. squamosa D24
              `--F. s. var. curnowii D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3^rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

Hypnum exannulatum

Hypnum exannulatum, from here.

Belongs within: Hypnum.

Hypnum exannulatum is a relatively rigid, often purplish moss.

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Plants usually relatively compact and rigid, pinnately branched, mostly of a deep, often purplish colour, typically but less commonly green or yellowish; leaves close, strongly falcate, twisted when dry, not rigidly circinate, glossy at back, frequently striate, especially when dry, strongly hooked at tips of stem and branches, mostly longly and finely acuminate from a wide base; nerve often strong, usually purplish brown, mostly reaching nearly or quite to apex. Margin almost always denticulate, especially near base. Cells frequently short and wide, but not constantly so, the auricular usually abruptly dilated and very distinct, large, rectangular, hyaline, inflated, mostly thin-walled, forming rather large, widened, inflated conspicuous auricles, often reaching to nerve. Dioicous, rarely autoicous.

<==Hypnum exannulatum [=Amblystegium exannulatum] D24
    |--H. e. var. exannulatum [incl. H. fluitans var. pinnatum] D24
    |    |--H. e. var. e. f. exannulatum D24
    |    `--H. e. var. e. f. stenophylloides D24
    |--H. e. var. brachydictyon [=H. fluitans var. brachydictyon] D24
    |    |--H. e. var. b. f. brachydictyon D24
    |    `--H. e. var. b. f. orthophylla D24
    |--H. e. var. falcifolium (see below for synonymy) D24
    |    |--H. e. var. f. f. falcifolium D24
    |    `--H. e. var. f. f. viridis D24
    `--H. e. var. purpurascens D24

Hypnum exannulatum var. falcifolium [=H. fluitans var. falcifolium; incl. H. exannulatum var. rotae, H. exannulatum var. stenophyllum] D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

Amblystegium

Creeping feathermoss Amblystegium serpens, copyright Malcolm Storey.

Belongs within: Amblystegiaceae.

Amblystegium is a genus of mosses found in damp habitats with short cells in the leaves and without a beak on the capsule lid (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Plants of differing habit and branching, rarely pinnate. Leaves usually small, mostly more or less ovate-acuminate, usually imbricated all round stems, not complanate nor strongly falcate, frequently moderately falcato-secund; nerve single or rarely absent. Cells more or less parenchymatous, short, often less than five times as long as wide, rhomboid-hexagonal. Seta smooth; capsule narrow, more or less cylindrical, usually curved; lid conical, obtuse or apiculate, rarely more longly acuminate.

<==Amblystegium Schimp. 1853 SK02
    |--*A. serpens (Hedw.) Schimp. 1853 VH02, SK02 [=Hypnum serpens D24]
    |    |--A. s. var. serpens D24
    |    |--A. s. var. angustifolium D24
    |    `--A. s. var. salinum Carr. 1863 [incl. A. serpens var. depauperatum, A. perminimum] D24
    `--+--A. varium (Hedw.) Lindb. 1879 VH02, SK02 (see below for synonymy)
       `--+--A. fluviatile VH02 [=Hypnum fluviatile D24]
          |--A. humile VH02
          `--A. tenax VH02

Amblystegium incertae sedis:
  A. compactum [=Hypnum serpens var. compactum] D24
  A. confervoides [=Hypnum confervoides] D24
  A. curvicaule [=Hypnum curvicaule] D24
    |--A. c. var. curvicaule D24
    `--A. c. var. strictum D24
  A. hygrophilum [incl. Hypnum radicale, A. radicale] D24
  A. irriguum [=Hypnum irriguum] D24
    |--A. i. var. irriguum D24
    `--A. i. var. spinifolium D24
  A. juratzkanum D24 [=A. juratzkae D24, A. serpens var. juratzkanum M08]
  A. kochii [=A. trichopodium var. kochii] D24
  A. sprucei [=Leskea sprucei] D24
  A. subtile D24

Nomina nuda: Amblystegium austropalustre Broth. ex Watts 1899 SK02
             Amblystegium megachaete Dusén 1903 D03
             Amblystegium perhumile Müll.Hal. ex Paris 1900 SK02

Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lindb. 1879 VH02, SK02 [=Leskea varia D24, Orthotheciella varia (Hedw.) Ochyra 1998 SK02; incl. Amblystegium austrohygrophilum Broth. 1916 SK02, A. austroserpens Broth. 1915 (preoc.) SK02, A. dicranadelphus (n. n.) SK02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[VH02] Vanderpoorten, A., L. Hedenäs, C. J. Cox & A. J. Shaw. 2002. Phylogeny and morphological evolution of the Amblystegiaceae (Bryopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (1): 1–21.

Anomodontaceae

Anomodon attenuatus, photographed by Hermann Schachner.

Belongs within: Hypnales.

The Anomodontaceae are a group of mat-forming mosses with an erect, exserted capsule.

Characters (from I. Granzow-de la Cerda): Plants small to large, in dense or loose mats, glaucous, green, brown, or yellowish brown, dull. Stems creeping, sparsely to profusely branched, irregularly pinnate; paraphyllia absent. Stem and branch leaves differentiated. Stem leaves scalelike, minute; apex acute-acuminate to rounded; costa single, long, ending below apex, thick, usually pellucid, or double and short; laminal cells short. Branch leaves with costa single, ending sharply at or near apex, pellucid. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta dark to light reddish or brown, flexuose. Capsule erect, exserted; operculum conic to obliquely short-rostrate; exostome whitish yellow to pale brown, often striolate at base and papillose.

<==Anomodontaceae SK02
    |--Haplohymenium Dozy & Molk. 1846 SK02
    |--Herpetineuron (Müll.Hal.) Cardot 1905 SK02
    |    `--H. toccoae (Sull. & Lesq.) Cardot 1905 SK02
    `--Anomodon Hooker & Taylor 1818 SK02
         |--A. attenuatus VH02 [=Hypnum attenuatum D24]
         |--A. longifolius [=Pterigynandrum longifolium] D24
         |--A. pseudotristis (Müll.Hal.) Kindb. 1888 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--A. rostratus J87
         |--A. rugelli N02
         |--A. thraustus N02
         `--A. viticulosus [=Hypnum viticulosum] D24

Nomen invalidum: Anomodon brevissimus Broth. ex Bailey 1890 SK02

Anomodon pseudotristis (Müll.Hal.) Kindb. 1888 [=Haplohymenium pseudotriste (Müll.Hal.) Broth. 1907; incl. A. brevinervis, H. brevinerve] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[VH02] Vanderpoorten, A., L. Hedenäs, C. J. Cox & A. J. Shaw. 2002. Phylogeny and morphological evolution of the Amblystegiaceae (Bryopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (1): 1–21.

Orthotrichum subgenus Tenella

Orthotrichum pulchellum, from here.

Belongs within: Orthotrichaceae.

The section Tenella of the genus Orthotrichum includes mosses with recurved margins on the relatively obtuse leaves (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Leaves with recurved margins, not hair-pointed. Peristome teeth reflexed or revolute when dry. Stomata immersed.

<==Orthotrichum subg. Tenella D24
    |--O. pallens D24
    |--O. pulchellum D24
    |    |--O. p. var. pulchellum D24
    |    `--O. p. var. winteri D24
    |--O. rivulare D24
    |--O. schimperi [incl. O. fallax] D24
    |--O. sprucei D24
    |--O. stramineum [incl. O. praenubilum] D24
    |    |--O. s. var. stramineum D24
    |    `--O. s. var. patens D24
    `--O. tenellum [incl. O. prasinellum] D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.