Belongs within: Streptophyta.
Contains: Apo-Tracheophyta, Anthocerotopsida, Marchantiophyta, Bryophyta.
The clade Embryophyta contains the land plants, the dominant producers of the terrestrial environment. These organisms were able to thrive out of the water due to the retention and fertilisation of their eggs within protective structures, though less derived forms remain dependent on damp conditions for successful fertilisation. Adjacent cells are connected by junctions (plasmodesmata) perforating the cell wall. Land plants are often divided for convenience between the vascular (tracheophytes) and non-vascular (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) plants. Past classifications have used the name 'Bryophyta' to refer to all non-vascular plants, but the majority of recent authors would restrict this name to the mosses alone. There has been much debate over the exact interrelationships between the vascular and non-vascular plants. Many authors place the hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) as sister to the tracheophytes, as supported by the relationship between sporophytes and gametophytes: liverworts and mosses have the sporophyte and gametophyte separated by a placental space, usually filled with collapsed cells derived from the gametophyte, while hornworts and basal tracheophytes have the two in direct contact without a separating layer of collapsed cells (Frey et al. 2001). However, a recent large-scale molecular analysis by Wickett et al. (2014) suggested the possibility of a monophyletic clade of non-vascular plants, or a sister relationship between Anthocerotophyta and all other land plants. Fossil spores indicate that the land plants first arose during the Ordovician, with the four major living lineages possibly diverging by the end of that period. The earliest Ordovician spores, referred to as cryptospores, are most commonly associated in dyads and tetrads and characterised by the lack of trilete marks (Steemans et al. 2012). However, plant macrofossils have not yet been recovered from earlier than the Late Silurian (Bateman et al. 1998). Despite their potentially nested position, vascular plants are better represented in the early fossil record than non-vascular plants due to their higher preservation potential; unequivocal liverworts are not known from early than the Late Devonian (Bateman et al. 1998).
Embryophytes are characterised by alternation in generations between asexually-reproducing diploid sporophytes and sexually-reproducing haploid gametophytes. In liverworts, mosses and hornworts, the gametophytes are the dominant generation, and support the nutritively dependent sporophytes. In vascular plants, the sporophytes are independently growing and the dominant life stage. The Early Devonian Horneophyton is a stem-vascular plant that possessed both independently growing sporophytes and gametophytes, but did not possess the reinforced water-conducting tracheid cells of vascular plants (instead, it possessed a plesiomorphic central strand of conducting tissue that was not reinforced by thickenings). Horneophyton and vascular plants also share the production of multiple sporangia per individual. Horneophyton had terminal sporangia with a central columella (sterile section) similar to the sporangium of a hornwort.
Koeppenia eifeliensis Schweitzer 2000 is a strobilus (reproductive stalk) of uncertain affinities from the Lower Devonian of Denmark, which bore a dense arrangement of sporangiophores along its length on narrow branching stalks. Other fossils listed below include Rhabdotarachnoides simoni, originally described as an arachnid from the Lower Permian of Germany but since re-interpreted as an unidentifiable piece of plant material (Dunlop 2007). Neocystites, originally described as a cystoid echinoderm, probably represents a fragment of root (Kesling 1967).
<==Embryophyta [Acotyledones, Cormophyta, Cryptogamae, Embryobiotes, Hepatophyta] WM14
|--Pan-Tracheophyta [Polysporangiomorpha] CD07
| |--Apo-Tracheophyta WM14
| `--Horneophyton [Horneophytaceae, Horneophytales, Horneophytopsida] D98
| `--H. lignieri (Kidston & Lang) Barghoorn & Darrah 1938 C93
`--Bryata MS98
| i. s.: Cryptocoleopsis imbricata B-OO10
| Hydrocryphaea wardii B-OO10
| Prasanthus suecicus B-OO10
| Yunnanobryon rhyacophilum B-OO10
| Lobatiriccardia yunnannesis B-OO10
| Gottschelia grollei B-OO10
| Hamatostrepta concinna B-OO10
|--Anthocerotophyta [Anthocerotae] WM14
| |--Leiosporoceros Hässel 1986 [Leiosporocerotaceae, Leiosporocerotales, Leiosporocerotopsida] SC-S05
| `--Anthocerotopsida SC-S05
`--+--Marchantiophyta WM14
`--Bryophyta WM14
Embryophyta incertae sedis:
Eophyllophyton bellum K01
Sublepidodendron ZA02
|--S. mirabile ZA02
`--S. wusihense [=Lepidodendron wusihense, Eolepidodendron wusihense] CWC87
Colophospermum mopane WS02
Isoetites BO02
|--I. abundans Tosolini & McLoughlin 2002 TMD02
`--I. daharensis Barale 1999 BO02
Ptilophyllum caucasicum G10
Otozamites BO02
Eranthis hyemalis V02
Synsepalum dulcificum ZB03
Rhaciopteris busseana A38
Diplothmema subfurcatum A38
Megalopteris dawsoni A38
Sporangites acuminata A38
Pterispermostrobus bifurcatus A38
Whittleseya A38
|--W. concinna A38
`--W. dawsoniana A38
Cardiocarpon A38
|--C. baileyi A38
|--C. cornutum A38
|--C. crampi A38
`--C. obliquum A38
Asterophyllites A38
|--A. acicularis A38
|--A. equisetiformis G31
`--A. parvulus [incl. A. grandis] A38
Campsiandra laurifolia DS86
Radiola linoides [=Linum radiola] C55a
Succowia balearica [=Bunias balearica] C55a
Dentaria C55a
|--D. bulbifera C55a
`--D. enneaphylla C55a
Aretia villosa C55a
Nauenburgia thyrsiflora C55a
Cybistax antisyphilitica C55a
Nonnea ventricosa C55a
Doratanthera linearis C55a
Ramphicarpa fistulosa C55a
Anodendron paniculatum C55a
Lachnopylis oppositifolia C55a
Hugueninia tanacetifolia C55a
Adenostyles leucophylla C55a
Kernera saxatilis C55a
Petrocallis pyrenaica C55a
Orobus luteus C55a
Libanotis montana C55a
Serratula nudicaulis C55a
Betonica alopecurus C55a
Zephyritis taitensis C55a
Catabrosa aquatica [=Aira aquatica] C55a
Tristegis glutinosa C55b
Crambe C55b
|--C. hispanica C55b
|--C. maritima C55a
`--C. orientalis C55b
Cucubalus bacciferus C55b
Choerophyllum C55b
|--C. aromaticum C55b
`--C. aureum C55b
Hyssopus officinalis C55b
Blitum C55b
|--B. polymorphum C55b
`--B. virgatum C55b
Anacharis alsinastrum C55b
Ervum C55b
|--E. hirsutum C55b
`--E. lens C55b
Lappa major C55b
Ambrina D03
|--A. ambrosioides D03
`--A. botrys C55b
Agathophytum bonus-henricus [=Blitum bonus-henricus] C55b
Guilandina bonduc [incl. G. bonducella] C55b
Drepanocarpus lunatus C55b
Ecastaphyllum brownei C55b
Schwenkia americana C55b
Telanthera C55b
|--T. brasiliana C55b
|--T. frutescens C55b
`--T. maritima C55b
Poinciana pulcherrima C55b
Ptarmica alpina C55b
Piddingtonia nummularia C55b
Queria hispanica C55b
Hohenackeria bupleurifolia C55b
Vandellia crustacea C55b
Manusiris granularis C55b
Malachra C55b
|--M. capitata A73
`--M. radiata C55b
Coleus BMM99
|--C. africanus C55b
`--C. × hybridus BMM99
Micropyxis pumila [incl. Centunculus pentandrus] C55b
Elythraria fasciculata C55b
Lubinia spathulata C55b
Colea ramiflora DC. 1845 (see below for synonymy) S77
Cirrhopetalum thouarsii C55b
Riedleia concatenata C55b
Biophytum sensitivum C55b
Stachytarpha indica C55b
Buchenavia capitata SWK87
Exothea paniculata SWK87
Matayba domingensis SWK87
Laetia procera SWK87
Torrubia fragrans SWK87
Byrsonia spicata SWK87
Triphasia trifolia SWK87
Ventarura lyonii FT05
Enterolobium I-BH-O10
|--E. cyclocarpum F55
`--E. timbouva I-BH-O10
Glenniea philippinensis P88
Dryobalanops aromatica P88
Anthocephalus Pau03
|--A. cadamba Pau03
`--A. chinensis P88
Adinandra dumosa P88
Ploarium alternifolium P88
Meliopsis usambarensis RS99
Paris quadrifolia D51
Procopiana insularis S98
Gymnocarpos decander AGF98
Anabasis articulata AGF98
Dinebra retroflexa GR98
Guiera senegalensis HK98
Boscia HK98
|--B. angustifolia HK98
`--B. senegalensis HK98
Leptosema chambersii SM90
Tapeinia CL85
|--T. magellanica D03
`--T. pumila CL85
Rhabdotarachnoides Haupt 1957 Du07, H57
`--*R. simoni Haupt 1957 H57
Caia BC98
Albertia Schimper in Voltz 1837 FT93
Swida australis CK05
Nanophyton erinaceus TLT98
Chlidanophyton Gensel 1973 G97
Sterulia longiflora J06
Champereia manillana J06
Aequitriradites VB02
|--A. hispidus VB02
|--A. spinulosus VB02
`--A. verrucosus VB02
Biretisporites potoniaei Delcourt & Sprumont 1955 YB02
Foraminisporis TMD02
|--F. asymmetricus VB02
|--F. tribulosus VB02
`--F. wonthaggiensis TMD02
Pilosisporites notensis TMD02
Foveosporites canalis Balme 1957 YB02
Gabonisporis YB02
|--G. cristata (Stanley) Sweet 1986 YB02
|--G. labyrinthus Srivastava 1972 YB02
`--G. vigourouxii Boltenhagen 1967 YB02
Hamulatisporis YB02
|--H. amplus Stanley 1965 YB02
`--H. hamulatis Krutzsch 1959 YB02
Intertriletes scrobiculatus Anderson 1960 YB02
Klukisporites YB02
|--K. foveolatus Pocock 1964 YB02
|--K. punctatus Venkatachala 1969 YB02
|--K. scaberis VB02
|--K. variegatus VB02
`--K. venkatachalae VB02
Lusatisporites dettmanniae (Drugg) Srivastava 1972 YB02
Osmundacidites YB02
|--O. minutus VB02
`--O. wellmanii Couper 1953 YB02
Retitriletes YB02
|--R. circolumenus VB02
`--R. nidus Srivastava 1972 YB02
Triporoletes YB02
|--T. asper Srivastava 1972 YB02
|--T. cenomanianus (Agasie) Srivastava 1977 YB02
|--T. radiatus (Dettmann) Playford 1971 YB02
|--T. reticulatus (Pocock) Playford 1971 YB02
`--T. simplex VB02
Alsophilidites bellus VB02
Concavisporites crassus VB02
Concavissimisporites VB02
|--C. apiverrucata VB02
|--C. kutchensis VB02
|--C. penolaensis VB02
|--C. variverrucosus VB02
`--C. verrucosus VB02
Contignisporites VB02
|--C. cooksoniae VB02
|--C. fornicatus VB02
|--C. glebulentus VB02
`--C. multimuratus VB02
Cooksonites variabilis VB02
Murospora florida VB02
Impardecispora VB02
|--I. apiverrucata VB02
`--I. indica VB02
Lycopodiacidites VB02
|--L. asperatus VB02
|--L. dettmanniae VB02
`--L. keupperi DV06
Foveotriletes parviretus VB02
Neoraistrickia truncata VB02
Equisetosporites VB02
|--E. concinnus VB02
|--E. eocensis VB02
|--E. virginiaensis VB02
`--E. volutus (Stanley 1965) Farabee & Canright 1986 ChrPr02
Santhalisporites imperfectus VB02
Januasporites spiniferus VB02
Schizaeoisporites eocenicus VB02
Undulatisporites pannuceus VB02
Callispora potoniei VB02
Podosporites VB02
|--P. microsaccatus VB02
`--P. tripakshi VB02
Lametatriletes indicus VB02
Ceratosporites VB02
|--C. equalis VB02
`--C. helidonensis VB02
Microcachryidites antarcticus VB02
Duplexisporites problematicus VB02
Polycingulatisporites crenulatus VB02
Baculatisporites comaumensis VB02
Matonisporis cooksoniae VB02
Stereisporites pocockii VB02
Callialasporites VB02
|--C. dampieri VB02
`--C. turbatus VB02
Boseisporites insignites VB02
Taurocusporites segmentatus VB02
Obtusisporis yarragadensis VB02
Dettmannites attenuarus VB02
Biformaesporites baculosus VB02
Triletes tuberculiformis VB02
Staplinisporites imperfectus VB02
Microreticulatisporites uniformis VB02
Coniatisporites haradensis VB02
Densoisporites mesozoicus VB02
Crassimonoletes surangei VB02
Dictyotosporites complex VB02
Appendicisporites bilateralis VB02
Carolinapollis Christopher & Prowell 2002 ChrPr02
`--*C. triangularis Christopher & Prowell 2002 ChrPr02
Holkopollenites Fairchild in Stover, Elsik & Fairchild 1966 ChrPr02
|--*H. chemardensis Fairchild in Stover, Elsik & Fairchild 1966 ChrPr02
`--H. irregularis Christopher & Prowell 2002 ChrPr02
Striaperipollis Krutzsch 1966 ChrPr02
`--*S. gracilistriatus Krutzsch 1966 ChrPr02
Interpollis supplingensis (Pflug) Krutzsch 1960 ChrPr02
Plicatopollis cretacea Frederiksen & Christopher 1978 ChrPr02
Longaevipollis Khlonova 1961 ChrPr02
|--*L. sibiricus Khlonova 1961 ChrPr02
|--L. fortis Christopher & Prowell 2002 ChrPr02
`--L. subtilis Christopher & Prowell 2002 ChrPr02
Trisectoris costatus Tschudy 1970 ChrPr02
Osculapollis aequalis Tschudy 1975 ChrPr02
Libopollis jarzenii Farabee, Daghlian et al. 1984 ChrPr02
Monocirculopollis Krutzsch 1966 ChrPr02
Orapollis Krutzsch 1966 ChrPr02
Vaclavipollis Krutzsch 1966 ChrPr02
Vancampopollenites Kedves & Pittau 1976 ChrPr02
Gomphrenipollis Anzotegui & Cuadrado 1996 ChrPr02
Iberipollis Krutzsch 1966 ChrPr02
Papillipollis Pflug 1953 ChrPr02
Cingutriletes clavus VB02
Coptospora VB02
|--C. microgranulosa VB02
`--C. paradoxa (Cookson & Dettmann) Dettmann 1963 RC02
Cyclosporites hughesii (Cookson & Dettmann 1958) Cookson & Dettmann 1959 RC02
Perinopollenites elatoides Couper 1958 RC02
Droseridites senonicus VH02
Gnetaceaepollenites diversus VH02
Maravenites Muller, de Di Giacomo & Van Erve 1987 ChrPr02
Reticulatisporites pudens VB02
Ruffordiaspora VB02
|--R. australiensis VB02
`--R. ludbrookiae VB02
Rugotriletes costatus (Dijkstra) Potonié 1956 TMD02
Tholisporites chulus W97
Aulisporites artigmosus DDL04
Camnosporites secatus DDL04
Duplicisporites DDL04
|--D. granulatus (Leschik 1956) DV06
`--D. verrucosus (Leschik 1956) DV06
Enzonalasporites DDL04
|--E. densus DDL04
|--E. ignacii DDL04
`--E. vigens Leschik 1956 DV06
Samaropollenites speciosus DDL04
Narenga porphorycoma BTT02
Cardiopteridium spitsbergense ZP86
Koeppenia Schweitzer 2000 Sc00
`--*K. eifeliensis Schweitzer 2000 Sc00
Sartilmania jabachensis Sc00
Halocarpus RL96
|--H. bidwillii RL96
`--H. biformis W91
Leonohebe mooreae W91
Pilosella officinale PAE98
Houstonia purpurea EBS98
Trichogoniopsis adenantha M-FR08
Chrysodium lanzeanum S89
Plenasium lignitum S89
Benizia calopteris S89
Graevia crenata S89
Apeibopsis gaudinii S89
Balthasaria schliebenii DL94
Gynotroches axillaris C78
Teysmanniodendron bogoriense C78
Intsia bijuga C78
Guevina avellana D03
Mitraria coccinea D03
Asteranthera chiloensis D03
Sarmienta repens D03
Decostea D03
|--D. racemosa D03
`--D. ruscifolia D03
Rhaphithamnus cyanocarpus D03
Myoschilos oblongus D03
Schoenodon chilensis D03
Saxegothea conspicua D03
Susarium segethi D03
Hebenstretia angolensis B06
Laurofillum JD05
|--L. acutimontanum JD05
`--L. pseudoprinceps JD05
Viscophyllum weylandii JD05
Icaciniphyllum artocarpites JD05
Hamatophyton verticillatum CWC87
Lepidostrobophyllum fimbriatum CWC87
Neocystites Barrande 1887 [=Neocystis Bather 1889] K67
Piptadenia buchananii W86
Hopoea odorata B88
Symphiocarpos B75
|--S. occidentalis B75
`--S. orbiculatus B75
Drepanostachyum intermedium Da07
Maotia puya Da07
Alcimandra cathcartii Da07
Bonnamia latifolia Par03
Loricaria columbiana R96
Hesperomeles ferruginea R96
Neurolepis arista R96
Amphipterygium adstringens G69
Calycotome RBA00
|--C. spinosa C74
`--C. villosa RBA00
Mariopteris R79
|--M. muricata G31
`--M. pygmea R79
Lagarostrobos SN08
|--L. colensoi RL96
`--L. franklanii SN08
Befaria racemosa M83
Hepatica transsilvanica H09
Pituranthus triradiatus HF03
Dubautia linearis MK08
Fagaropsis angolensis E09
Stricklandia Buckman 1845 AB65
Megalodonta beckii B97
Crysophila guagara BM76
Paranymphaea crassifola OB13
Stranvaesia niitakayamensis ChuPe02
Guazuma tomentosa B14
Thyrsopteris [Thyrsopteridaceae] P-GR14
`--T. elegans P-GR14
Pringlea antiscorbutica SBG97
Petalostylis labicheoides ML13
Moerua rigida CS77
Antenostoma fasciculatum BT72
Brickiella californica BT72
Hammada L98
|--H. salicornica L98
`--H. scoparia L98
Anvillea garcini L98
Rhacophyllum coriaceum R87
Noeggerathiopsis S87
|--N. aequalis G31
|--N. media S87
|--N. prisca S87
`--N. spathulata S87
Armeniaca RJ11
|--A. sibirica RJ11
`--A. vulgaris TW07
Peritoma serrulatum R35
Camphora officinalis C70
Gonioma kamassi P65
Lepidophyllum RJ11
|--L. lanceolatum G31
`--L. quadrangulare RJ11
Thalia geniculata F11
Pullea stutzeri WO95
Coleospermum paniculatum WO95
Galax aphylla R56
Cheilotetras caledonica Wellman & Richardson 1993 SP12
Tetrahedraletes Strother & Traverse 1979 SP12
`--T. medinensis (Strother & Traverse) Wellman & Richardson 1993 SP12
Rimosotetras problematica Burgess 1991 SP12
Imperfectotriletes Steemans et al. 2000 SP12
|--I. patinatus Steemans et al. 2000 SP12
`--I. varvdovae (Richardson) Steemans et al. 2000 SP12
Pseudodyadospora laevigata Johnson 1985 SP12
Gneudnaspora divellomedia (Chibrikova) Balme 1988 [=Laevolancis divellomedia] SP12
|--G. d. var. divellomedia SP12
`--G. d. var. minor Breuer et al. 2007 [=Laevolancis divellomedia var. minor] SP12
Laevolancis chibrikovae Steemans et al. 2000 [=Gneudnaspora chibrikovae] SP12
Dyadospora Strother & Traverse 1979 SP12
|--D. murusattenuata Strother & Traverse 1979 SP12
`--D. murusdensa Strother & Traverse 1979 SP12
Abditusdyadus Wellman & Richardson 1996 SP12
`--A. laevigatus Wellman & Richardson 1996 SP12
Acontotetras inconspicuis Richardson 1996 SP12
Ancyrospora ancyrea Richardson 1964 SP12
Archaeozonotriletes chulusnanus Steemans et al. 1996 SP12
Artemopyra Burgess & Richardson 1991 SP12
`--A. brevicosta Burgess & Richardson 1991 SP12
Breconisporites Richardson et al. 1982 SP12
Chelinohilates Richardson 1996 SP12
`--C. erraticus Richardson 1996 SP12
Chelinospora Allen 1965 SP12
|--C. cantabrica Richardson et al. 2001 SP12
|--C. cassicula Richardson & Lister 1969 SP12
`--C. poecilomorpha (Richardson & Ioannides) Richardson et al. 2001 SP12
Clivosispora verrucata McGregor & Camfield 1976 SP12
|--C. v. var. verrucata SP12
`--C. v. var. convoluta McGregor & Camfield 1976 SP12
Coronaspora Rodríguez 1978 SP12
`--C. cromatica Jansonius & Hills 1979 SP12
Cymbohilates Richardson 1996 SP12
|--C. baqaensis Breuer et al. 2007 SP12
|--C. cymosus Richardson 1996 SP12
`--C. disponerus Richardson 1996 SP12
Cymbosporites Allen 1965 SP12
|--C. dammamensis Steemans 1995 SP12
|--C. proteus McGregor & Camfield 1976 SP12
`--C. stellospinosus Steemans 1989 SP12
Dictyotriletes Naumova ex Ischchenko 1952 SP12
`--D. subgranifer McGregor 1973 SP12
Hispanaediscus Cramer 1966 SP12
`--H. verrucatus (Cramer) Burgess & Richardson 1991 SP12
Hystricosporites McGregor 1960 SP12
Rugosisporites Dufka 1995 SP12
Scylaspora Burgess & Richardson 1995 SP12
Segestrespora Burgess 1991 SP12
|--S. laevigata Burgess 1991 SP12
`--S. membranifera (Johnson) Burgess 1991 SP12
Stegambiquadrella contenta Johnson 1985 SP12
Velatitetras Burgess 1991 SP12
|--V. laevigata Burgess 1991 SP12
`--V. retimembrana (Miller & Eames 1982) Wellman & Richardson 1996 SP12
Zonotriletes Luber & Walts 1938 SP12
Bathurstia Hueber 1972 SP12
Estinnophyton Fairon-Demaret 1978 SP12
Hollandophyton Rogerson et al. 2002 SP12
Junggaria Dou & Sun 1983 SP12
Metacladophyton Wang & Geng 1997 SP12
Cirratriradites diaphanus Steemans 1989 SP12
Sphaerasaccus glabellus Steemans et al. 2000 SP12
Amicosporites streelii Steemans 1989 SP12
Brochotriletes foveolatus Naumova 1953 SP12
Latosporites ovalis Breuer et al. 2007 SP12
Camarozonotriletes sextantii McGregor & Camfield 1976 SP12
Samarisporites triangulatus Allen 1965 SP12
Lophozonotriletes media Taugourdeau-Lantz 1967 SP12
Cyatheacidites annulatus V12
Cibotiidites tuberculiformis V12
Peromonolites bowenii V12
Dacrydiumites praecupressinoides V12
Dodartia orientalis Si00
Echinopanax Si00
|--E. elatum Si00
`--E. horridum C52
Turraeanthus africana Si00
Atamisquea emarginata BT87
Trixus californicus BT87
Viquiera stenoloba BT87
Pleioblastus chino TM96
Acanthyllis tragacanthoides B28
Traganum nudatum B28
Amberboa lippii B28
Koniga maritima B28
Triticosecale rimpani PS96
Apollonias barbujana BBO02
Eubotryoides grayana BBO02
Acalyptospora Desm. 1848 (n. d.) KC01
Rhodocolea racemosa [incl. Bignonia compressa Lank 1785, Colea decora DC. 1845] S77
|--R. r. var. racemosa S77
`--R. r. var. humblotiana [incl. Colea aberrans Baill. 1889] S77
Dichrotrichum ternateum [=Bignonia ternatea Reinw. ex De Vriese 1858 (n. n.)] S77
Thaumatococcus daniellii W92
Discoreophyllum cumminsii W92
Pelucha trifida MF68
Corsinipollenites thiergartii WPL96
Anapiculatisporites largus WT04
Tripartites vetustus PSC99
Rotaspora fracta PSC99
Raistrickia nigra PSC99
Triquitrites marginatus PSC99
Schulzospora campyloptera PSC99
Lycospora pusilla PSC99
Leptotoma G10
|--L. lenaensis G10
`--L. prynardii G10
Chaja ivorensis K68
Cupuliferoidaepollenites liblarensis P92
Ulmipollenites undulosus P92
Palaeostachya arborescens G31
Pinnularia columnaris G31
Semaropsis fluitans G31
Stachannularia tuberculata G31
Collipseridium dawsonianum G31
Cardiocarpus boulayi G31
Lonchopteris alata G31
Callipteridium G31
|--C. koraiensis G31
`--C. pteridium G31
Callipteris G31
|--C. conferta G31
|--C. crassinervis G31
`--C. murenensis G31
Mixoneura subcrenata G31
Lagenospermum oblongum G31
Annulariopsis inopinata G31
Chiropteris reniformis G31
Conchophyllum richthofeni G31
Neurogangamopteris cardiopteroides G31
Caenodendron primaevum G31
Equisetites mirabilis G31
Mesopitys tschichatschewi G31
Psygmophyllum mongolicum G31
Glottophyllum cuneatum G31
Canthiumidites bellus OW01
Monotocidites galeatus OW01
Wittania somnifera A73
Nomina nuda: Chrysodium doriae Squinabol 1889 S89
Nassauvia dusenii Hoffm. in Dusén 2003 D03
Colea ramiflora DC. 1845 [=Bignonia ramiflora Decne 1834; incl. B. colei Don 1838, Colea colei Green 1826, C. timorensis ms] S77
*Type species of generic name indicated
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Markup Key:
- <b>bold</b> = bold
- <i>italic</i> = italic
- <a href="http://www.fieldofscience.com/">FoS</a> = FoS