Asteroideae

Climbing hempvine Mikania scandens, copyright Forest & Kim Starr.

Belongs within: Asteraceae.
Contains: Erechtites, Senecio, Othonninae, Calenduleae, Gnaphalieae, Astereae, Anthemideae, Inuleae, Plucheeae, Helenieae, Coreopsideae, Chaenactis, Heliantheae, Madia, Eupatorium, Brickellia.

The Asteroideae is a major clade within the composite-flowered plants, a major characteristic of which is the presence of true ray florets in many species. Around 3000 species within the Asteroideae are placed in the tribe Senecioneae, characterised by a well-developed pappus of simple or plumose hairs, and flattened, more or less truncate style-arms (Allan 1961). The Athroismeae have disciform, usually whitish heads whose flowers bear caudate anthers and whose achenes have a pappus of a crown of twin trichomes or fused squamellae (Panero & Funk 2002). The Eupatorieae are a primarily New World group with discoid heads, more or less filiform styles and usually terete to clavate style branches.

Synapomorphies (from www.mobot.org): Sesquiterpene lactones at biogenetic levels 3 and 4, benzopyrans, benzofurans present; ray florets common, female, disc florets with corolla shallowly lobed, perfect; anthers often ecalcarate and usually ecaudate; pollen 25.0-34.3 µm in diameter, colpus ends acute, exine 2.3-4.2 µm across, with a double tectum; style hairs often rounded, only more or less at style tip, stigmatic areas in two marginal bands; n = (4-)9-10(-19); rbcL 6bp x 4 inversion.

<==Asteroideae [Helianthoideae, Inuloideae]
    |  i. s.: Psilostrophe KJ94
    |           |--P. cooperi H93
    |           `--P. tagetina BTA75
    |--Senecioneae [Senecionideae] PF02
    |    |  i. s.: Blennosperma T00
    |    |           |--B. bakeri H93
    |    |           `--B. nanum H93
    |    |                |--B. n. var. nanum H93
    |    |                `--B. n. var. robustum H93
    |    |         Crassocephalum H03
    |    |           |--C. coeruleum CV06
    |    |           `--C. crepidioides MH98
    |    |         Erechtites A61
    |    |         Traversia Hooker 1864 A61
    |    |           `--*T. baccharoides Hooker 1864 [incl. Senecio geminatus Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |         Brachyglottis Forster & Forster 1776 A61
    |    |           |--*B. repanda Forster & Forster 1776 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |           |    |--B. r. var. repanda A61
    |    |           |    |--B. r. var. arborescens (Oliver) Allan 1961 [=B. arborescens Oliver 1948] A61
    |    |           |    `--B. r. var. rangiora (Buchan.) Allan 1961 [=B. rangiora Buchan. 1882] A61
    |    |           |--B. adamsii W91
    |    |           |--B. belidioides W91
    |    |           |    |--B. b. var. bellidioides W91
    |    |           |    `--B. b. var. crassa W91
    |    |           `--B. buchanani W91
    |    |         Melalema S06
    |    |         Culcitium S06
    |    |--Senecio BR65
    |    `--Othonninae BR65
    `--+--+--Calenduleae PF02
       |  `--+--Gnaphalieae PF02
       |     `--+--Astereae PF02
       |        `--Anthemideae PF02
       `--+--+--Inuleae PF02
          |  `--Plucheeae PF02
          `--+--Athroismeae PF02
             |    |--Athroisma de Candolle 1883 PF02
             |    |--Blepharispermum PF02
             |    `--Leucoblepharis PF02
             `--+--Helenieae PF02
                `--+--Coreopsideae PF02
                   `--+--+--Neurolaeneae PF02
                      |  |    |--Neurolaena lobata J87
                      |  |    `--Calea N10
                      |  |        |--C. dalyi G09
                      |  |        `--C. pinifolia Forster 1786 (n. d.) A61
                      |  `--+--Tagetes TS03 [Tageteae PF02]
                      |     |    |--T. erecta [incl. T. patula] H93
                      |     |    `--T. minuta B00
                      |     `--+--Chaenactis PF02
                      |        `--Bahia H93 [Bahieae PF02]
                      |             `--B. dissecta H93
                      `--+--Polymnia Linnaeus 1751 [Polymnieae, Polymniinae] PF02
                         |    `--P. pyramidalis OB11
                         `--+--Heliantheae PF02
                            `--+--Milleria L. 1753 KC01 [Millerieae PF02]
                               `--+--Madia PF02
                                  `--+--Perityle H93 [Perityleae PF02]
                                     |    |--P. emoryi H93
                                     |    |--P. inyoensis [=Laphamia inyoensis] H93
                                     |    |--P. megalocephala [=Laphamia megalocephala] H93
                                     |    |    |--P. m. var. megalocephala H93
                                     |    |    `--P. m. var. oligophylla H93
                                     |    `--P. villosa [=Laphamia villosa] H93
                                     `--Eupatorieae [Eupatoriaceae] PF02
                                          |--Eupatorium GJ09
                                          |--Ophryosporus N10
                                          |--Gymnocoronis S06
                                          |--Adenostemma lavenia S06, LK14
                                          |--Alomia [incl. Lycapsus] S06
                                          |--Stevia S06
                                          |--Kanimia S06
                                          |--Brickellia N10
                                          |--Chromolaena N10
                                          |    |--C. odorata N10
                                          |    `--C. squalida W03
                                          |--Ageratum C06
                                          |    |--A. conyzoides MM96
                                          |    `--A. houstonianum M65
                                          |--Ageratina N10
                                          |    |--A. adenophora [=Eupatorium adenophorum] H93
                                          |    |--A. altissima N10
                                          |    |--A. herbacea [=Eupatorium herbaceum] H93
                                          |    |--A. occidentalis [=Eupatorium occidentale] H93
                                          |    |--A. riparia H06
                                          |    `--A. shastensis [=Eupatorium shastense] H93
                                          `--Mikania [incl. Willoughbya] S06
                                               |--M. batatifolia M83
                                               |--M. cordata W03
                                               |--M. cyanosma J87
                                               |--M. dissecta J87
                                               |--M. hotteana J87
                                               |--M. micrantha W03
                                               |--M. rhomboidea J87
                                               |--M. scandens MM96
                                               `--M. tripartita J87

*Brachyglottis repanda Forster & Forster 1776 [incl. Cineraria repanda Forster 1786; incl. Senecio (Brachyglottis) forsteri Hooker 1853, S. georgii Endl. 1836] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae-Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[GJ09] Gagné, R. J., & M. Jaschhof. 2009. Cecidomyiidae (gall midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 293–314. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G09] Goyder, D. J. 2009. Blepharodon crabronum (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae), a new species from the pre-Cambrian serranias of eastern Bolivia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 179–181.

[H03] Hancock, D. L. 2003. The status and relationships of Terpnodesma Munro and establishment of the new tribe Axiothaumini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae). African Entomology 11 (1): 143–145.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KJ94] Kim, K.-J., & R. K. Jansen. 1994. Comparisons of phylogenetic hypotheses among different data sets in dwarf dandelions (Krigia, Asteraceae): additional information from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution 190: 157–185.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[OB11] Orenstein, R. I., & D. Brewer. 2011. Family Cardinalidae (cardinals). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 330–427. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[TS03] Tremetsberger, K., T. F. Stuessy, Y.-P. Guo, C. M. Baeza, H. Weiss & R. M. Samuel. 2003. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) variation within and among populations of Hypochaeris acaulis (Asteraceae) of Andean southern South America. Taxon 52: 237–245.

[W03] Waterhouse, B. M. 2003. Know your enemy: recent records of potentially serious weeds in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua (Indonesia). Telopea 10 (1): 477–485.

[W91] Williams, P. A. 1991. Subalpine and alpine vegetation of granite ranges in western Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 29: 317–330.

Last updated: 28 March 2020.

Heliantheae

Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta, copyright Matt Lavin.

Belongs within: Asteroideae.
Contains: Helianthus, Verbesininae, Ambrosiinae.

The Heliantheae are a group of composite-flowered plants distinguished by their scaled receptacles and (usually) stiff pappuses. Molecular studies indicate the presence of two major clades within the Heliantheae; interestingly, the morphologically similar genera Montanoa and Rojasianthe, sharing such characters as chromosome number, opposite phyllotaxy, accrescent pales, blackish disc corollas and neutral ray flowers with white corollas, are each placed basally on oppposite clades (Panero & Funk 2002). Montanoa is a genus of trees, shrubs and vines found in South and Central America. Other members of the Heliantheae include the coneflowers of the genus Rudbeckia, native to North America with some species being cultivated for their showy flower with contrasting golden rays and black disc. Zinnia species are native to dry regions of North and South America and have solitary, often colourful, long-stemmed flowers. The Ecliptinae are found in the Old World and North America, particularly in arid habitats, and have radiate or discoid heads and usually persistent pappi, most commonly of scales.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Receptacle with chaffy scales; involucral bracts without scarious margins; heads mostly heterogamous-radiate; pappus of scales, awns or stiff plumose bristles, rarely absent; style-branches flattish, not truncate; leaves often opposite.

<==Heliantheae
    |--+--Montanoa PF02
    |  |    |--M. bipinnatifida Z02
    |  |    |--M. hibiscifolia H06
    |  |    |--M. liebmannii PF02
    |  |    `--M. pteropoda PF02
    |  `--Ecliptinae PF02
    |       |--Salmea PF02
    |       |--Melanthera niver N10, G38
    |       |--Lasianthaea N10
    |       `--Eclipta BR65
    |            |--E. erecta C55
    |            |--E. platyglossa BR65
    |            `--E. prostrata [incl. E. alba] H93
    `--+--Rojasianthe Standley & Steyermark 1940 [Rojasianthinae] PF02
       `--+--Zaluzania YY22 [Zaluzaniinae PF02]
          |--Engelmaniinae PF02
          |--Helianthus PF02
          |--Verbesininae PF02
          |--Ambrosiinae PF02
          |--Zinnia M99 [Zinniinae PF02]
          |    |--Z. acerosa BT87
          |    |--Z. elegans M99
          |    |--Z. grandiflora C01
          |    `--Z. pumila BTA75
          `--Rudbeckia H93 [Rudbeckiinae PF02]
               |--R. californica H93
               |    |--R. c. var. californica H93
               |    |--R. c. var. glauca H93
               |    `--R. c. var. intermedia H93
               |--R. hirta H93
               |    |--R. h. var. hirta H93
               |    `--R. h. var. pulcherrima H93
               `--R. occidentalis H93

Heliantheae incertae sedis:
  Spilanthes paniculata PF02, BB07
  Galinsoga [Galinsoginae] BR65
    |--G. parviflora BR65
    `--G. quadriradiata H93
  Otopappus N10
  Perymenium N10
  Aspilia eenii N10, CV06
  Heliomeris N10
    |--H. hispida [incl. Viguiera ciliata] H93
    `--H. multiflora H93
         |--H. m. var. multiflora H93
         `--H. m. var. nevadensis [=Viguiera multiflora var. nevadensis] H93
  Synedrella nodiflora N10
  Borrichia frutescens N10
  Espeletia hartwegiana N10, R96
    |--E. h. var. hartwegiana R96
    `--E. h. var. centroandina R96
  Smallanthus N10
  Guizotia abyssinica M99
  Lagascea angustifolia S06, BTA75
  Stachycephalum S06
  Acanthospermum hispidum S06, LK14
  Parthenium S06
    |--P. hysterophorus PP07
    `--P. incanum BT72
  Podanthus S06
  Sanvitalia abertii S06, H93
  Jaegeria S06
  Enhydra fluctuans S06, KLG05
  Eleuteranthera S06
  Zexmenia S06
  Oyedaea S06
  Vigueira S06
  Flourensia cernua S06, MB86
  Encelia S06
    |--E. actoni [=E. virginensis ssp. actoni] H93
    |--E. californica H93
    |--E. farinosa [incl. E. farinosa var. phenicodonta] H93
    |--E. frutescens H93
    `--E. virginensis H93
  Chaenocephalus S06
  Synedrellopsis S06
  Heterospermum S06
  Thelesperma megapotamicum S06, H93
  Isostigma S06
  Chrysanthellum S06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[BT72] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1972. New species and further notes on the Tetranychoidea mostly from the southwestern United States (Acarina: Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 116: 1–37.

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C01] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1901. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—X. Observations on bees collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico, and in the adjacent mountains. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 125–131.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KLG05] Kumar, S., J. Lal & P. Gupta. 2005. Ricciocarpos Corda (Hepaticae) from Maldah district, West Bengal: a new generic record for Gangetic Plain. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 131–132.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.

[R96] Righi, G. 1996. Colombian earthworms. Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems 4: 485–607.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[Z02] Zhang, Z.-Q. 2002. Taxonomy of Tetranychus ludeni (Acari: Tetranychidae) in New Zealand and its ecology on Sechium edule. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 27–34.

Last updated: 22 March 2020.

Plucheeae

Epaltes australis, photographed by Ian Sutton.

Belongs within: Asteroideae.

The Plucheeae is a group of composite-flowered plants distinguished by their flowers with filiform style-branches. A number of species of the pantropical to warm temperate genus Pluchea are known as camphorweeds or sourbushes owing to their strong odour.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965, as Plucheinae): Style-branches filiform, stigmatic on inner side, beset with collecting hairs downwards to below place of division; heads heterogamous-discoid, female flowers usually with minute ligules or none; bisexual flowers often sterile with shortly bifid or entire styles; receptacle naked.

<==Plucheeae [Plucheinae]
    |--Cratystylis Moore 1905 BR65
    |    `--C. conocephala [=Olearia conocephala von Mueller 1886, Pluchea conocephala von Mueller 1887] BR65
    |--Sphaeranthus BR65
    |    |--S. africanus LK14
    |    |--S. indicus [incl. S. hirtus] BR65
    |    `--S. wattii CV06
    |--Epaltes BR65
    |    |--E. australis BR65
    |    |--E. brasiliensis C55
    |    |--E. cunninghamii BR65
    |    |--E. divaricata BR65
    |    `--E. tatei BR65
    |--Pterigeron BR65
    |    |--P. adscendens BR65
    |    |--P. cylindriceps BR65
    |    |--P. dentatifolius BR65
    |    |--P. liatroides BR65
    |    `--P. odorus BR65
    |--Pterocaulon Elliot 1824 [incl. Monenteles Labillardière 1824-1825] BR65
    |    |--P. glandulosum BR65
    |    |--P. globuliflorum LK14
    |    |--P. niveum LK14
    |    |--P. serrulatum LK14
    |    |--P. sphacelatum BR65
    |    |--P. sphaeranthoides LK14
    |    `--P. verbascifolium LK14
    `--Pluchea BR65
         |--P. camphorata G05
         |--P. dentex [incl. P. rubelliflora var. major] BR65
         |--P. ferdinandi-muelleri LK14
         |--P. odorata S69
         |--P. purpurascens S69
         |--P. rosea M83
         |--P. rubelliflora (von Mueller) Druce 1917 (see below for synonymy) BR65
         |--P. sericea H93
         |--P. symphytifolia J87
         `--P. tetranthera LK14

Pluchea rubelliflora (von Mueller) Druce 1917 [=Eyrea rubelliflora von Mueller 1852; incl. P. eyrea von Mueller 1859] BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[G05] Grissell, E. E. 2005. A review of North American species of Microdontomerus Crawford (Torymidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 22–65.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.

[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.

Last updated: 2 December 2018.

Lauraceae

Ceylon cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum, from here.

Belongs within: Laurales.

The Lauraceae are a pantropical group of often aromatic flowering plants including mostly shrubs and trees. Commercially significant species include the bay tree Laurus nobilis, avocado Persea americana and cinnamon Cinnamomum species. The genus Cinnamomum also includes the camphor laurel C. camphora, whose aromatic wood is used to repel insects. Some species of the genus Ocotea, such as the black stinkwood O. bullata of South Africa, have wood that releases an unpleasant odour when cut though the timber of the latter species is highly prized once cured. Members of the genus Sassafras are deciduous; the North American species Sassafras albidum was historically used to flavour root beer, though 'sassafras oil' is now more commonly derived from other species of Lauraceae. Members of the genera Neolitsea and Litsea have inflorescences surrounded by large bracts that persist at least until the flowers open. The genus Cassytha comprises parasitic, largely non-photosynthetic vines with minute, scale-like leaves commonly known as 'dodder laurels' in reference to their strong superficial resemblance to the unrelated dodders of the genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae).

The fossil record of the Lauraceae extends back to the Cenomanian epoch of the early Late Cretaceous where they are represented by preserved flowers and leaves (Collinson et al. 1993).

Characters (from H. van der Werff): Shrubs to tall trees, evergreen or rarely deciduous (Cassytha a parasitic vine with leaves reduced to scales), usually aromatic. Leaves alternate, rarely whorled or opposite, simple, without stipules, petiolate. Leaf blade: unlobed (unlobed or lobed in Sassafras), margins entire, occasionally with domatia (crevices or hollows serving as lodging for mites) in axils of main lateral veins (in Cinnamomum). Inflorescences in axils of leaves or deciduous bracts, panicles (rarely heads), racemes, compound cymes, or pseudoumbels (spikes in Cassytha), sometimes enclosed by decussate bracts. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, bisexual only, or staminate and pistillate on different plants, or staminate and bisexual on some plants, pistillate and bisexual on others; flowers usually yellow to greenish or white, rarely reddish; hypanthium well developed, resembling calyx tube, tepals and stamens perigynous; tepals 6(-9), in 2(-3) whorls of 3, sepaloid, equal or rarely unequal, if unequal then usually outer 3 smaller than inner 3 (occasionally absent in Litsea); stamens (3-)9(-12), in whorls of 3, but 1 or more whorls frequently staminodial or absent; stamens of 3d whorl with 2 glands near base; anthers 2- or 4-locular, locules opening by valves; pistil 1, 1-carpellate; ovary 1-locular; placentation basal; ovule 1; stigma subsessile, discoid or capitate. Fruits drupes, drupe borne on pedicel with or without persistent tepals at base, or seated in ± deeply cup-shaped receptacle (cupule), or enclosed in accrescent floral tube. Seed 1; endosperm absent.

<==Lauraceae
    |--Eusideroxylon zwageri K03
    |--Ampelodaphne YY22
    |--Hypodaphnis YY22
    |--Paxiodendron YY22
    |--Iteadaphne YY22
    |--Polyadenia YY22
    |--Aydendron YY22
    |--Ravensara YY22
    |--Parabenzoin praecox [=Lindera praecox] LO98
    |--Dahlgrenodendron FPC04
    |--Laurocarpum JD05
    |--Nothaphoebe umbelliflora (Bl.) Bl. 1851 (see below for synonymy) G06
    |--Alseodaphne hainanensis G06
    |--Machilus khasyana G06
    |--Umbellularia californica [incl. U. californica var. fresnensis] H93
    |--Daphnophyllum fraasii Heer 1869 CBH93
    |--Trianthera P92
    |--Daphnogene Unger 1850 HL08
    |    |--D. cinnamomifolia HL08
    |    `--D. lanceolata HL08
    |--Actinodaphne YY22
    |    |--A. angustifolia [incl. A. hookeri] BS07
    |    `--A. pseudogermarii JD05
    |--Sassafras YY22
    |    |--S. albidum C96
    |    `--S. ferretianum S89
    |--Lindera Thunb. 1783 KC01
    |    |--L. benzoin P93
    |    |--L. pipericarpa K03
    |    `--L. pulcherrima D07
    |--Laurophyllum Goeppert 1854 HL08
    |    |--L. knauense JD05
    |    |--L. lomatolepis Rüffle, Müller-Stoll & Litke 1976 HL08
    |    `--L. syncarpifolium JD05
    |--Neolitsea DS04
    |    |--N. australiensis B00a
    |    |--N. cassia DS04
    |    |--N. dealbata B00a
    |    `--N. sericea [incl. Litsaea glauca] LO98
    |--Inaperturopollenites CBH93
    |    |--I. dubius (Potonié & Venitz) Thomson & Pflug 1953 YB02
    |    |--I. hiatus (Potonié) Thomson & Pflug 1953 YB02
    |    |--I. laevigatus Takahashi 1957 YB02
    |    `--I. palaeogenicus CBH93
    |--Laurus [Lauroideae] F71
    |    |--L. australiensis Ettingshausen 1883 F71
    |    |--L. azorica KL98
    |    |--L. cinnamomum A93
    |    |--L. nobilis R-RR-GM-S98
    |    `--L. princeps S89
    |--Nectandra J87
    |    |--N. coriacea J87
    |    |--N. membranacea J87
    |    |--N. patens J87
    |    |--N. sintenisii SWK87
    |    `--N. tabascensis BT87
    |--Dehaasia G06
    |    |--D. arunachalensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--D. assamica G06
    |    |--D. candolleana G06
    |    |--D. cuneata G06
    |    |--D. incrassata (Jack) Kosterm. 1952 [=Laurus incrassata Jack 1822] G06
    |    |--D. kurzii G06
    |    `--D. rangamattiensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |--Beilschmiedia Nees 1831 A61
    |    |--B. bancrofti WO95
    |    |--B. bhutanica Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--B. elliptica H90
    |    |--B. obtusifolia B00a
    |    |--B. pendula J87
    |    |--B. roxburghiana G06
    |    |--B. tarairi (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    `--B. tawa (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--Ocotea J87
    |    |--O. acarina J87
    |    |--O. acrantha J87
    |    |--O. bullata P65
    |    |--O. foeniculacea J87
    |    |--O. glaziovii W92
    |    |--O. kenyensis E09
    |    |--O. leucoxylon SWK87
    |    |--O. moschata SWK87
    |    |--O. portoricensis SWK87
    |    |--O. spathulata SWK87
    |    `--O. wrightii J87
    |--Phoebe G06
    |    |--P. attenuata D07
    |    |--P. baishyae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. boehlensis JD05
    |    |--P. cathia G06
    |    |--P. declinata (Bl.) Nees 1836 [=Laurus declinata Bl. 1823, Persea declinata (Bl.) Kosterm. 1974] G06
    |    |--P. lanceolata G06
    |    |--P. lummaoensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. mexicana BT87
    |    |--P. montanum J87
    |    |--P. neurophylla BBO02
    |    |--P. pallida G06
    |    |--P. prazeri Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    `--P. tampicensis BT87
    |--Cassytha Linnaeus 1753 [Cassythaceae, Cassythoideae] A61
    |    |--C. aurea LK14
    |    |--C. candida LK14
    |    |--C. capillaris B12
    |    |--C. filiformis LK14
    |    |--C. flava GK00
    |    |--C. glabella G04b
    |    |    |--C. g. f. glabella H90
    |    |    `--C. g. f. dispar H90
    |    |--C. melantha G04b
    |    |--C. micrantha GK00
    |    |--C. nodiflora G04a
    |    |--C. peninsularis B00b
    |    |--C. pubescens A61 [incl. C. paniculata Br. 1810 H90, A61, C. phaeolasia H90]
    |    `--C. racemosa G04b
    |         |--C. r. f. racemosa H90
    |         `--C. r. f. muelleri H90
    |--Endiandra B00a
    |    |--E. compressa B00a
    |    |--E. crassiflora H90
    |    |--E. discolor B00a
    |    |--E. floydii H90
    |    |--E. glauca B00a
    |    |--E. globosa H90
    |    |--E. hayesii H90
    |    |--E. hypotephra B00b
    |    |--E. impressicosta B00a
    |    |--E. introrsa H90
    |    |--E. muelleri H90
    |    |    |--E. m. ssp. muelleri H90
    |    |    `--E. m. ssp. bracteata H90
    |    |--E. palmerstoni H42
    |    |--E. pubens B00a
    |    |--E. sieberi B00a
    |    `--E. virens H90
    |--Litsea Lamarck 1789 A61
    |    |--L. auriculata LI89
    |    |--L. australis H90
    |    |--L. bindoniana B00a
    |    |--L. breviumbellata B00a
    |    |--L. calicaris (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--L. chinensis L00
    |    |--L. ferruginea S91
    |    |--L. coriacea M04
    |    |--L. glutinosa LK14
    |    |--L. graciae K03
    |    |--L. leefeana CW92
    |    |--L. macrophylla B00a
    |    |--L. odorifera K03
    |    |--L. reticulata B00a
    |    |--L. salicifolia (Roxb. ex Nees) Hooker 1886 [incl. Tetranthera lanceaefolia Roxburgh 1832] BS07
    |    `--L. stocksii (Meisner) Hooker 1886 (see below for synonymy) BS07
    |         |--L. s. var. stocksii BS07
    |         |--L. s. var. acutata (Meisner) Hooker 1886 (see below for synonymy) BS07
    |         `--L. s. var. glabrescens (Meisner) Hooker 1886 (see below for synonymy) BS07
    |--Persea G06
    |    |--P. americana CW92
    |    |    |--P. a. var. americana FYP07
    |    |    `--P. a. var. dryifolia FYP07
    |    |--P. anomala J87
    |    |--P. arunachalensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. bhaskarii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. borbonia M83
    |    |--P. fructifera G06
    |    |--P. gamblei G06
    |    |--P. gratissima [incl. Laurus persea] C55
    |    |--P. haridasanii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. himalayaensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. hintonii BTA75
    |    |--P. indica KL98
    |    |--P. lobitensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. macrantha SR07
    |    |--P. odoratissima [=Machilus odoratissima] G06
    |    |--P. robusta (Smith) Kosterm. 1962 [=Machilus robusta Smith 1921] G06
    |    |--P. russellii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. schideana BT87
    |    |--P. sharmae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. sikkimensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. theobromifolia D81
    |    |--P. thunbergii (Sieb. & Zucc.) Kosterm. 1957 [=Machilus khunbergii Sieb. & Zucc. 1847] G06
    |    `--P. upendrae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |--Cinnamomum G06
    |    |--C. bejolghota G06
    |    |--C. bhamoensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. bhaskarii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. bishnupadae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. blandfordii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. burmannii (Nees & Nees) Bl. 1826 [=Laurus burmannii Nees & Nees 1823] G06
    |    |--C. cacharensis G06
    |    |--C. camphora (Linnaeus) Presl 1825 CD07
    |    |--C. cupulatum G06
    |    |--C. discoideum JD05
    |    |--C. glaucescens G06
    |    |--C. impressinervium G06
    |    |--C. iners P88
    |    |--C. japonicum BBO02
    |    |--C. leichhardtii Ettingshausen 1883 F71
    |    |--C. lohitensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. macrophyllum Miq. 1864 G06
    |    |--C. mollissimum Hooker 1886 G06
    |    |--C. oliveri B00a
    |    |--C. polymorphoides F71
    |    |--C. sanjappae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. sieboldii [incl. C. loureirii] LO98
    |    |--C. subavenium Miq. 1858 G06
    |    |--C. sulphuratum SR07
    |    |--C. suvrae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. tamala D07
    |    |--C. tavoyanum G06
    |    |--C. travancoricum VM02
    |    |--C. virens H90
    |    |--C. walaiwarense Kostermans 1983 VM02
    |    `--C. zeylanicum E30
    `--Cryptocarya G06
         |--C. alba B14
         |--C. amygdalina G06
         |--C. bidwillii H90
         |--C. biswasii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
         |--C. burkillii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
         |--C. cinnamomifolia S91
         |--C. corrugata B00a
         |--C. costata G06
         |--C. cunninghamii LK14
         |--C. dekae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
         |--C. densiflora B00a
         |--C. dorrigoensis H90
         |--C. erythroxylon B00a
         |--C. everettii G06
         |--C. floydii H90
         |--C. foetida H90
         |--C. foveolata WO95
         |--C. glaucescens B00a
         |--C. grandis B00a
         |--C. hypospodia B00a
         |--C. kurzii G06
         |--C. laevigata [incl. C. laevigata var. bowiei] H90
         |--C. mackinnoniana B00a
         |--C. meissneriana H90
         |--C. microneura B00a
         |--C. murrayi B00a
         |--C. nova-anglica H90
         |--C. oblata H42
         |--C. obovata H90
         |--C. rigida B00a
         |--C. triplinervis P82
         |    |--C. t. var. triplinervis H90
         |    `--C. t. var. pubens H90
         |--C. williwilliana H90
         `--C. woodi BP60

Beilschmiedia tarairi (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 [=Laurus tarairi Cunn. 1838, Nesodaphne tarairi (Cunn.) Hook. f. 1854] A61

Beilschmiedia tawa (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 [=Laurus tawa Cunn. 1838, Nesodaphne tawa Hook. f. 1854; incl. L. victoriana Col. in Hooker 1864 (n. n.)] A61

Litsea calicaris (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 [=Laurus calicaris Sol. ex Cunn. 1838, Tetranthera calicaris Hook. f. 1854; incl. T. tangao Cunn. 1838 (n. n.)] A61

Litsea stocksii (Meisner) Hooker 1886 [=Cylicodaphne oblonga var. stocksii Meisner in de Candolle 1864; incl. L. josephii Almeida 1990 (nom. illeg.), L. vartakii Almeida 1989 (nom. illeg.)] BS07

Litsea stocksii var. acutata (Meisner) Hooker 1886 [=Cylicodaphne myristicaefolia var. acutata Meisner in de Candolle 1864] BS07

Litsea stocksii var. glabrescens (Meisner) Hooker 1886 [=Cylicodaphne wightiana var. glabrescens Meisner in de Candolle 1864] BS07

Nothaphoebe umbelliflora (Bl.) Bl. 1851 [=Ocotea umbelliflora Bl. 1826; incl. N. nicobarica Chakrab. & Vasud. 1985] G06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[A93] Anonymous. 1793. Histoire naturelle. Bulletin de la Société Philomatique, a ses Correspondans 29: 1.

[BP60] Baker, E. W., & A. E. Pritchard. 1960. The tetranychoid mites of Africa. Hilgardia 29 (11): 455–574.

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[BBO02] Begerow, D., R. Bauer & F. Oberwinkler. 2002. The Exobasidiales: an evolutionary hypothesis. Mycological Progress 1 (2): 187–199.

[BS07] Bhuinya, T., & P. Singh. 2007. Critical notes on Litsea stocksii (Meisn.) Hook. f. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 195–198.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B00a] Braby, M. F. 2000a. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B00b] Braby, M. F. 2000b. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B12] Braby, M. F. 2012. The butterflies of El Questro Wilderness Park, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Kimberley fauna, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 161–175.

[C96] Campbell, N. A. 1996. Biology 4^th ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: Menlo Park (California).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CW92] Cassis, G., & T. A. Weir. 1992. Rutelinae. In: Houston, W. W. K. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 9. Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea pp. 359–382. AGPS Press: Canberra.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[D81] Day, D. 1981. The Doomsday Book of Animals: A unique natural history of three hundred vanished species. Ebury Press: London.

[E30] Enderlein, G. 1930. Die Copeognathen-Fauna der Seychellen. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 21.

[E09] Ensermu K. 2009. Three new species of Acanthaceae from Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 57–65.

[FYP07] Faber, B. A., W. L. Yee & P. A. Phillips. 2007. Effect of abamectin treatments for avocado thrips (Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara [Thysanoptera: Thripidae]) on persea mite (Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello [Acari: Tetranychidae]) and avocado bud mite (Tegolophus myresi Keifer [Acari: Eriophyidae]) populations and on their associated damage to leaves and fruit of avocado (Persea americana). In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 521–527. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[FPC04] Friis, E. M., K. R. Pedersen & P. R. Crane. 2004. Araceae from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (47): 16565–16570.

[G06] Gangopadhyay, M. 2006. Notes on the family Lauraceae from India and its adjoining countries—I. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 103–156.

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[HL08] Henniger, M. & R. Leder. 2008. Eozäne Makroflora der Querfurter Mulde. Mauritiana 20 (2): 229–251.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H42] Hill, G. F. 1942. Termites (Isoptera) from the Australian Region (including Australia, New Guinea and islands south of the Equator between 140°E. longitude and 170°W. longitude). Commonwealth of Australia Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: Melbourne.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[KL98] Kiffe, K., K. Lewejohann. 1998. Ein Neufund von Carex oedipostyla Duval-Jouve (Cyperaceae) auf Teneriffa, Kanarische Inseln. Willdenowia 28: 117–122.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[L00] Labillardiere, C. 1800. Mémoire sur deux espèces de litchi des Molluques. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (45): 161.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[LI89] Liang L.-R. & K. Ishikawa. 1989. Occurrence of Gamasellus (Acarina, Gamasida, Ologamasidae) on Tian-mu Mountains in east China. Reports of Research, Matsuyama Shinonome Junior College 20: 143–152.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian long-tailed gall thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae, Leeuweniini), with comments on related Old World taxa. Australian Journal of Entomology 43: 28–37.

[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.

[P82] Pickard, J. 1982. Catastrophic disturbance and vegetation on Little Slope, Lord Howe Island. Australian Journal of Ecology 7: 161–170.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[P65] Pletzen, R. van. 1965. Studies on the South African Oribatei (Acari). III. Further new species of the genus Scheloribates Berlese 1908. Acarologia 7 (1): 113–120.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[R-RR-GM-S98] Ramil-Rego, P., M. Rodríguez-Guitián & C. Muñoz-Sobrino. 1998. Sclerophyllous vegetation dynamics in the north of the Iberian peninsula during the last 16,000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 335–351.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[S91] Sankowsky, G. 1991. New food plants for some Queensland butterflies. Australian Entomological Magazine 18 (1): 9–19.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[S89] Squinabol, S. 1889. Res Ligusticae. VII.—Cenno preliminare sulla flora fossile di Santa Giustina. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 73–76.

[VM02] Viswanathan, M. B., & U. Manikandan. 2002. Emending of an endemic and critically endangered species Cinnamomum walaiwarense Kosterm., family Lauraceae, of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 557–559.

[WO95] Walter, D. E., & D. J. O'Dowd. 1995. Beneath biodiversity: factors influencing the diversity and abundance of canopy mites. Selbyana 16 (1): 12–20.

[W92] Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Harvard University Press: Belknap (USA).

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[YB02] Yi, S., & D. J. Batten. 2002. Palynology of Upper Cretaceous (uppermost Campanian-Maastrichtian) deposits in the South Yellow Sea Basin, offshore Korea. Cretaceous Research 23: 687–706.

Last updated: 10 May 2021.

Hydrocotyle

Water pennywort Hydrocotyle vulgaris, from Robert Paul Hudson.

Belongs within: Araliaceae.

Hydrocotyle, the water pennyworts, is a genus of aquatic and semi-aquatic creeping plants. Some species are cultivated in aquaria but they are also known in some areas as invasive weeds.

Characters (from She, Watson & Cannon): Herbs, perennial. Stem slender, creeping or decumbent, rooting at the nodes. Leaves petiolate; petioles not sheathing; stipules present, entire or parted to base, membranous; blade cordate, orbicular, or reniform. Inflorescence a simple umbel; umbels sometimes densely capitate; peduncles axillary, obsolete to much longer than leaves; bracts present or absent; pedicels very short or extended (best seen in fruiting material). Flowers bisexual. Calyx teeth minute or obsolete. Petals white, greenish or yellow, valvate, ovate, spreading. Stylopodium conic to depressed. Fruit globose or ellipsoid, strongly flattened laterally, base cordate, dorsal surface rounded, glabrous (rarely with white hairs); dorsal and lateral ribs usually conspicuous, slender, acute (rarely obsolete); vittae inconspicuous. Seed face plane to concave; endocarp woody. Carpophore usually absent.

<==Hydrocotyle Linnaeus 1753 A61 [incl. H. sect. Euhydrocotyle C06]
    |--H. alata GK00
    |--H. americana Linnaeus 1753 [incl. H. nitens Colenso 1891] A61
    |    |--H. a. var. americana A61
    |    `--H. a. var. heteromeria (Rich.) Kirk 1899 [=H. heteromeria Rich. 1820] A61
    |--H. callicarpa GK00
    |--H. diantha GK00
    |--H. dissecta Hooker 1853 A61
    |--H. elongata Cunn. 1839 [incl. H. concinna Colenso 1885, H. echinella Colenso 1888] A61
    |--H. grammatocarpa LK14
    |--H. hirsuta J87
    |--H. hydrophila Petrie 1897 [=H. tripartita var. hydrophila (Petrie) Cheeseman 1906] WJ82
    |--H. microphylla Cunn. 1839 A61
    |--H. moschata Forster 1786 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--H. muscosa Br. ex Rich. 1820 WJ82, A61
    |--H. natans C55
    |--H. novaezelandiae DC. 1830 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--H. n. var. novaezelandiae A61
    |    |--H. n. var. involucrata (Col.) Allan 1961 [=H. involucrata Col. 1887] A61
    |    |--H. n. var. lobulata Kirk 1899 A61
    |    |--H. n. var. montana Kirk 1899 A61
    |    `--H. n. var. robusta (Kirk) Cheesem. 1906 [=H. robusta Kirk 1899] A61
    |--H. pilifera GK00
    |    |--H. p. var. pilifera GK00
    |    `--H. p. var. glabrata GK00
    |--H. pterocarpa Muell. 1855 A61
    |--H. pusilla J87
    |--H. ranunculoides V09
    |--H. rugulosa G04
    |--H. sibthorpioides Lam. 1789 A61
    |--H. sulcata Webb & Johnson 1982 WJ82
    |--H. tripartita Br. ex Rich. 1820 WJ82
    |--H. umbellata H93
    |--H. verticillata [incl. H. verticillata var. triradiata] H93
    `--H. vulgaris K03

Nomen nudum: Hydrocotyle tripartita var. subpilosa Petrie in Allan 1961 WJ82

Hydrocotyle moschata Forster 1786 A61 [incl. H. colorata Colenso 1886 A61, H. compacta C06, H. sibthorpioides var. laciniata Kirk 1899 A61, H. moschata var. parvisolia Carse 1928 A61]

Hydrocotyle novaezelandiae DC. 1830 [incl. H. alsophila Col. 1886, H. amoena Col. 1889, H. dichondraefolia Cunn. 1839, H. intermixta Col. 1885] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[WJ82] Webb, C. J., & P. N. Johnson. 1982. Hydrocotyle (Umbelliferae) in New Zealand: the 3-foliolate species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 120: 163–168.

Last updated: 31 August 2018.

Piperales

Florida peperomia Peperomia obtusifolia, photographed by Roger L. Hammer.

Belongs within: Mesangiospermae.
Contains: Aristolochiaceae.

The Piperales is a clade of mostly herbaceous plants (some species are lianes or small trees) found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. Members of the families Piperaceae and Saururaceae have small flowers borne in elongate spikes. Commercially significant species include Piper nigrum, pepper, and Piper betle, betel.

Synapomorphies (from www.mobot.org): Plant herbaceous, growth sympodial; sesquiterpenes [e.g. gamma-elemene] present; starch grains compound; primary stem with distinct bundles; vessel elements in radial files, with simple perforation plates; wood with broad rays; nodes often swollen; stomata not paracytic; leaves two-ranked, lamina with secondary veins palmate; stamens in threes; seed more or less tegmic, endotegmen tanniniferous; PHYE gene absent.

<==Piperales [Piperineae]
    |--Aristolochiaceae SaaRai07
    |--Saururaceae DS04
    |    |--Houttuynia cordata DS04
    |    `--Saururus JD05
    |         |--S. bilibatus JD05
    |         `--S. cernuus DS04
    `--Piperaceae DS04
         |  i. s.: Nematanthera YY22
         |         Symbryon YY22
         |         Verhuellia YY22
         |         Lepianthes umbellatum [=Pothomorphe umbellata] J87
         |--+--Macropiper Miq. 1839 DS04, A61
         |  |    `--M. excelsum (Forst. f.) Miq. 1843 [=Piper excelsum Forst. f. 1786] A61
         |  |         |--M. e. var. excelsum A61
         |  |         `--M. e. var. majus (Cheeseman) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |  `--Piper [Piperoideae] DS04
         |       |--P. aduncum J87
         |       |--P. amarum J87
         |       |--P. betle Linnaeus 1753 CD07
         |       |--P. carinum K03
         |       |--P. cenocladum DL99
         |       |--P. confusum J87
         |       |--P. feistmanteli Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |       |--P. hispidum J87
         |       |--P. longum SDK05
         |       |--P. methysticum HSS13
         |       |--P. nigrum SanRav07
         |       |--P. oviedoi J87
         |       |--P. rugosum J87
         |       `--P. wightii SanRav07
         `--Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. 1794 DS04, A61 [Peperomioideae]
              |--P. acuminata J87
              |--P. alata J87
              |--P. cabaianum J87
              |--P. distachya J87
              |--P. dominicana J87
              |--P. galioides J87
              |--P. glabella J87
              |--P. hernandifolia J87
              |--P. heyneana D07
              |--P. hispidula J87
              |--P. leonardii J87
              |--P. magnoliifolia J87
              |--P. michelensis J87
              |--P. obtusifolia J87
              |--P. pellucida P88
              |--P. polybotrya DS04
              |--P. pseudo-rhombea de Candolle 1869 (see below for synonymy) SanRav07
              |--P. quadrifolia J87
              |--P. ramosa J87
              |--P. reflexa J87
              |--P. tenella J87
              |--P. tetraphylla (Forst. f.) Hook. & Arn. 1832 (see below for synonymy) A61
              `--P. urvilleana Rich. 1832 (see below for synonymy) A61

Macropiper excelsum var. majus (Cheeseman) Allan 1961 [=Piper excelsum var. major Cheeseman 1906; incl. Piper psittacorum Endl. 1833, Macropiper excelsum var. psittacorum (Endl.) Laing 1915] A61

Peperomia pseudo-rhombea de Candolle 1869 [incl. P. dindigulensis Wight 1821, P. thomsoni Hooker 1886] SanRav07

Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst. f.) Hook. & Arn. 1832 [=Piper tetraphyllum Forst. f. 1786; incl. Pe. novae-zealandiae Col. 1895] A61

Peperomia urvilleana Rich. 1832 [incl. P. endlicheri Miq. 1843, P. muricatula Colenso 1895, P. simplex Endl. 1833] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 79-88.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467-510.

[DL99] Dyer, L. A. & D. K. Letourneau. 1999. Relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up forces in a tropical forest community. Oecologia 119: 265-274.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185-273.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81-98.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SaaRai07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312-315.

[SanRav07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 165-172.

[SDK05] Sharma, L. K., N. K. Dadhich & A. Kumar. 2005. Plant based veterinary medicine from traditional knowledge of India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1-4): 43-52.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1-62.