Belongs within: Didelphidae.
Contains: Marmosa, Monodelphis, Thylamys.
The Didelphinae is a clade containing the majority of the American opossums. Its members are distinguished from the other 'caluromyine' opossums by the presence of large and conspicuous palatal fenestrae (Gardner 2008). The earliest known member of the Didelphinae is from the middle Miocene, and indicates that the tribes Monodelphini and Didelphini had already diverged at this point (Meredith et al. 2011).
<==Didelphinae
|--Monodelphini MJ11
| |--Marmosa JV05
| `--+--Tlacuatzin canescens JV05
| `--Monodelphis JV05
`--Didelphini MJ11
| i. s.: Hyperdidelphis MJ11
|--+--Marmosops Matschie 1916 JV05, C57
| | | i. s.: M. cracens CB-E04
| | | M. dorothea (Thomas 1911) CB-E04, C57 [=Marmosa dorothea C57, Marmosa noctivaga dorothea C57]
| | | M. handleyi CB-E04
| | | M. invictus CB-E04
| | |--+--M. fuscatus (Thomas 1896) CB-E04, C57 (see below for synonymy)
| | | |--M. parvidens JV05
| | | `--M. pinheiroi JV05
| | `--+--M. incanus (Lund 1841) JV05, C57 (see below for synonymy)
| | `--+--M. impavidus JV05
| | `--M. noctivagus (Tschudi 1844) JV05, C57 [=Didelphis noctivaga C57, Marmosa noctivaga C57]
| | |--M. n. noctivaga (see below for synonymy) C57
| | |--‘Marmosa noctivaga’ collega Thomas 1920 [incl. M. stollei Miranda Ribeiro 1936] C57
| | |--‘Marmosa noctivaga’ keaysi (Allen 1920) [=Thylamys keaysi] C57
| | `--‘Marmosa noctivaga’ polita Cabrera 1913 C57
| `--+--+--Chacodelphys Voss et al. 2004 JV05
| | | `--C. formosus JV05
| | `--+--Thylamys JV05
| | `--Lestodelphys Tate 1934 JV05, C57
| | `--*L. halli (Thomas 1921) [=Notodelphis halli] C57
| `--+--Cryptonanus JV05
| | |--C. chacoensis JV05
| | `--C. unduaviensis JV05
| `--Gracilinanus JV05
| |--G. dryas CB-E04
| `--+--G. emiliae JV05
| |--G. marica CB-E04
| `--+--G. microtarsus JV05
| `--+--G. aceramarcae JV05
| `--G. agilis JV05
`--+--Metachirus Burmeister 1854 JV05, C57
| `--M. nudicaudatus (Geoffroy 1803) [=Didelphis nudicaudata, D. nudicauda, Philander nudicaudus] C57
| |--M. n. nudicaudatus [incl. Didelphys frenata Lichtenstein in Wagner 1843] C57
| |--M. n. antioquiae Allen 1916 C57
| |--M. n. bolivianus Allen 1901 [incl. M. nudicaudatus infuscus Thomas 1923] C57
| |--M. n. colombianus Allen 1900 (see below for synonymy) C57
| |--M. n. modestus Thomas 1923 C57
| |--*M. n. myosuros (Temminck 1825) (see below for synonymy) C57
| |--M. n. phaeurus Thomas 1901 C57
| `--M. n. tschudii Allen 1900 C57
`--+--Chironectes Illiger 1811 JV05, C57 (see below for synonymy)
| `--*C. minimus (Zimmermann 1780) [=Lutra minima] C57
| |--C. m. minimus (see below for synonymy) C57
| `--C. m. panamensis Goldman 1914 C57
`--+--Lutreolina Thomas 1910 JV05, S74
| `--L. crassicaudata (Desmarest 1804) SR-B05 (see below for synonymy)
| |--L. c. crassicaudata (see below for synonymy) C57
| |--L. c. lutrilla Thomas 1923 C57
| |--L. c. paranalis Thomas 1923 (see below for synonymy) C57
| `--L. c. turneri (Günther 1879) [=Didelphys turneri] C57
`--+--Philander Tiedemann 1808 JV05, C57 (see below for synonymy)
| | i. s.: P. andersoni (Osgood 1913) CB-E04, C57 (see below for synonymy)
| |--P. frenatus JV05, SR-B05
| `--+--P. opossum (Linnaeus 1758) JV05, C57 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--P. o. opossum C57
| | |--P. o. azaricus (Thomas 1923) [=Metachirus opossum azaricus] C57
| | |--P. o. canus (Osgood 1913) (see below for synonymy) C57
| | |--P. o. grisescens (Allen 1901) [=Metachirus opossum grisescens] C57
| | |--P. o. melanurus (Thomas 1899) (see below for synonymy) C57
| | |--P. o. pallidus G69
| | `--P. o. quica (Temminck 1825) (see below for synonymy) C57
| `--P. mcilhennyi JV05 [=Metachirops mcilhennyi BP87]
`--Didelphis Linnaeus 1758 JV05, S74 (see below for synonymy)
| i. s.: D. azarae Temminck 1825 C57
| |--D. a. azarae (see below for synonymy) C57
| `--D. a. pernigra Allen 1900 (see below for synonymy) C57
| D. inexpectata [=*Paradidelphys inexpectata] S74
| D. pattersoni (Reig 1952) [=Paradidelphys pattersoni] S74
|--D. virginiana Kerr 1792 JV05, B75 [=D. marsupialis virginiana S61]
| |--D. v. virginiana MB86
| `--D. v. californica Bennett 1833 MB86 [=D. marsupialis californica G69]
`--+--D. albiventris Lund 1841 JV05, C57 [=D. marsupialis var. albiventris C57]
`--+--D. aurita Wied 1826 CB-E04, C57 (see below for synonymy)
`--*D. marsupialis Linnaeus 1758 C57, JV05, C57 (see below for synonymy)
|--D. m. marsupialis G69
`--D. m. tabascensis G69
Inorganic: Didelphis marsupialis minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87
Chironectes Illiger 1811 JV05, C57 [=Cheironectes C57, Chironeytes (l. c.); incl. Gamba Liais 1872 C57, Memina Fischer 1814 C57]
Chironectes minimus minimus [incl. Chironectes menima bresslaui Pohle 1927, Mustela guianensis Kerr 1792, Chironectes langsdorffi Boitard 1845, Lutra memina Boddaërt 1785, Chironectes memina, L. memia (l. c.), L. memmina, Sarigua memmina, Didelphis palmata Cuvier 1817, Chironectes palmata, Chironectes palmatus, Chironeytes (l. c.) palmata, Gamba palmata, Lutra paraguensis Kerr 1792, L. saricovienna Shaw 1800, Chironectes variegatus Illiger 1815, Chironectes yapock Desmarest 1820] C57
Didelphis Linnaeus 1758 JV05, S74 [=Didelphys Schreber 1778 C57; incl. Leucodelphis Ihering 1914 C57, Paradidelphys S74]
Didelphis aurita Wied 1826 CB-E04, C57 [=Didelphys aurita C57, Didelphis marsupialis aurita S61; incl. Didelphys koseritzi Ihering 1892 C57]
Didelphis azarae azarae Temminck 1825 [=Didelphis marsupialis var. azarae; incl. Didelphys azarae mut. antiqua Ameghino 1889, Didelphis paraguayensis bonariensis Marelli 1930, Didelphis paraguayensis dennleri Marelli 1930, Didelphys lechii Ihering 1892, Didelphis leucotis Wagner 1850, Didelphis paraguayensis Oken ex Allen 1902, Didelphis poecilonota Schinz 1844, Didelphis poecilotis Wagner 1842] C57
Didelphis azarae pernigra Allen 1900 [=D. paraguayensis pernigra; incl. D. paraguayensis andina Allen 1902, D. paraguayensis meridensis Allen 1902] C57
*Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus 1758 C57, JV05, C57 [incl. D. austroamericana Oken ex Allen 1902 C57, D. marsupialis battyi Thomas 1902 C57, D. cancrivora Gmelin 1788 C57, D. karkinophaga caucae Allen 1900 C57, D. marsupialis caucae C57, D. karkinophaga colombica Allen 1900 C57, D. marsupialis colombica C57, D. marsupialis etensis Allen 1902 C57, D. marsupialis insularis Allen 1902, D. karkinophaga Zimmermann 1780 C57, D. marsupialis particeps Goldman 1917 C57, D. marsupialis var. typica Thomas 1888 C57]
Lutreolina crassicaudata (Desmarest 1804) SR-B05 [=Didelphis crassicaudata C57, D. crassicaudis C57, Metachirus crassicaudata C57, Me. crassicaudatus C57, Micoureus crassicaudatus C57, Peramys crassicaudata C57, Sarigua crassicaudata C57; incl. Didelphys tracheia Rovereto 1914 S74]
Lutreolina crassicaudata crassicaudata (Desmarest 1804) [incl. Didelphis macroura Illiger 1815, Didelphys mustelina Geoffroy in Waterhouse 1846, Lutreolina crassicaudata travassosi Miranda Ribeiro 1936] C57
Lutreolina crassicaudata paranalis Thomas 1923 [incl. L. crassicaudata bonaria Thomas 1923, Didelphis ferruginea Larrañaga 1923] C57
Marmosops fuscatus (Thomas 1896) CB-E04, C57 [=Marmosa fuscata C57; incl. Marmosa perfusca Thomas 1924 C57]
Marmosops incanus (Lund 1841) JV05, C57 [=Didelphis incana C57, D. (Marmosops) incana C57, Marmosa incana C57; incl. Marmosa incana bahiensis Tate 1931 C57, D. grisea Lydekker 1887 non Desmarest 1827 C57, Grymaeomys griseus non (Desmarest 1827) C57, Marmosa incana paulensis Tate 1931 C57]
Marmosops noctivagus noctivagus (Tschudi 1844) [incl. Marmosa noctivaga lugenda Thomas 1927, Marmosa impavida neglecta Osgood 1915, Marmosa noctivaga neglecta] C57
Metachirus nudicaudatus colombianus Allen 1900 [=M. n. colombica (l. c.), M. n. columbianus; incl. M. n. imbutus Thomas 1923] C57
*Metachirus nudicaudatus myosuros (Temminck 1825) [=Didelphis myosuros, D. myosurus; incl. M. nudicaudatus personatus Miranda Ribeiro 1936] C57
Philander Tiedemann 1808 JV05, C57 [incl. Holothylax Cabrera 191 C57, Metacherius Sanderson 1949 C57, Metachirops Marschie 1916 C57]
Philander andersoni (Osgood 1913) CB-E04, C57 [=Metachirus opossum andersoni C57, P. opossum andersoni C57]
Philander opossum (Linnaeus 1758) JV05, C57 [=Didelphis opossum C57, Holothylax opossum C57, Metacherius opossum C57, Metachirops opossum C57, Metachirus opossum C57, Sarigua opossum C57; incl. *P. virginianus Tiedemann 1808 non Didelphis virginiana C57]
Philander opossum canus (Osgood 1913) [=Metachirus opossum canus; incl. M. opossum crucialis Thomas 1923, M. opossum nigratus Thomas 1923] C57
Philander opossum melanurus (Thomas 1899) [=Metachirus opossum melanurus; incl. M. opossum melantho Thomas 1923] C57
Philander opossum quica (Temminck 1825) [=Didelphis quica, Didelphys quica, Holothylax quica, Metachirops opossum quica, Metachirus opossum quica] C57
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.
[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.
[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.
[CB-E04] Cardillo, M., O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, E. Boakes & A. Purvis. 2004. A species-level phylogenetic supertree of marsupials. Journal of Zoology 264: 11–31.
Gardner, A. L. (ed.) 2008. Mammals of South America vol. 1. Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. University of Chicago Press.
[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.
[JV05] Jansa, S. A., & R. S. Voss. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of the marsupial genus Hyladelphys based on nuclear gene sequences and morphology. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 853–865.
[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.
[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.
[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.
[SR-B05] Santori, R. T., O. Rocha-Barbosa, M. V. Vieira, J. A. Magnan-Neto & M. F. C. Loguercio. 2005. Locomotion in aquatic, terrestrial, and arboreal habitat of thick-tailed opossum, Lutreolina crassicaudata (Desmarest, 1804). Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 902–908.
[S61] Sharman, G. B. 1961. The mitotic chromosomes of marsupials and their bearing on taxonomy and phylogeny. Australian Journal of Zoology 9 (1): 38–60.
[S74] Simpson, G. G. 1974. Notes on Didelphidae (Mammalia, Marsupialia) from the Huayquerian (Pliocene) of Argentina. American Museum Novitates 2559: 1–15.
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