Cebinae

White-faced capuchin Cebus capucinus, photographed by John Pickering.

Belongs within: Platyrrhini.

The Cebinae is the South American monkey subfamily containing the genera Cebus (capuchins) and Saimiri (squirrel monkeys). The capuchins are medium-sized monkeys with prehensile tails, usually mostly black or brown, sometimes with contrasting pale colouration on the face and chest. The squirrel monkeys are small and lightly coloured, and their tails are non-prehensile.

Synapomorphies (from Horovitz 1999): Vomer exposure present in orbit; M₃ shorter than P₄; P⁴ subequal to or wider than M¹.

<==Cebinae
    |  i. s.: Killikaike Tejedor, Tauber et al. 2006 TT06
    |           `--*K. blakei Tejedor, Tauber et al. 2006 TT06
    |--+--Dolichocebus gaimanensis OW06, NW03
    |  `--+--Neosaimiri G91
    |     `--Saimiri Voigt 1831 OW06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |          |--*S. sciureus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |          |    |--S. s. sciureus (see below for synonymy) C57
    |          |    |--S. s. albigena (Pusch 1914) G91, C57 [=Cebus (Saimiri) sciureus albigena C57]
    |          |    |--S. s. cassiquiarensis (Humboldt 1812) G91, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |          |    |--S. s. collinsi Osgood 1916 [=S. sciurea collinsi] C57
    |          |    |--S. s. macrodon Elliot 1907 (see below for synonymy) C57
    |          |    `--S. s. nigriceps Thomas 1902 (see below for synonymy) C57
    |          |--S. boliviensis (D’Orbigny 1834) G91, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |          |    |--S. b. boliviensis G91
    |          |    `--S. b. peruviensis G91
    |          |--S. oerstedi G91 [=S. sciureus oerstedii BP87]
    |          |    |--S. o. oerstedi G91
    |          |    `--S. o. citrinellus G91
    |          |--S. ustus Geoffroy 1844 G91, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |          `--S. vanzolinii IT07
    `--Cebus Erxleben 1777 OW06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*C. capucinus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Simia capucina] C57
         |    |--C. c. capucinus (see below for synonymy) C57
         |    |--C. c. curtus Bangs 1905 C57
         |    `--C. c. imitator Thomas 1903 G91, C57
         |--C. albifrons (Humboldt 1812) [=Simia albifrons] C57
         |    |--C. a. albifrons C57
         |    |--C. a. adustus Hershkovitz 1949 C57
         |    |--C. a. aequatorialis Allen 1914 C57
         |    |--C. a. cesarae Hershkovitz 1949 C57
         |    |--C. a. cuscinus Thomas 1901 [=C. flavescens cuscinus, C. unicolor cuscinus] C57
         |    |--C. a. hypoleucus (Humboldt 1812) (see below for synonymy) C57
         |    |--C. a. leucocephalus Gray 1865 (see below for synonymy) C57
         |    |--C. a. pleei Hershkovitz 1949 C57
         |    |--C. a. unicolor Spix 1823 (see below for synonymy) C57
         |    |--C. a. versicolor Pucheran 1845 [=C. capucinus versicolor] C57
         |    `--C. a. yuracus Hershkovitz 1949 C57
         |--C. albus Geoffroy 1812 (n. d.) C57
         |--C. apella (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) C57
         |    |--C. a. apella (see below for synonymy) C57
         |    |--C. a. cay G91
         |    |--C. a. libidinosus Spix 1823 [=C. (Calyptrocebus) libidinosus; incl. C. capillatus Gray 1865] C57
         |    |--C. a. macrocephalus Spix 1823 (see below for synonymy) C57
         |    |--C. a. margaritae Hollister 1914 C57
         |    |--C. a. nigritus (Goldfuss 1809) (see below for synonymy) C57
         |    |--C. a. pallidus Gray 1865 [=C. azarae pallidus, C. libidinosus pallidus] C57
         |    |--C. a. paraguayanus Fischer 1829 (see below for synonymy) C57
         |    |--C. a. robustus Kuhl 1820 [=C. (Eucebus) robustus; incl. C. subcristatus Gray 1865] C57
         |    |--C. a. vellerosus Geoffroy 1851 [=C. (Otocebus) vellerosus] C57
         |    |--C. a. versutus Elliot 1910 [=C. versuta] C57
         |    `--C. a. xanthosternos Wied 1820 (see below for synonymy) C57
         |--‘Simia’ flavia Schreber 1788 (n. d.) [=Cercopithecus flavus] C57
         |--C. lugubris Erxleben 1777 (n. d.) C57
         |--C. nigrivittatus Wagner 1848 [=C. (Calyptrocebus) nigrivittatus] C57
         |    |--C. n. nigrivittatus (see below for synonymy) C57
         |    |--C. n. apiculatus Elliot 1907 [=C. apella apiculata] C57
         |    |--C. n. brunneus Allen 1914 [=C. apella brunneus] C57
         |    `--C. n. castaneus Geoffroy 1851 C57
         |--C. olivaceus Schomburgk 1848 G91, C57 [=C. apella olivaceus C57, C. nigrivittatus olivaceus C57]
         `--C. quierozi Mendes Pontes & Malta 2006 N10

Cebus Erxleben 1777 OW06, C57 [incl. Calyptrocebus Reichenbach 1862 C57, Eucebus Reichenbach 1862 C57, Otocebus Reichenbach 1862 C57, Pseudocebus Reichenbach 1862 C57]

Cebus albifrons hypoleucus (Humboldt 1812) [=Simia hypoleuca; incl. C. apella malitiosus Elliot 1909, C. albifrons malitiosus] C57

Cebus albifrons leucocephalus Gray 1865 non Simia leucocephala Audebert 1797 (not preoc. as in dif. gen.) [=Cebus apella leucocephalus] C57

Cebus albifrons unicolor Spix 1823 [=C. (Pseudocebus) unicolor; incl. C. chrysopus Lesson 1827, C. chysopes Cuvier 1825, C. flavescens Gray 1865, C. capucinus gracilis Spix 1823] C57

Cebus apella (Linnaeus 1758) [=Simia apella, Callithrix apella, Cebus (Calyptrocebus) apella, Pseudocebus apella] C57

Cebus apella apella (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. Cebus apella avus Pusch 1941, Cebus barbatus Geoffroy in Humboldt 1812, Cebus buffoni Lesson 1840, Cebus fallax Schlegel 1876, Simia fatuellus Linné 1766, Callithrix fatuellus, Cebus (Otocebus) fatuellus, Cebus (Eucebus) fistulator Reichenbach 1862, Simia (Sapajus) trepidus fluvus Kerr 1792, Cebus grisseus Desmarest 1820, Cebus hypomelas Pucheran 1857, Cebus fatuellus tocantinus Lönnberg 1939, Simia trepida Linné 1766, Cebus fatuellus trepidus] C57

Cebus apella macrocephalus Spix 1823 [=C. (Eucebus) macrocephalus, C. fatuellus macrocephalus; incl. C. crassiceps Pucheran 1857, C. (E.) crassipes Reichenbach 1862, C. libidinosus juruanus Lönnberg 1939, C. apella magnus Pusch 1941, C. apella maranonis Pusch 1941, C. fatuellus peruanus Thomas 1901] C57

Cebus apella nigritus (Goldfuss 1809) [=Cercopithecus nigritus; incl. Cebus caliginosus Elliot 1910, Simia cirrifera Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812, Cebus cirrifer, Cebus (Otocebus) cirrifer, Cebus cristatus Cuvier 1829, Cebus frontatus Kuhl 1820, Cebus (O.) frontatus, Cebus leucogenys Gray 1865, Cebus lunatus Kuhl 1820, Cebus (Otocebus) lunatus, Cebus niger Geoffroy 1812, Cebus (O.) niger] C57

Cebus apella paraguayanus Fischer 1829 [=C. paraguayensis (l. c.), C. (Calyptrocebus) paraguayanus; incl. C. azarae Rengger 1830, C. libidinosus azarai, C. apella chacoensis Pusch 1941, C. elegans Geoffroy 1850, C. apella morrulus Pusch 1941] C57

Cebus apella xanthosternos Wied 1820 [incl. C. cucullatus Spix 1823, C. (Eucebus) cucullatus, C. monachus Cuvier 1820 non Simia monachus Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812 (not preoc. as in dif. gen.), C. (Eucebus) monachus, Simia variegata Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812 non Kerr 1792, C. (Eucebus) variegatus, C. xanthocephalus Spix 1823] C57

*Cebus capucinus capucinus (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. C. hypoleucus Geoffroy 1812 non Simia hypoleuca Humboldt 1812, C. hypoleucos, C. (Calyptrocebus) hypoleucus, C. capucinus nigripectus Elliot 1909] C57

Cebus nigrivittatus nigrivittatus Wagner 1848 [incl. C. annellatus Gray 1865, C. capucinus leporinus Pusch 1941, C. pucheranii Dahlbom 1856] C57

Saimiri Voigt 1831 OW06, C57 [=Saimiris Geoffroy 1843 C57; incl. Chrysothrix Kaup 1835 C57, Pithesciurus Lesson 1840 C57; Saimirinae]

Saimiri boliviensis (D’Orbigny 1834) G91, C57 [=Callithrix boliviensis C57, S. sciureus boliviensis C57; incl. Ca. entomophagus D’Orbigny 1835 C57, Chrysothrix entomophaga C57, Saimiri entomophagus C57, Saimiris entomophagus C57]

*Saimiri sciureus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Simia sciurea, Callithrix sciureus, Cebus sciureus, Chrysothrix sciurea, Ch. sciureus, Pithesciurus sciureus, Saguinus sciureus, Saimiri sciurea, Saimiris sciureus, Simia (Sapajus) sciurus] C57

Saimiri sciureus cassiquiarensis (Humboldt 1812) G91, C57 [=Simia sciurea cassiquiarensis C57, Saimiri cassaquiarensis (l. c.) C57]

Saimiri sciureus macrodon Elliot 1907 [incl. S. sciureus caquetensis Allen 1916, S. sciurea petrina Thomas 1927] C57

Saimiri sciureus nigriceps Thomas 1902 [=S. boliviensis nigriceps, S. nigripes (l. c.); incl. S. madeirae juruana Lönnberg 1940, S. boliviensis pluvialis Lönnberg 1940] C57

*Saimiri sciureus sciureus (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. Lemur leucopsis Hermann 1804, Saimiris lunulatus Geoffroy 1843, Chrysothrix nigrivittata Wagner 1848, Pithesciurus saimiri Lesson 1840] C57

Saimiri ustus Geoffroy 1844 G91, C57 [=Saimiris ustus C57, Chrysothrix ustus C57, Saimiri sciureus ustus C57; incl. Saimiri sciurea codajazensis Lönnberg 1940 C57, Saimiri boliviensis jaburuensis Lönnberg 1940 C57, Saimiri madeirae Thomas 1908 C57]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria - Unguiculata - Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1-307.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution, revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

Horovitz, I. 1999. A phylogenetic study of living and fossil platyrrhines. American Museum Novitates 3269: 1-40.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[NW03] Ni, X., Y. Wang, Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. A euprimate skull from the early Eocene of China. Nature 427: 65-68.

[OW06] Opazo, J. C., D. E. Wildman, T. Prychitko, R. M. Johnson & M. Goodman. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 274-280.

[TT06] Tejedor, M. F., A. A. Tauber, A. L. Rosenberger, C. C. Swisher III & M. E. Palacios. 2006. New primate genus from the Miocene of Argentina. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103: 5437-5441.