Gnaphosoidea

Broad-faced sac spiders Trachelas tranquillus, copyright Judy Gallagher.

Belongs within: Dionycha.
Contains: Lamponidae, Liocranidae, Micaria, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae, Phrurolithidae, Gallieniellidae.

The Gnaphosoidea are a clade of spiders that mostly have flat posterior median eyes whose tapeta have the middle dark lines orthogonal to each other, allowing the tapeta to function as a polarised light compass (Ramírez 2014).

Synapomorphies (from Ramírez 2014, as Oblique Median Tapetum clade): Claw tuft seta with thick base; female with shaft of anterior major ampullate spigot much smaller than posterior; male with two major ampullates; major ampullate and piriform fields separated by deep furrow male and female; posterior median spinneret with four or five cylindrical gland spigots, forming isolated posterior group.

<==Gnaphosoidea JD-S07
    |  i. s.: Sphingius R14
    |         Sudharmia R14
    |         Koppe R14
    |--Trochanteriidae R14
    |    |  i. s.: Trochanteria Karsch 1878 [Trochanteriinae] JD-S07
    |    |         Morebilus T13 [Morebilinae JD-S07]
    |    |           `--M. diversus (Koch 1875) T13
    |    |         Plator [Platoridae] R14
    |    |           |--P. indicus Sim. 1897 K01
    |    |           `--P. insolens Simon 1880 K01
    |    |--Fissarena R14
    |    |    |--F. barrow Platnick 2002 T13
    |    |    `--F. castanea R14
    |    `--+--Desognaphosa yabbra R14
    |       `--Trachycosmus [Trachycosminae] R14
    |            `--T. sculptilis R14
    `--+--+--Galianoella Goloboff 2000 WJ02
       |  |    `--G. leucostigma R14
       |  `--+--Jacaena R14
       |     `--+--Teutamus R14
       |        `--+--Sesieutes R14
       |           `--Oedignatha [Oedignathae] R14
       |                |--O. jocquei R14
       |                `--O. scrobiculata R14
       `--+--Lamponidae R14
          `--+--+--Austrachelas pondoensis R14
             |  `--Liocranidae R14
             `--+--Trachelidae [Tracheleae, Trachelinae] R14
                |    |  i. s.: Poachelas R14
                |    |         Spinotrachelas capensis Haddad 2006 R14
                |    |         Fuchiba R14
                |    |         Fuchibotulus R14
                |    |         Afroceto R14
                |    |         Cetonana laticeps R14
                |    |         Metatrachelas R14
                |    |         Paratrachelas R14
                |    |         Patelloceto R14
                |    |         Planochelas R14
                |    |         Thysanina R14
                |    |         Utivarachna R14
                |    |--Trachelas Koch 1872 R14
                |    |    |--T. minor R14
                |    |    |--T. tranquillus R14
                |    |    `--T. volutus R14
                |    `--+--Meriola R14
                |       |    |--M. barrosi R14
                |       |    `--M. cetiformis (Strand 1908) [=Trachelas cetiformis] J98
                |       `--+--Paccius scharffi R14
                |          `--+--‘Trachelas’ mexicanus R14
                |             `--Trachelopachys ammobates R14
                `--+--+--Toxoniella Warui & Jocqué 2002 R14, WJ02
                   |  |    |--*T. taitensis Warui & Jocqué 2002 WJ02
                   |  |    `--T. rogoae Warui & Jocqué 2002 WJ02
                   |  `--+--+--Micaria R14
                   |     |  `--+--Gnaphosidae R14
                   |     |     `--Prodidomidae R14
                   |     `--+--Platyoides R14
                   |        |    |--P. pictus JD-S07
                   |        |    `--P. walteri JD-S07
                   |        `--+--Doliomalus cimicoides R14
                   |           `--Vectius niger R14
                   `--+--Legendrena Platnick 1984 R14, WJ02
                      |    `--L. perinet R14
                      `--+--Xenoplectus armatus R14
                         `--+--+--Phrurolithidae R14
                            |  `--Rastellus Platnick & Griffin 1990 R14, JD-S07
                            |       `--R. florisbad R14
                            `--+--Gallieniellidae R14
                               `--+--Cithaeronidae JD-S07
                                  |    |--Inthaeron Platnick 1991 JD-S07
                                  |    `--Cithaeron P.-Cambridge 1872 R14, JD-S07
                                  |         `--C. delimbatus R14
                                  `--Ammoxenidae JD-S07
                                       |--Austrammo Platnick 2002 JD-S07
                                       |--Barrowammo Platnick 2002 JD-S07
                                       |    `--B. waldockae Platnick 2002 T13
                                       `--Ammoxenus Simon 1893 R14, JD-S07
                                            |--A. amphalodes Dippenaar & Meyer 1980 HD-S02
                                            `--A. coccineus R14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[HD-S02] Haddad, C. R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2002. The influence of mound structure on the diversity of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting the abandoned mounds of the snouted harvester termite Trinervitermes trinervoides. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 403–408.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[T13] Taylor, C. K. 2013. Annotated bibliography for Barrow Island terrestrial invertebrates. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 135–144.

[WJ02] Warui, C., & R. Jocqué. 2002. The first Gallieniellidae (Araneae) from eastern Africa. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 307–315.