Centaurea

Centaurea appendicigera, photographed by Degoeje.

Belongs within: Cardueae.

Centaurea, cockspurs and knapweeds, is a genus of thistle-like plants that is most diverse in the Mediterranean region. A number of species have become more widespread as synanthropic weeds such as the yellow cockspur C. solstitialis and star thistle C. calcitrapa.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Involucre of numerous unequal bracts ending in a pungent spine or scarious fringed or jagged appendage; receptacle beset with dense soft hairy bristles; flowers all tubular, outer ones usually sterile and much exceeding incolucre, sometimes radiating but never ligulate; achene oblong, compressed, hilum at base of inner margin (sometimes basal); pappus of short free scales in several unequal rows or none.

Centaurea
    |--C. sect. Centaurea WED98
    |    |--C. iconiensis Hub.-Mor. 1981 WED98
    |    `--C. mykalea Hub.-Mor. 1979 WED98
    |--C. sect. Acrolophus WED98
    |    |--C. cariensiformis Hub.-Mor. 1982 WED98
    |    `--C. yozgatensis Wagenitz 1997 WED98
    `--C. sect. Psephelloideae WED98
         |--C. appendicigera WED98
         |--C. hadimensis Wagenitz, Ertugrul & Dural 1998 WED98
         |--C. holtzii WED98
         |--C. pyrrhoblephara WED98
         `--C. taochia WED98

Centaurea incertae sedis:
  C. aspera H93
  C. calcitrapa BR65
  C. cineraria H93
  C. cyanus C55
  C. diffusa H93
  C. diluta H93
  C. ebenoides Heldreich ex Moore 1878 PL04
  C. eriophora H93
  C. iberica H93
  C. jacea BR65
  C. laureotica Heldreich ex Halácsy 1898 PL04
  C. maculosa CLB99
    |--C. m. ssp. maculosa CLB99
    `--C. m. ssp. rhenana CLB99
  C. melitensis BR65
  C. montana C55
  C. moschata H93
  C. muricata H93
  C. nigra BR65
  C. nigrescens BR65
  C. pinnatifida H09
  C. × pouzinii [C. calcitrapa × C. aspera] H93
  C. × pratensis [C. jacea × C. nigra] BR65
  C. raphanina Sibthorp & Smith 1813 PL04
    |--C. r. ssp. raphanina PL04
    `--C. r. ssp. mixta (de Candolle) Runemark 1867 PL04
  C. salmantica H93
  C. seridis B28
  C. solstitialis BR65
  C. squarrosa [=C. virgata var. squarrosa] H93
  C. sulphurea H93
  C. triumfetti [incl. C. variegata] H91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[CLB99] Callaway, R. M., T. H. DeLuca & W. M. Belliveau. 1999. Biological control herbivores may increase competitive ability of the noxious weed Centaurea maculosa. Ecology 80: 1196–1201.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[WED98] Wagenitz, G., K. Ertugrul & H. Dural. 1998. A new species of Centaurea sect. Psephelloideae (Compositae) from SW Turkey. Willdenowia 28: 157–162.

Last updated: 2 June 2019.

Inuleae

Elecampane Inula helenium, photographed by Karelj.

Belongs within: Asteroideae.
Contains: Filago.

The Inuleae is a group of composite-flowered plants in which the flower-heads are usually discoid, with outer ray-florets mostly absent or narrow and filiform. The receptacle bears chaffy scales in the subtribe Buphthalminae but is naked in Inula (Black & Robertson 1965). Elecampane Inula helenium, native to temperate Eurasia and naturalised in North America, is used in the production of absinthe in parts of Europe. Antennaria, catsfoots or pussytoes, is a genus of perennial, often matted and woolly, herbs found mostly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Flower-heads usually discoid, with all flowers tubular and bisexual (homogamous) or outer ones female and tubular or filiform, with small or irregular teeth or lobes or rarely with very short lobed ligules (heterogamous), or the heads rarely more or less dioecious, sometimes small and united in a compound globular, ovoid or oblong head or densely clustered and without a common involucre; involucral bracts often scarious, sometimes with petaloid radiating tips or quite inconspicuous; style-branches various; pappus usually of simple barbellate or plumose bristles, more rarely of scales with may be united in a small cup, or none; receptacle usually naked; leaves almost always alternate.

<==Inuleae
    |--Buphthalminae BR65
    |    |--Buphthalmum YY22
    |    `--Pallenis spinosa [=Asteriscus spinosus] BR65
    `--Inula TSR03 [Inulinae BR65]
         |--I. candida TSR03
         |    |--I. c. ssp. candida TSR03
         |    |--I. c. ssp. decalvans TSR03
         |    `--I. c. ssp. limonella TSR03
         |--I. conyza H91
         |--I. crithmoides M55
         |--I. graveolens BR65
         |--I. helenium BR65
         |--I. pulicaria C55a
         |--I. thapsoides Sprengel 1810 (see below for synonymy) TSR03
         |--I. verbascifolia (Willdenow) Haussknecht 1895 (see below for synonymy) TSR03
         |    |--I. v. ssp. verbascifolia TSR03
         |    |--I. v. ssp. aschersoniana TSR03
         |    |--I. v. ssp. heterolepis TSR03
         |    |--I. v. ssp. methanaea TSR03
         |    `--I. v. ssp. parnassica TSR03
         `--I. viscosa TKC07

Inuleae incertae sedis:
  Anisopappus PF02
    |--A. pinnatifidus CV06
    `--A. pseudopinnatifidus CV06
  Tessaria integrifolia N10, RJ11
  Stenachaenium S06
  Psilocarphus S06
    |--P. brevissimus H93
    |    |--P. b. var. brevissimus H93
    |    `--P. b. var. multiflorus H93
    |--P. elatior H93
    |--P. oregonus [=P. oreganus (l. c.)] H93
    `--P. tenellus H93
         |--P. t. var. tenellus H93
         `--P. t. var. globiferus [incl. P. tenellus var. tenuis] H93
  Filago S06
  Antennaria Gaertn. 1791 S06, KC01
    |--A. argentea H93
    |--A. corymbosa H93
    |--A. dimorpha H93
    |--A. flagellaris H93
    |--A. geyeri H93
    |--A. howellii [=A. neglecta var. howellii, A. neodioica ssp. howellii] H93
    |--A. luzuloides [incl. A. microcephala] H93
    |--A. margaritacea [=Gnaphalium margaritaceum] C55b
    |--A. marginata H93
    |--A. media [=A. alpina var. media] H93
    |--A. pulchella [incl. A. alpina var. scabra] H93
    |--A. racemosa H93
    |--A. rosea H93
    |    |--A. r. ssp. rosea H93
    |    `--A. r. ssp. confinis H93
    |--A. suffrutescens H93
    `--A. umbrinella H93
  Chevreulia S06
  Facelis S06
  Achyrocline S06
  Adenocaulon S06
    |--A. bicolor H93
    |--A. chilense D03
    `--A. himalaicum O88

Inula thapsoides Sprengel 1810 [incl. I. t. var. poiretii de Candolle 1836, I. verbascifolia Poiret 1813 (nom. rej. prop.) non (Willdenow) Haussknecht 1895 (nom. cons. prop.)] TSR03

Inula verbascifolia (Willdenow) Haussknecht 1895 (nom. cons. prop.) [=Conyza verbascifolia Willdenow 1803, I. bocconei Soldano 1986] TSR03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[M55] Mertens, R. 1955. Die Mauereidechsen der Liparischen Inseln, gesammelt von Dr. Antonino Trischitta. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 25–40.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

[TSR03] Tan, K., J. Suda & T. Raus. 2003. Proposal to conserve the name Inula verbascifolia (Willd.) Hausskn. against I. verbascifolia Poir. (Asteraceae) and with a conserved type. Taxon 52: 358–359.

[TKC07] Tixier, M.-S., S. Kreiter & B. Cheval. 2007. Vineyard colonisation by predaceous mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) living in surrounding vegetation. A three year study in the south of France. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 475–487. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 21 December 2019.

Dipsacaceae

Common teasel Dipsacus fullonum, copyright Evelyn Simak.

Belongs within: Dipsacales.

The Dipsacaceae is a family of herbs and shrubs found in temperate regions of Eurasia and Africa. Members of this family have flowers borne together on a common receptacle, superficially similar to those of the composite-flowered plants in the Asteraceae. Dipsacus fullonum, teasel, produces spiny inflorescences that were historically used when dried for raising the nap on fabrics.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Herbs or undershrubs with opposite exstipulate leaves; flowers sessile in a head on a common receptacle or floral base, which is furnished with scales between flowers and surrounded by involucre of bracts, each flower also having a loose outer calyx (or involucel) enclosing the real calyx and ovary and probably formed of connate bracts. Flowers bisexual, slightly irregular; calyx small, continuous with the thin receptacle (hollow floral axis or receptacular tube) above which it is narrowed and then spread outward in teeth or awns; corolla funnel-shaped, with four or five lobes, of which the lowest is the largest; stamens never more than four, inserted in corolla-tube; ovary inferior, adnate to receptacle, one-celled, with one pendulous anatropous ovule; style filiform, stigma entire or notched; fruit small, dry, indehiscent, one-seeded, surmounted by persistent calyx and enveloped in outer calyx.

<==Dipsacaceae [Dipsaceae]
    |--Succisa YY22
    |--Pterocephalus hookeri O88
    |--Knautia PL04
    |    |--K. arvensis P93
    |    `--K. integrifolia (Linnaeus) Bertoloni 1835 PL04
    |--Lomelosia GR98
    |    |--L. brachiata [incl. Tremastelma palaestinum] GR98
    |    `--L. calocephala GR98
    |--Cephalaria H91
    |    |--C. alpina C55a
    |    |--C. procera P93
    |    `--C. transsylvanica H91
    |--Scabiosa K03
    |    |--S. arvensis C06
    |    |--S. atropurpurea BR65
    |    |--S. columbaria C55b
    |    |--S. mansenensis K03
    |    |--S. maritima BR65
    |    |--S. rutaefolia C68
    |    |--S. stellata PT01
    |    `--S. succisa P93
    `--Dipsacus CD07
         |--D. ferox BR65
         |--D. fullonum [incl. D. sylvestris] H93
         |--D. inermis O88
         |    |--D. i. var. inermis O88
         |    `--D. i. var. mitis O88
         |--D. laciniatus V09
         `--D. sativus (Linnaeus) Honck. 1782 CD07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C68] Coineau, Y. 1968. Contribution a l'étude des Caeculidae. 7^e série. Microcaeculus franzi n. sp., Caeculidae sabulicole de Corse. Vie et Milieu, Série C 19 (1): 143–158.

[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 3 September 2018.

Bupleurum

Thoroughwax Bupleurum rotundifolium, copyright Nancy J. Ondra.

Belongs within: Apiaceae.

Bupleurum is a genus of mostly perennial herbs found primarily in the northern temperate zone.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs perennial, rarely annual, glabrous. Rootstock usually short, woody. Stem alternate or dichotomously branched, green or glaucous, base with or without fibrous remnant sheaths. Leaves entire, petioles sheathing; blade membranous, herbaceous or coriaceous, usually with parallel venation, base usually tapering into petiole. Cauline leaves often sessile, clasping, auriculate or perfoliate. Inflorescence loose, umbels compound, terminal and lateral; bracts several, conspicuous, often similar to uppermost leaves; rays few to many; bracteoles several, conspicuous. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals yellow, greenish-yellow, tinged purple or purple, oblong to orbicular, apex narrowly inflexed. Stylopodium conic, low-conic or discoid; styles short, often reflexed. Fruit oblong to ovoid-oblong or ellipsoid, slightly laterally compressed, mericarps subpentagonal (rarely rounded) in cross section; ribs 5, filiform, prominent or obscure; vittae 1–3(–6) in each furrow, 2–6(–8) on commissure, sometimes obscure. Seed face plane. Carpophore 2-cleft to base.

<==Bupleurum
    |--B. candolii O88
    |--B. falcatum ssp. falcatum O88
    |    |--B. f. ssp. f. var. falcatum O88
    |    `--B. f. ssp. f. var. gracillimum O88
    |--B. gracile PT98
    |--B. graminifolium C55a
    |--B. longicaule O88
    |--B. praealtum H91
    |--B. rigidum R-RR-GM-S98
    |--B. rotundifolium C55b
    |--B. salicifolium P02
    `--B. trichopodum Boissier & Spruner 1884 PL04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255-260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: An introductory note. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: Flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95-116.

[P02] Perry, R. N. 2002. Hatching. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 147-169. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209-223.

[R-RR-GM-S98] Ramil-Rego, P., M. Rodríguez-Guitián & C. Muñoz-Sobrino. 1998. Sclerophyllous vegetation dynamics in the north of the Iberian peninsula during the last 16,000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 335-351.

Xanthophyceae

Filaments and stalked cells of Tribonema minus, copyright D. J. Patterson & Craig Bailey.

Belongs within: Marista.

The Xanthophyceae, yellow-green algae, are a group of algae found primarily in fresh water with smaller numbers of species in soil or marine habitats. The group includes both unicellular and filamentous forms.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Predominately coccoid or filamentous, rarely amoeboid, ciliated or capsoid; swimming cells with two cilia, one anteriorly directed and bearing tripartite tubular hairs and one posteriorly directed and lacking tripartite hairs; four microtubular kinetosomal roots and one large striated kinetosomal root or rhizoplast; ciliary transitional helix with six apparently double gyres located above the major transitional plate; no paraciliary rod; cell walls typical, probably of cellulose and either entire or H-shaped bisectional walls; chloroplast with girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; eyespots present or absent; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c_1,2, violaxanthin, heteroxanthin, and vaucherioxanthin.

Xanthophyceae [Heterochlorida, Heterokontae, Heteromonadea, Xanthophyta]
    |  i. s.: Ostreobium [Phyllosiphonaceae] S57
    |           |--O. quekettii Bornet & Flahault 1889 S57
    |           `--O. reineckei Bornet 1896 L27
    |         Chlorobotrydaceae A90
    |           |--Chlorellidium A90
    |           |--Chlorobotrys A90
    |           `--Gloeobotrys A90
    |--Vaucheriaceae [Vaucheriales] C-SC06
    |    |--Dichotomosiphon tuberosus SG05
    |    `--Vaucheria C-SC06
    |         |--V. bursata C-SC06
    |         |--V. conroyi Habeeb 1984 C91
    |         |--V. litoria Bang & Agardh in Agardh 1821 S57
    |         `--V. sessilis SG05
    `--Tribonematales [Botrydiales, Heterotrichales, Mischococcales] A90
         |  i. s.: Characiopsis AS12
         |         Chloromeson AS12
         |         Ophiocytium capitatum AS12, M70
         |           |--O. c. var. capitatum M70
         |           `--O. c. var. longispinum M70
         |         Sphaerosorus AS12
         |--Heterococcus C-SC06 [Heterodendraceae A90]
         |    `--H. caespitosus C-SC06
         `--+--Mischococcus sphaerocephalus KI02, C-SC06
            `--+--Pseudopleurochloris antarctica KI02, C-SC06
               `--+--Pleurochloridaceae A90
                  |    |--Pleurochloris meiringensis C-SC06
                  |    |--Botrydiopsis intercedens A90, C-SC06
                  |    |--Chlorocloster A90
                  |    |--Ellipsoidion A90
                  |    `--Nephrodiella A90
                  `--+--Heterothrix debilis C-SC06
                     `--+--Botrydium [Botrydiaceae] C-SC06
                        |    `--B. stoloniferum C-SC06
                        `--+--Xanthonema debile KI02
                           `--+--Bumilleriopsis KI02 [Chlorotheciaceae A90]
                              |    `--B. filiformis KI02
                              `--Tribonemataceae [Tribonemaceae] A90
                                   |--Bumilleria A90
                                   |--Heterotrichella A90
                                   `--Tribonema C-SC06
                                        |--T. aequale KI02
                                        |--T. bombycinum SG05
                                        |--T. gayanum G00
                                        |--T. intermixtum C-SC06
                                        `--T. minus HM88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429-493.

[A90] Archibald, P. A. 1990. Soil algae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 69-96. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[C-SC06] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2006. Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista). Journal of Molecular Evolution 62: 388-420.

[C91] Conroy, J. C. 1991. Acarology—a modern science. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 5-16. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[G00] Gromov, B. V. 2000. Algal parasites of the genera Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, and Pseudaphelidium from Cienkovski’s “Monadinea” group as representatives of a new class. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 79 (5): 517-525 (transl. Entomological Review 80 (Suppl. 1): S26-S34).

[HM88] Hoshaw, R. W., & R. M. McCourt. 1988. The Zygnemataceae (Chlorophyta): A twenty-year update of research. Phycologia 27 (4): 511-548.

[KI02] Kawachi, M., I. Inouye, D. Honda, C. J. O’Kelly, J. C. Bailey, R. R. Bidigare & R. A. Andersen. 2002. The Pinguiophyceae classis nova, a new class of photosynthetic stramenopiles whose members produce large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. Phycological Research 50: 31-47.

[L27] Laing, R. M. 1927. A reference list of New Zealand marine algae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 126-185.

[M70] Meel, L. van. 1970. Etudes limnologiques en Belgique. VI.–Les méandres de la Durme à Hamme (Province de Flandre Orientale). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (13): 1-56.

[SG05] Sau, A. & R. K. Gupta. 2005. Algal flora of Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1-4): 63-86.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1-289.

Sporozoa

Illustration of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites emerging from oocysts, from here.

Belongs within: Alveolata.
Contains: Eugregarinorida, Eimeriorina, Aconoidasida.

The Sporozoa is a group of unicellular organisms parasitic on animals, characterised by the presence of an apical complex at one end of the cell containing organelles (rhoptries and micronemes) that secrete enzymes used in piercing the membrane of host cells. In sporozoans other than the Aconoidasida, the apical complex is tipped by a funnel of microtubules called the conoid. The Sporozoa are also commonly referred to as the Apicomplexa, though Cavalier-Smith & Chao (2004) used the latter name to refer to a larger clade also including the related organisms Colpodella and Acrocoelus.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012, as Apicomplexa): At least one stage of the life cycle with flattened sub-pellicular vesicles and apical complex consisting of one or more polar rings, rhoptries, micronemes, conoid, and sub-pellicular microtubules; sexuality, where known, by syngamy followed by immediate meiosis to produce haploid progeny; asexual reproduction of haploid stages occurring by binary fission, endodyogeny, endopolyogeny, and/or schizogony; locomotion by gliding, body flexion, longitudinal ridges, and/or cilia; parasitic.

Sporozoa [Coccidea, Coccidiida, Coccidiomorpha, Coccidiomorphina, Conoidasida, Euspora, Polannulifera, Telosporidia]
    |--Gregarinasina [Gregarinae, Gregarinea, Gregarinia, Gregarinomorpha] AS12
    |    |  i. s.: Acuta AS12
    |    |         Cephalolobus AS12
    |    |         Levinea AS12
    |    |         Menospora AS12
    |    |         Nematocystis AS12
    |    |         Nematopsis AS12
    |    |         Steinina AS12
    |    |         Trichorhynchus AS12
    |    |         Zygocystis C79
    |    |--+--Agamococcidiorida AS12
    |    |  |    |--Rhytidocystis polygordiae SM10
    |    |  |    `--Gemmocystis AS12
    |    |  `--+--Monocystis agilis LCK03
    |    |     `--+--Neogregarinida AS12
    |    |        |    |--Ophriocystis eletroscirrha LCK03
    |    |        |    |--Mattesia geminata C-S04
    |    |        |    `--Schyzocystis AS12
    |    |        `--Eugregarinorida LCK03
    |    `--+--Archigregarinorida AS12
    |       |    |--Filipodium AS12
    |       |    |--Platyproteum AS12
    |       |    |--Selenidium SM10
    |       |    |    |--S. terebellae C-SM10
    |       |    |    `--S. vivax C-S04
    |       |    `--Veloxidium AS12
    |       `--Cryptosporidium C-SC04
    |            |  i. s.: C. felis N00
    |            |         C. meleagridis MM03
    |            |--+--C. serpentis SM10
    |            |  `--C. muris SM10
    |            `--+--C. parvum SM10
    |               `--+--C. baileyi SM10
    |                  `--C. wrairi C-SC04
    `--+--Coccidia AS12
       |    |--Eimeriorina SM10
       |    `--Adeleorina [Adeliida] AS12
       |         |--Adelea AS12
       |         |--Adelina SM10
       |         |    |--A. bambarooniae SM10
       |         |    `--A. transita R00
       |         |--Hepatozoon C-SC04
       |         |    |--H. aegypti K92
       |         |    |--H. americanum C-SC04
       |         |    `--H. catesbianae C-SC04
       |         |--Dactylosoma AS12
       |         |--Haemolivia AS12
       |         |--Haemogregarina AS12
       |         |    |--H. aeglefini K-M02
       |         |    `--H. stepanovi K92
       |         |--Klossia AS12
       |         `--Klossiella AS12
       `--+--+--Cardiosporidium cionae SM10
          |  `--Nephromyces Giard 1888 [Nephromycida, Nephromycidae] SM10
          `--Aconoidasida SM10

Sporozoa incertae sedis:
  Aggregata eberthi K92
  Akiba cauleryi K92
  Babesiosoma stableri K92
  Protococcidiorida AS12
    |--Angeiocystis AS12
    |--Coelotropha AS12
    |--Grellia AS12
    |--Eleutheroschizon AS12
    |--Myriosporides AS12
    |--Myriospora AS12
    `--Sawayella AS12
  Trophosphaera planorbulinae LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[C-SC04] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E. Chao. 2004. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.) European Journal of Protistology 40: 185–212.

[C79] Curds, C. R. 1979. Group phenomena in the phylum Protozoa. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 29–37. Academic Press: London.

[K-M02] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002. Cods. Family Gadidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 223–261. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K92] Krylov, M. V. 1992. The origin of heteroxeny in Sporozoa. Parazitologiya 26 (5): 361–368.

[LCK03] Leander, B. S., R. E. Clopton & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Phylogeny of gregarines (Apicomplexa) as inferred from small-subunit rDNA and β-tubulin. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 345–354.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[MM03] Mallon, M., A. MacLeod, J. Wastling, H. Smith, B. Reilly & A. Tait. 2003. Population structures and the role of genetic exchange in the zoonotic parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 407–417.

[N00] Nichols, G. L. 2000. Food-borne protozoa. British Medical Bulletin 56 (1): 209–235.

[R00] Ross, E. S. 2000. Embia: Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order Embiidina. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 149: 1–53, 1–36.

[SM10] Saffo, M. B., A. M. McCoy, C. Rieken & C. H. Slamovits. 2010. Nephromyces, a beneficial apicomplexan symbiont in marine animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (37): 16190–16195.

Entomophthorales

Conidia of Conidiobolus coronatus, from the University of Adelaide.

Belongs within: Fungi.

The Entomophthorales are a group of fungi that are mostly parasitic on insects and arachnids, though some species of Conidiobolus are known as pathogens on humans. One of the best known species, Entomophthora muscae, is a fatal pathogen of house flies and other Diptera, with infections particularly common in spring and autumn.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Filamentous, primarily without septa; sexual reproduction by thick-walled zygospore, strictly homothallic, where known; asexual reproduction by conidia formed by blastosporogenesis; conidia forcibly discharged and often form secondary conidia.

<==Entomophthorales [Entomophthoromycetes]
    |--Completoria AS12
    |--Meristacrum AS12
    |--Ancylistes AB19
    |--Neozygites AS12 [incl. Triplosporium YM91; Neozygitaceae, Neozygitales, Neozygitomycetes]
    |    `--N. floridana K07
    |--Entomophthora AS12
    |    |--E. muscae (Cohn) Fresen 1856 AB19
    |    `--E. schizophora SSW01
    |--Conidiobolus AS12
    |    |--C. coronatus JK06
    |    |--C. incongruus SSW01
    |    |--C. lamprauges SSW01
    |    `--C. thromboides SSW01
    `--Pandora WD16
         |--P. formiceae WD16
         |--P. myrmecophaga ES12
         |--P. neoaphidis SSW01
         `--P. phalangicida CM07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[ES12] Espadaler, X., & S. Santamaria. 2012. Ecto- and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the Holarctic region. Psyche 2012: 168478.

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[K07] Knapp, M. 2007. Important mite crop pests in Africa. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 267–277. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[SSW01] Schüßler, A., D. Schwarzott & C. Walker. 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycological Research 105 (12): 1413–1421.

[WD16] Wrzosek, M., G. Dubiel, M. Gorczak, J. Pawłowska, M. Tischer & S. Bałazy. 2016. New insights on the phylogeny and biology of the fungal ant pathogen Aegeritella. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 133: 1–7.

[YM91] Yaninek, J. S., & G. J. de Moraes. 1991. A synopsis of classical biological control of mites in agriculture. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 133–149. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

Last updated: 19 March 2019.

Pleosporaceae

Conidia of Curvularia lunata, copyright J. Scott.

Belongs within: Pleosporales.

The Pleosporaceae are a family of fungi including both saprobic species and necrotrophic pathogens, some of which are economically significant. Curvularia lunata is also known as a pathogen of humans, potentially causing facultative infections through breaks in the skin or inhalation.

Characters (from Cannon & Kirk 2007): Ascomata perithecial, more or less globose, thick-walled, immersed or erumpent, black, opening by a well-developed lysigenous ostiole, sometimes hairy or setose; peridium usually thick, wi th several layers of large thick-walled pseudoparenchymatous cells. Interascal tissue of cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci more or less cylindrical, fissitunicate, the inner wall often thickened in the apical region. Ascospores brown, septate, sometimes muriform, often with a gelatinous sheath. Anamorphs hyphomycetous.

Pleosporaceae EB03Outline
    |--Pyrenophora LK04
    |    |--P. phaeocomes JK06
    |    `--P. tritici-repentis LK04
    `--+--Curvularia LK04
       |    |--C. brachyspora ML04
       |    |--C. geniculata RH91
       |    |--C. inaequilis HS98
       |    `--C. lunata C-OE-PG-C91
       `--+--Setosphaeria monoceras LK04
          `--Cochliobolus LK04
               |--C. heterostrophus JK06
               `--C. sativus SL02

Pleosporaceae incertae sedis:
  Extrawettsteinina EB03Outline
  Falciformispora EB03Outline
  Kriegeriella EB03Outline
  Lewia EB03Outline
  Macrospora scirpicola EB03Outline, HH00 [=Pleospora scirpicola HH00]
  Macroventuria EB03Outline
  Monascostroma EB03Outline
  Platysporoides EB03Outline
  Pseudoyuconia EB03Outline
  Wettsteinina EB03Outline
  Zeuctomorpha EB03Outline
  Decorospora Inderbitzin, Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 2002 EB03Notes
    `--*D. gaudefroi (Patouillard) Inderbitzin, Kohlmann & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 2002 EB03Notes
  Valsaria [incl. Phaeocreopsis Saccardo & Sydow in Lindau 1900] RS99
    `--V. rubricosa (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Pleospora JK06
    |--P. herbarum JK06
    `--P. rudis IL01
  Leptosphaerulina EB03Outline
    |--L. chartarum E99
    `--L. crassiasca E99

Valsaria rubricosa [incl. Valsaria cinnamomi, Valsonectria cinnamomi, Hypocreopsis hypoxyloides Spegazzini 1899, *Phaeocreopsis hypoxyloides (Spegazzini) Saccardo & Sydow in Lindau 1900, Valsaria hypoxyloides, Valsonectria hypoxyloides, P. pezizaeformis, Hypocreopsis pezizaeformis, Valsonectria reticulata] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cannon, P. F., & P. M. Kirk. 2007. Fungal Families of the World. CABI.

[C-OE-PG-C91] Casasolas-Oliver, A., A. Estrada-Peña & J. Gonzalez-Cabo. 1991. Activity of Rhizopus thailandensis, Rhizopus arrhizus and Curvularia lunata on reproductive efficacy of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Ixodidae). In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 633-637. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440-2755. Myconet 2: 1-41.

[EB03Notes] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, T. Laessøe & G. Rambold (eds.) 2003. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3580-3623. Myconet 9: 91-103.

[EB03Outline] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1-89.

[HS98] Hara, I., & T. Sakurai. 1998. Isolation and characterization of vanadium bromoperoxidase from a marine macroalga, Ecklonia stolonifera. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 72: 23-28.

[HH00] Ho, W. H. & K. D. Hyde. 2000. A new family of freshwater ascomycetes. Fungal Diversity 4: 21-36.

[IL01] Inderbitzin, P., S. Landvik, M. A. Abdel-Wahab & M. L. Berbee. 2001. Aliquandostipitaceae, a new family for two new tropical ascomycetes with unusually wide hyphae and dimorphic ascomata. American Journal of Botany 88 (1): 52-61.

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818-822.

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446-1480.

[ML04] Miadlikowska, J., & F. Lutzoni. 2004. Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 449-464.

[RH91] Ramani, N., & M. A. Haq. 1991. Potential of Meristacarus degradatus and Xylobates rhomboides (Acari: Oribatei) in the degradation of higher plant materials. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 411-415. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1-248.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1-17.

Oxidae

Frontipoda sp., copyright Stephen Luk.

Belongs within: Neohydrachnidia.

The Oxidae are a cosmopolitan group of water mites found in ponds and lakes. Representatives are more or less compressed laterally and are usually strong swimmers. Larvae, where known, are parasites of Chironomidae (Walter et al. 2009).

Characters (from Walter et al. 2009): Adults with dorsal shield absent, dorsal integument soft and with or without scattered platelets; insertions of all pairs of legs near anterior end of idiosoma; median coxal suture line usually absent (occasionally present); genital field with movable flaps flanking gonopore. Larvae with cheliceral bases fused; dorsal plate bearing five pairs of setae including verticils, scapulars and setae c1 laterally; integument beneath posterior edge of dorsal plate intricately folded; coxal plates I elongate, extending posteriorly nearly to level of excretory pore plate; coxal plates III bearing two pairs of setae, setae 3a and setae 3b laterally; excretory pore plate bearing only setae ps1 and ps2; legs with five movable segments; leg tarsi bearing paired claws; tibiae I-III bearing eight setae, and two, two and one solenidia respectively; tarsi I-II bearing twelve setae and one solenidion, lacking Ta14.

<==Oxidae [Oxinae]
    |--Oxus Kramer 1877 RFF05
    |    |--O. acutirostris Viets 1937 RFF05
    |    |--O. australicus Lundblad 1947 H98
    |    |--O. chilensis Cook 1988 RFF05
    |    |--O. cormela Cook 1986 H98
    |    |--O. crassipes (Lundblad 1936) RFF05
    |    |--O. crassiseta Cook 1986 H98
    |    |--O. elongatus WL09
    |    |--O. extendens Cook 1986 H98
    |    |--O. gracilipalpis (Lundblad 1941) RFF05
    |    |    |--O. g. gracilipalpis RFF05
    |    |    `--O. g. aequalipilis Viets 1954 RFF05
    |    |--O. halophilus Angelier 1947 S86
    |    |--O. meridianus Lundblad 1947 [=O. australicus var. meridianus] H98
    |    |--O. oblongus G49
    |    |--O. orientalis Walter in Sarasin & Roux 1915 H98
    |    |--O. pictus (Daday 1898) [=Frontipoda picta] H98
    |    |--O. schubarti Viets 1954 RFF05
    |    |--O. tenuipes Lundblad 1947 H98
    |    |--O. troma Cook 1986 H98
    |    |--O. valdiviensis Besch 1964 RFF05
    |    `--O. walteri Cook 1986 H98
    `--Frontipoda Koenike 1891 RFF05
         |  i. s.: F. curvirostris Cook 1986 H98
         |         F. gredada Cook 1986 H98
         |         F. musculus BK91
         |         F. neotasmanica Cook 1986 H98
         |         F. setipalpis Cook 1986 H98
         |         F. spinosa Viets 1977 H98
         |         F. tasmanica Viets 1978 H98
         |         F. wogata Cook 1986 H98
         |         F. zunova Cook 1986 H98
         |--F. (Frontipoda) RFF05
         |    |--F. (F.) patagonica (Lundblad 1941) RFF05
         |    |--F. (F.) trispinosa Lundblad 1930 RFF05
         |    |--F. (F.) vicina Cook 1988 RFF05
         |    `--F. (F.) virescens Lundblad 1936 RFF05
         `--F. (Flabellifrontipoda Lundblad 1947) RFF05
              |--F. (F.) allarka (Cook 1988) RFF05
              |--F. (F.) allasa (Cook 1988) RFF05
              |--F. (F.) alta (Cook 1980) RFF05
              |--F. (F.) aphanoraphtha (Besch 1964) RFF05
              |--‘Flabellifrontipoda’ carteza Cook 1986 H98
              |--F. (F.) ciliata Walter 1919 RFF05
              |--F. (F.) dolichopalpis (Cook 1988) RFF05
              |--‘Flabellifrontipoda’ eloma Cook 1986 H98
              |--‘Flabellifrontipoda’ longipalpa Cook 1986 H98
              |--F. (F.) neotropica (Lundblad 1953) RFF05
              |--F. (F.) parva (Cook 1980) RFF05
              |--F. (F.) pectinata (Lundblad 1947) [=Flabellifrontipoda pectinata] H98
              |--F. (F.) penai (Cook 1988) RFF05
              |--F. (F.) polyplacophora (Cook 1980) RFF05
              |--F. (F.) sneiderni (Lundblad 1953) RFF05
              |--‘Flabellifrontipoda’ striata Cook 1986 H98
              |--F. (F.) tranasa (Cook 1988) RFF05
              |--F. (F.) unoka (Cook 1988) RFF05
              `--‘Flabellifrontipoda’ zadina Cook 1986 H98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK91] Biesiadka, E., & W. Kowalik. 1991. Water mites (Hydracarina) as indicators of trophy and pollution in lakes. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 475–481. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[G49] Grandjean, F. 1949. Remarques sur l'évolution numérique des papilles génitales et de l'organe de Claparède chez les hydracariens. Bulletin du Muséum, 2e série, 21 (1): 75–82.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[RFF05] Rosso de Ferradás, B., & H. R. Fernández. 2005. Elenco y biogeografía de los ácaros acuáticos (Acari, Parasitengona, Hydrachnidia) de Sudamérica. Graellsia 61 (2): 181–224.

[S86] Schwoerbel, J. 1986. Acari: “Hydrachnellae”. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 652–696. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

Last updated: 11 July 2022.

Aturidae

Ljania sp., from here.

Belongs within: Hygrobatoidea.
Contains: Austraturus, Albia, Notoaturinae, Kongsbergia, Aturus, Neoaturus, Axonopsis, Axonopsella.

The Aturidae are a diverse group of well-sclerotised, usually dorsoventrally flattened water mites, many of which show strong sexual dimorphism. Larvae, where known, are parasites of Chironomidae and Trichoptera; the Sumatran species Parasitalbia sumatrensis is unusual in being parasitic as an adult with females attacking larval Ephemeroptera (Walter et al. 2009). Dorsal and ventral shields are present on the idiosoma with the dorsal shield comprised of a single plate in members of all subfamilies except Notoaturinae.

Characters (from Walter et al. 2009): Adults with dorsal and ventral shields present. Larvae with cheliceral bases fused; coxal plates I separate from posterior coxal group on each side; one pair of urstigmata borne distally between coxal plates I and II; legs with five movable segments; leg tarsi bearing paired claws.

Aturidae
    |--Albiinae WL09
    |    |--Parasitalbia sumatrensis WL09
    |    `--Albia WL09
    |--+--Notoaturinae WL09
    |  `--Aturinae WL09
    |       |--Kongsbergia WL09
    |       |--Aturus WL09
    |       |--Neoaturus WL09
    |       |--Subaturus WL09
    |       |--Subalbia WL09
    |       |--Aturides Lundblad 1937 RFF05
    |       |    `--A. dentatus (Lundblad 1936) RFF05
    |       |--Phreatobrachypoda Cook 1963 S86
    |       |    |--P. acuta Habeeb 1975 S86
    |       |    |--P. multipora Cook 1963 S86
    |       |    |--P. oregonensis WL09
    |       |    `--P. robusta Cook 1974 S86
    |       `--Bharatalbia Cook 1967 S86
    |            |  i. s.: B. cooki WL09
    |            |--B. (Bharatalbiella Cook 1967) S86
    |            |    `--B. (B.) talinapalpis Cook 1967 S86
    |            `--B. (Japonalbia Imamura 1977) S86
    |                 |--B. (J.) ibarakiensis Imamura 1977 S86
    |                 |--B. (J.) longipalpis Imamura 1984 S86
    |                 |--B. (J.) ohittaensis Imamura 1984 S86
    |                 |--B. (J.) rotunda Imamura 1984 S86
    |                 `--B. (J.) tsugaruensis Imamura 1984 S86
    `--Axonopsinae WL09
         |--Axonopsis WL09
         |--Axonopsella WL09
         |--Miraxona WL09
         |--Brachypoda versicolor (Müller 1776) WL09, PH91
         |--Woolastookia pilositarsa WL09
         |--Estellacarus unguitarsus WL09
         |--Neobrachypoda eckmani WL09
         |--Javalbia Viets 1935 S86
         |    |--J. (Javalbia) antama Cook 1967 S86
         |    `--J. eremita GS96
         |--Adelaxonopsella Cook 1974 S86
         |    `--A. pallida Cook 1974 S86
         |--Uenaxonopsis Imamura 1961 S86
         |    `--U. nazensis Imamura 1961 S86
         |--Stokaxonopsis Cook 1967 S86
         |    `--S. besselingi Cook 1967 [=Axonopsis (Stokaxonopsis) besselingi] S86
         |--Khedacarus Cook 1967 S86
         |    `--K. platypes Cook 1967 S86
         |--Neoaxonopsis Lundblad 1938 RFF05
         |    `--N. odontogaster Lundblad 1938 RFF05
         |--Barbaxonella Lundblad 1954 S86
         |    |--B. angulata (Viets 1955) [=Axonopsalbia (Hexaxonopsalbia) angulata] S86
         |    |--B. iberica Cook 1974 S86
         |    `--B. reverendissima GS96
         |--Neoaxonopsella Orghidan & Gruia 1981 S86
         |    |--N. caripense Orghidan & Gruia 1981 S86
         |    `--N. kurtovietsi Orghidan & Gruia 1981 S86
         |--Stygalbiella Cook 1974 RFF05
         |    |--S. affinis Cook 1974 S86
         |    |--S. arizonica Cook 1974 S86
         |    `--S. tucumanensis Cook 1980 RFF05
         |--Miraxonides Lundblad 1938 RFF05
         |    |--M. (Miraxonides) alatus Lundblad 1938 RFF05
         |    `--M. (Miraxonidella Cook 1980) RFF05
         |         `--M. (M.) karlvietsi Cook 1980 RFF05
         |--Polyaxonopsella Lundblad 1943 RFF05
         |    |--P. bordoni (Orghidan & Gruia 1981) RFF05 [=Axonopsella (Polyaxonopsella) bordoni S86]
         |    |--P. dentifera Lundblad 1943 RFF05
         |    `--P. polypora Lundblad 1953 RFF05
         |--Erebaxonopsis Motas & Tanasachi 1947 S86
         |    |--E. amamiensis Imamura 1961 S86
         |    |--E. brevipes Motas & Tanasachi 1947 S86
         |    |--E. morimotoi (Imamura 1958) [=Axonopsis morimotoi] S86
         |    `--E. nearctica Cook 1974 S86
         |--Neoalbia Lundblad 1936 RFF05
         |    |--N. (Neoalbia) violacea Lundblad 1936 RFF05
         |    `--N. (Neoalbiella Viets 1954) RFF05
         |         |--N. (N.) bidentata Viets 1959 RFF05
         |         `--N. (N.) octopora Viets 1954 RFF05
         |--Ljania Thor 1898 S86
         |    |--L. bipapillata Thor 1898 GS91
         |    |--L. japonica Imamura 1956 S86
         |    `--L. macilenta S86
         |         |--L. m. macilenta S86
         |         `--L. m. longissima Schwoerbel 1962 S86
         |--Neoaxona Lundblad 1936 RFF05
         |    |  i. s.: N. aculeata Besseling 1949 RFF05
         |    |         N. plaumanni Lundblad 1937 RFF05
         |    |--N. (Neoaxona) oblonga Lundblad 1936 RFF05
         |    `--N. (Lamellaxona Lundblad 1937) RFF05
         |         `--N. (L.) abnormipes Lundblad 1937 RFF05
         |--Submiraxona Lundblad 1937 RFF05
         |    |--S. (Submiraxona) RFF05
         |    |    |--S. (S.) crassipes Lundblad 1937 RFF05
         |    |    `--S. (S.) rutae Lundblad 1937 RFF05
         |    `--S. (Pentalbia Lundblad 1937) RFF05
         |         `--S. (P.) walteri (Lundblad 1937) RFF05
         `--Albaxona Szalay 1944 S86
              |  i. s.: A. gracilis Schwoerbel 1962 S86
              |         A. japonica Imamura 1970 S86
              |         A. minuta Szalay 1944 S86
              |         A. stoka Cook 1967 S86
              `--A. (Vietsaxona Motas & Tanasachi 1948) S86
                   |--A. (V.) elegans Walter 1947 S86
                   |--A. (V.) lundbladi Motas & Tanasachi 1948 S86
                   `--A. (V.) nearctica Cook 1974 S86

Aturidae incertae sedis:
  Japonaxonopsis Imamura 1984 [Japonaxonopsinae] S86
    `--J. nozakiensis Imamura 1984 S86
  Zelandopsis Imamura 1977 [Zelandopsinae] S86
    |--Z. aturoides Schwoerbel 1984 S86
    `--Z. morimotoi Imamura 1977 S86
  Cabellaturus Cook 1986 H98
    `--C. triangularis Cook 1986 H98
  Austraturus H98
  Barwontius Viets 1978 H98
    |--B. altipalpis Cook 1986 H98
    |--B. inflatipalpis Viets 1978 H98
    |--B. lunoka Cook 1986 H98
    |--B. monolus Cook 1986 H98
    |--B. recurvus Cook 1986 H98
    |--B. retavus Cook 1986 H98
    |--B. simplex Cook 1986 H98
    `--B. treetus Cook 1986 H98
  Melenaturus Cook 1986 H98
    `--M. concavus Cook 1986 H98
  Twarntaturus Cook 1986 H98
    |--T. alphus Cook 1986 H98
    |--T. australicus Cook 1986 H98
    |--T. cetonus Cook 1986 H98
    |--T. conroyi Cook 1986 H98
    `--T. zurus Cook 1986 H98
  Azugaturus Cook 1986 H98
    `--A. distinctus Cook 1986 H98
  Spinaturus Cook 1986 H98
    |--S. bleptus Cook 1986 H98
    `--S. ctenophorus Cook 1986 H98
  Tasmanaxona Cook 1986 H98
    `--T. kurtvietsi Cook 1986 H98
  Wheenyoides Harvey 1990 H98
    `--W. cooki Harvey 1990 H98
  Tryssaturus SL71
    |--T. indentatus Hopkins 1967 SL71
    |--T. inusitatus Hopkins 1967 SL71
    |--T. minutus Hopkins 1969 SL71
    |--T. spinipes Hopkins 1967 SL71
    `--T. villosus Hopkins 1967 SL71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GS96] Gerecke, R., & A. Di Sabatino. 1996. Historical zoogeography and evolution of habitat preference in water mites (Hydracarina) of the central Mediterranean region. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 523–527. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[GS91] Gerecke, R., & J. Schwoerbel. 1991. Water quality and water mites (Acari, Actinedida) in the Upper Danube region, 1959-1984. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 483–491. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[PH91] Punčochár, P., & J. Hrbáček. 1991. Water mites in the plankton of Hubenov Reservoir and their relations to fish stock composition. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 449–457. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[RFF05] Rosso de Ferradás, B., & H. R. Fernández. 2005. Elenco y biogeografía de los ácaros acuáticos (Acari, Parasitengona, Hydrachnidia) de Sudamérica. Graellsia 61 (2): 181–224.

[S86] Schwoerbel, J. 1986. Acari: “Hydrachnellae”. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 652–696. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[SL71] Spain, A. V., & M. Luxton. 1971. Catalog and bibliography of the Acari of the New Zealand subregion. Pacific Insects Monograph 25: 179–226.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

Last updated: 9 July 2022.