Belongs within: Phytophaga.
Contains: Eugnominae, Aterpinae, Diabathrariinae, Laemosaccus, Gonipterinae, Cyclominae, Cleoninae, Hyperinae, Rhythirrininae, Acamptini, Cossonini, Lixus, Larinus, Ceutorhynchini, Conoderinae, Poropterus, Cryptorhynchini, Ithyporini, Mecistocerini, Pantotelini, Nertinini, Peridinetus, Ambates, Madopterina, Torcina, Zygobaridina, Tonesiina, Madarina, Leptoschoinina, Lydamis, Coelonertina, Diorymerina, Eurhinina, Linoma, Pseudobaris, Heterosternus, Baris, Alcidides, Haplonychinae, Dryophthoridae, Platypodidae, Molytinae, Hylesininae, Scolytinae, Melanterius, Curculio, Cranopoeini, Tychius, Myllocerus, Sitona, Phyllobiini, Naupactini, Leptopiini, Otiorhynchini.
The Curculionidae are the largest family of weevils. Members of the family typically possess an elongate rostrum, though this is relatively short in some subfamilies such as the Entiminae, and absent in others such as Platypodinae and Scolytinae. Most curculionids are phytophagous, with the larvae feeding internally in plant tissues (Lawrence & Britton 1991).
Perhaps not surprisingly for such a large group, the division of the Curculionidae between subfamilies has varied significantly between authors. For instance, some authors would combine the Orobitidinae, Ceuthorhynchinae and Conoderinae into an expanded Baridinae on the basis of shared characters such as fusion of the metepisternum and metepimeron, and an enlarged ascending mesepimeron (Davis 2009). Basal subgroups such as the 'Platypodidae' and 'Dryophthoridae' may be recognised as separate families by some authors. Representative subfamilies include the Curculioninae, whose larvae mostly develop on flowers, fruits or seeds. The Entiminae, broad-nosed weevils, have larvae that most live in the soil and feed on roots; as indicated by their vernacular name, most members of this subfamily have rather short and broad rostra. The Cossoninae are small, elongate weevils with a short rostrum that may be found beneath the bark of rotten logs (Lawrence & Britton 1991). Species of the genus Bagous feed on aquatic plants and are able to swim underwater; they breath using air extracted from plant stems.
Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Usually moderately to strongly convex, robust, heavily sclerotised, often clothed with scales or bristles. Head more or less produced in front of eyes to form rostrum, which is usually much longer than broad; antennae geniculate with long scape and more or less compact club; labrum absent; maxillae reduced with short rigid palps; gular sutures fused; penultimate tarsal segment usually minute and concealed at base of lobed third segment. Larvae more or less C-shaped, very lightly sclerotised, with minute antennae and robust mandibles.
<==Curculionidae [Gonatoceri, Phanerognatha] MW15
|--+--Dryophthoridae MW15
| `--Platypodidae MW15
`--+--Notaris [Notarinae, Notarini] MW15
| `--N. aethiops C01
`--+--+--+--Sympiezoscelus MW15
| | `--Molytinae MW15
| `--+--+--Porthetes MW15
| | `--Scolytidae [Scolytarii] D09
| | | i. s.: Bufonus Eggers 1919 W86
| | | `--*B. obscurus Eggers 1919 W86
| | |--Hylesininae MW15
| | `--Scolytinae W86
| `--Curculioninae [Anthonomides, Cionides, Tychides, Tychiinae] D09
| | i. s.: Assuanensius discoidalis (Tournier 1873) HF03
| | Cionus HF03
| | |--C. blattariae L02
| | |--C. ferrugatus Mas86
| | |--C. hortulanus (Fourcroy 1785) HF03
| | |--C. scrophulariae (Linnaeus 1758) HF03
| | |--C. thapsus (Fabricius 1792) HF03
| | |--C. tissoni Reitter 1906 HF03
| | `--C. wittei Kirsch 1781 HF03
| | Geranorhinus pusillus (Motschulsky 1851) HF03
| | Mecinus HF03
| | |--M. circulatus (Marsham 1802) HF03
| | |--M. pascuorum (Gyllenhal 1813) HF03
| | `--M. pirazzolii (Stierlin 1867) HF03
| | Pachytychius hirtulus Desbrochers 1894 HF03
| | Rhinusa HF03
| | |--R. asellus (Gravenhorst 1807) HF03
| | |--R. bipustulatum (Rossi 1792) HF03
| | |--R. netum (Germar 1821) HF03
| | `--R. tetrum (Fabricius 1801) HF03
| | Sharpia soluta Faust 1885 HF03
| | Diapelmus Mas86
| | |--D. erichsoni Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| | |--D. mendax Erichs. 1842 Mas86
| | `--D. ventralis Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| | Orchestes Illiger 1798 Mas86, A-Z04
| | | i. s.: O. perpusillus Pascoe 1875 Mas86
| | | O. pilosus S66
| | | O. rusci C01
| | `--O. (Orchestes) A-Z04
| | |--O. (O.) andersoni Alonso-Zarazaga 2004 (see below for synonymy) A-Z04
| | `--O. (O.) betuleti (Panzer 1795) (see below for synonymy) A-Z04
| | Elleschus orbitalis Mas86
| | Orichora trivirgata Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| | Ochrophoebe uniformis Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| | *Notionomus australis Z93
| | Elleschodes Blackburn 1897 M94
| | `--*E. hamiltoni Blackburn 1897 M94
| | Erytenna Pascoe 1870 M94
| | |--*E. consputa Pascoe 1870 M94
| | `--E. dispersa Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| | Melanterius M94
| | Storeus Schoenherr 1843 M94
| | |--*S. variegatus M94
| | |--S. albosignatus Blackburn 1890 M94
| | `--S. signatus Mas86
| | Notinus M94
| | Oropterus coniger M94, T27
| | Peristoreus M94
| |--Curculio MW15
| |--Cranopoeini B14
| |--Otidocephalini [Myrmecini] B14
| |--Erodiscini B14
| | |--Ludovix fasciatus (Gyllenhal 1836) B14
| | `--Erodiscus attenuatus ML05
| |--Camarotus [Camarotina, Camarotini] B14
| | |--C. cassidoides B14
| | |--C. dilatatus B14
| | `--C. singularis Champion 1903 B14
| |--Derelomini [Derelominae] D09
| | |--Derelomus basalis Blatchley & Leng 1916 D09
| | |--Elaeidobius PJ02
| | | |--E. kamerunicus PJ02
| | | |--E. plagiatus PJ02
| | | `--E. subvittatus PJ02
| | `--Celetes trithrinacis ML05
| |--Anthonomus HF03 [Anthonomini ML05]
| | |--A. australis Boisd. 1835 Mas86
| | |--A. badueri Desbrochers 1875 HF03
| | |--A. grandis GE05
| | |--A. ornatus MC94
| | |--A. rectirostris C01
| | |--A. sisymbrii ML05
| | `--A. variabilis (Hoffmann 1963) HF03
| |--Piazorhinini ML05
| |--Prionobrachium [Prionobrachiini] ML05
| | `--P. bimaculatum ML05
| |--Smicronychini ML05
| |--Rhamphini [Tachygonini] ML05
| | |--Rhamphus HF03
| | | |--R. flavicornis L02
| | | |--R. oxyacanthae (Marsham 1802) HF03
| | | `--R. pulicaris M94
| | `--Tachygonus argentinus ML05
| |--Tychiini ML05
| | |--Tychius HF03
| | `--Sibinia ML05
| | |--S. arenariae (Stephens 1832) HF03
| | |--S. planiuscula Desbrochers 1873 HF03
| | |--S. reitteri Desbrochers 1895 HF03
| | `--S. sellata ML05
| |--Ceratopodini ML05
| |--Craspedotus ML05 [incl. Neobrachybaris H51b; Pyropinae, Pyropini ML05]
| `--Gymnetron C01 [Gymetrini ML05]
| |--G. beccabungae C01
| |--G. crassirostris Lucas 1847 E12
| |--G. pascuorum [incl. G. pascuorum var. bicolor] C01
| `--G. vulpes Lucas 1847 E12
`--Entiminae (see below for synonymy) D09
| i. s.: Achradidus milleri (Tournier 1874) HF03
| Conocoetus baudii (Faust 1889) HF03
| Parascythopus HF03
| Cyrtepistomus [Cyphicerina, Cyphicerini] D09
| `--C. castaneus (Roelofs 1873) D09
| Psallidium HF03
| |--P. desbrochersi Faust 1894 HF03
| `--P. separandum Desbrochers 1875 HF03
| Strophomorphus HF03
| |--S. colonnellii Pelletier 1999 HF03
| |--S. impressicollis Tournier 1874 HF03
| |--S. milleri Tournier 1874 HF03
| |--S. minutus Tournier 1874 HF03
| |--S. perrinae Pelletier 1999 HF03
| `--S. ventricosus (Chevrolat 1880) HF03
| Dorotheus guidensis Kuschel 1959 PLB13
| Arostropsis groehni Yunakov & Kirejtshuk 2011 PLB13
| Paonaupactus PLB13
| |--P. cephalotes (Voss 1972) PLB13
| `--P. sitonitoides Voss 1953 PLB13
| Protonaupactus PLB13
| |--P. microphthalmus Zherikhin 1971 PLB13
| |--P. sobrinus (Voss 1972) PLB13
| `--P. viridis (Wanat & Borowiec 1986) PLB13
| Archaeoscipahilus marshalli Legalov 2012 PLB13
| Archaeocallirhopalus larssoni Legalov 2013 PLB13
| Promecops tumidirostris Poinar & Brown 2011 PLB13
| Gymnopholus (Symbiopholus) lichenifer Gressitt 1966 B14
| Apirocalus cornutus Mac86
| Coptorhynchus Mac86
| |--C. bombicollis Macleay 1886 Mac86
| |--C. gestroi Pascoe 1885 Mas86
| |--C. jansoni Pascoe 1871 Mas86
| |--C. lateralis Mas86
| |--C. melancholicus Mas86
| |--C. nudus Macleay 1886 Mac86
| |--C. scabratus Mas86
| |--C. speculatus Macleay 1886 Mac86
| `--C. tessellatus Mac86
| Celeuthetes echinatus (Fabricius 1801) Z93 (see below for synonymy)
| Psomeles oblongus Mas86
| Tyloderes spinosus Boisd. 1835 Mas86
| Merimnetes Mas86
| |--M. tenuis Germ. 1848 Mas86
| `--M. uniformis Mas86
| Euphalia pardalis Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Proxyrus Mas86
| |--P. abstersus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| `--P. lecideosus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Atmesia Mas86
| |--A. glaucina Pascoe 1873 Mas86
| `--A. marginata Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Timareta Mas86
| |--T. crinita Pascoe 1874 Mas86
| |--T. figurata Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| `--T. satellina Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| Phylda periteloides Pascoe 1869 Mas86
| Titinia Mas86
| |--T. ignaria Pascoe 1869 Mas86
| `--T. marmorata Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| Idaspora terrea Pascoe 1869 Mas86
| Telenica Mas86
| |--T. nebulosa Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| `--T. sublimbata Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| Epherina longicornis Pascoe 1869 Mas86
| Myllocerus Mas86
| Synomus cephalotes Pascoe 1885 Mas86
| Bothynorrhynchus [incl. Opetiopteryx] Z93
| `--B. lascivus Mas86
| Psapharus Schoenherr 1823 [incl. Hybauchinia] Z93
| |--*P. infaustus [=Curculio infaustus] Z93
| `--P. mistothes [incl. Hybauchinia nodulosa] Z93
| Deracanthus Z93
| |--*D. spinifex [=Curculio spinifex] Z93
| `--D. pallasii C01
| ‘Curculio’ adspersus Fabricius 1775 Z93
| Stereogastrus scabratus (Fabricius 1801) [=Curculio scabratus] Z93
| Asceparnus nodipennis Schoenherr 1847 Z93
| Platyapistes argentinensis ML05
| Rhinoscaphus doriae Pascoe 1885 Mac86
| Apocyrtus froggatti Macleay 1886 Mac86
| Eutinophoea nana Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Euthyphasis acuta Pascoe 1875 Mas86
| Acalanoma reducta Pascoe 1875 Mas86
| Ochrometa amoena Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Dermatodes australis Boisd. 1835 Mas86
| Laodice funebris Chev. 1880 Mas86
| Prostomus scutellaris (Fabricius 1787) Mas86, Z93 (see below for synonymy)
| Styreus geonomoides Pascoe 1883 Mas86
| Prosayleus B70
| Pachyrrhynchus Mas86
| |--P. australasiae Bohem. 1859 Mas86
| `--P. smaragdinus B14
| Evas Mas86
| |--E. acuminata Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--E. argenteiventris Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--E. crassirostris Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| `--E. lineatus Pascoe 1873 Mas86
| Prosaulius Mas86
| |--P. ateropterus Mas86
| |--P. comosus Germ. 1848 Mas86
| |--P. dispar Germ. 1848 Mas86
| `--P. hopei Mas86
| Prypnus Mas86
| |--P. canaliculatus Mas86
| |--P. fallax Mas86
| |--P. quinquenodosus Mas86
| |--P. squalidus [incl. P. bidentatus] Mas86
| |--P. subtuberculatus Mas86
| |--P. tenebricosus Mas86
| `--P. trituberculatus Germ. 1848 Mas86
|--Anypotactus Schoenherr 1840 [Anypotactini] PLB13
|--Cylydrorhinini PLB13
|--Entimini PLB13
|--Eudiagogini PLB13
|--Eustylini PLB13
|--Geonemini PLB13
|--Hormorini PLB13
|--Lordopini PLB13
|--Sitona PLB13
|--Cneorhinini PLB13
|--Phyllobiini PLB13
|--Tropiphorini PLB13
|--Naupactini PLB13
|--Leptopiini M94
|--Otiorhynchini M94
|--Thecesternus Z93 [Thecesterninae, Thecesternini PLB13]
| `--T. hirsutus Z93
|--Ophryastes BM76 [Ophryastini PLB13]
| `--O. sulcirostris BM76
|--Peritelus C01 [Peritelini PLB13]
| `--P. familiaris C01
|--Sciaphilus C01 [Sciaphilini PLB13]
| `--S. asperatus C01
|--Trachyphloeus HF03 [Trachyphloeini PLB13]
| |--T. laticollis Boheman 1843 HF03
| `--T. spinimanus C01
|--Ottistirini M94
| |--Ottistira fasciata Macleay 1886 Mac86
| `--Maleuterpes Blackburn 1893 M94
| |--*M. spinipes Blackburn 1893 M94
| `--M. phytolymus B70
|--Polydrusus Germar 1817 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
| |--P. archetypus Zherikhin 1971 PLB13
| |--P. chrysomela C01
| |--P. luctuosus Desbrochers 1875 HF03
| |--P. mollis C01
| `--P. pallipes Lucas 1847 E12
|--Pachyrhynchini M94
| |--Pachyrhynchus quadripustulatus [incl. P. verrucosus Bates 1877] Mac86
| `--Pantorhytes Faust 1892 M94
| |--*P. chrysomelas [=Pachyrhynchus chrysomelas] M94
| |--P. stanleyanus (White in MacGillivray 1851) [=Pachyrhynchus stanleyanus] M94
| `--P. szentivanyi QI93
|--Tanymecini PLB13
| |--Tanymecus C01
| | |--T. nebulosus C01
| | `--T. palliatus C01
| `--Hypomeces PLB13
| |--H. fushunensis Hong 2002 PLB13
| `--H. squamosus [incl. Cenchroma obscura] Z93
`--Eupholini B14
|--Rhinoscapha B14
`--Eupholus B14
|--E. browni B14
`--E. schoenherrii (Guérin-Méneville 1838) B14
|-¬-E. s. schoenherrii B14
|--E. s. mimikanus B14
|--E. s. petiti B14
`--E. s. semicoeruleus B14
Curculionidae incertae sedis:
Crisius E02
|--C. longulus WH02
|--C. ornatus WH02
|--C. posticalis WH02
`--C. ventralis (Broun 1885) E02
Camptoscapus planiusculus (Broun 1880) E02
Microtribus huttoni E02
Hydramphus tuberculatus WH02
Ectopsis ferrugalis WH02
Megacolabus garviensis WH02
Tychanus verrucosus WH02
Tychanopais WH02
|--T. fougeri WH02
`--T. tuberosus ED04
Didymus impexus WH02
Clypeolus cineraceus WH02
Echinopeplus insolitus WH02
Epitimetes WH02
|--E. cuprealis WH02
|--E. grisealis WH02
`--E. lutosus WH02
Sargon suturalis WH02
Sympedius WH02
Stephanocleonus fossulatus Z02
Hexarthrum exiguum Z02
Dermothrius brevipennis ED04
Rachidiscodes ED04
Germainiellus MC94
Sericotrogus subaenescens WFS04
Acanthothorax Gaede 1832 BG06
Tigones caudata T27
Eugnominae M94
Hoplocneme hookeri T27
Empaeotes censorius T27
Bothynoderes brevirostris G89
Xanthochelus postumus Faust 1883 G89
Amblyrhinus G89
Corigetus G89
Alcidodes MHG04
|--A. bubo (Fabricius 1801) [=Rhynchaenus bubo] M94
`--A. leeuweni MHG04
Odoiporus longicollis MHG04
Stenoscelis brevis W86
Oodemas O94
Rhyncogonus O94
Phytonomus AN-A04
|--P. lilliputanus Lucas 1847 E12
|--P. plantaginis A71
`--P. variabilis AN-A04
Calacalles (Crateracalles Stüben 2004) F05
|--C. (*C.) droueti (Crotch 1867) [=Acalles droueti] F05
`--C. (C.) azoricus Stüben 2004 F05
Kyklioacalles F05
|--K. almadensis Stüben 2004 F05
|--K. almadophilus Stüben 2004 F05
`--K. anthyllis Stüben 2004 F05
Onyxacalles maginaensis Stüben 2004 F05
Othorhinus cylindrirostris ZS10
Rhynchodes G84
Homalinotus Schoenherr 1826 WL09, C92 [=Homalonotus Agassiz 1846 nec Koenig 1825 nec Agassiz 1846 C92]
`--H. coriaceus WL09
Mylacus rotundatus C01
Ptochus deportatus C01
Brachysomus echinatus C01
Strophosomus obesus C01
Psalidium maxillosum C01
Chlorophanus viridis C01
Alophus C01
|--A. quadriguttatus C01
|--A. rudis [incl. A. rudis var. gibbulosus] C01
`--A. triguttatus C01
Lepyrus C01
|--L. arcticus C01
`--L. palustris C01
Grypidius equiseti C01
Amalus haemorrhous C01
Ceuthorrhynchidius C01
|--C. barnevillei C01
|--C. floralis C01
|--C. melanarius C01
`--C. nigrinus C01
Tapinotus sellatus C01
Miccotrogus picirostris C01
Miarus campanulae C01
Deporaus C01
|--D. megacephalus C01
`--D. notatus [=Arodepus notatus] B88
Bytiscus C01
|--B. betulae C01
`--B. populi C01
Cnemargus Schönherr 1837 CW92a
Merodontus Jekel 1854 CW92b
Neocnemis Crotch 1867 CW92c
Rhynchaenus Clairville 1798 M94 [Rhynchaeninae LB91]
|--R. populi L02
`--R. saltator M94
Aterpinae LB91
Diabathrariinae LB91
Mesoptiliinae [Magdalidinae, Magdalinides] ML05
|--Saccolaemus narinus (Pascoe 1872) H82
|--Magdalis C01
| |--M. melanocephala Mas86
| `--M. memnonia C01
|--Neolaemosaccus Hustache 1937 M94
| |--*N. subsignatus [=Laemosaccus subsignatus] M94
| `--N. narinus (Pascoe 1872) [=Laemosaccus narinus] M94
`--Laemosaccus ML05
Gonipterinae LB91
Bagous Germar 1817 [Bagoinae] M94
|--*B. binodulus [=Curculio binodulus] M94
|--B. affinis Hustache 1926 B14
|--B. australasiae Blackburn 1894 M94
|--B. minutus C01
`--B. transversus LeConte 1876 D09
Cyclominae B14
Orobitidinae [Orobitini] D09
|--Parorobitis D09
| |--P. gibbus Korotyaev, O’Brien & Konstantinov 2000 D09
| `--P. minutus B14
`--Orobitis B14
|--O. cyanea B14
`--O. nigrina B14
Cleoninae LB91
Hyperinae HF03
Rhythirrininae LB91
Cossoninae [Cossonides] D09
| i. s.: Brachytemnus porcatus Germar 1824 HF03
| Choerorhinus squalidus Fairmaire 1857 HF03
| Pselactus spadix (Herbst 1795) HF03
| Pseudomimus avocadi Folwaczny 1973 HF03
| Phoenomerus exilis Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| Notiomimetes pascoei Woll. 1873 Mas86
| Cossonideus Mas86
| |--C. lineola (Fabricius 1775) [=Curculio lineola] Z93
| `--C. pascoei Woll. 1873 Mas86
| Halorhynchus caecus Woll. 1873 Mas86
| Thaumastophasis oculatus Woll. 1873 Mas86
| Stereomimetes crassicornis Woll. 1873 Mas86
| Notiosomus Mas86
| |--N. australis Woll. 1873 Mas86
| |--N. congener Woll. 1873 Mas86
| `--N. major Woll. 1873 Mas86
| Homalotrogus arctatus Pascoe 1885 Mas86
| Aphanocorynes depressus Woll. 1873 Mas86
| Pentamimus Mas86
| |--P. canaliculatus Woll. 1873 Mas86
| |--P. rhyncholiformis Woll. 1873 Mas86
| `--P. suffusus Woll. 1873 Mas86
| Isotrogus bilineatus Pascoe 1885 Mas86
| Hyponotus subpubescens Woll. 1873 Mas86
| Orthotemnus disparilis Pascoe 1885 Mas86
| Stereoborus inductus Pascoe 1885 Mas86
| Dryotribus Z93
| Aphyoda Z93
| Himatium [incl. Caulosomus] Z93
| Eiratus M94
| Exeiratus M94
|--Acamptini B14
|--Cossonini M94
|--Pentarthrum Wollaston 1854 [Pentarthrini] M94
| |--*P. huttoni Wollaston 1854 M94
| |--P. nigrum Woll. 1873 Mas86
| `--P. zealandicum Wollaston 1873 M94
|--Araucariini M94
| |--Araucarius GE05
| `--Xenocnema Wollaston 1873 M94
| `--*X. spinipes Wollaston 1873 M94
`--Rhyncolini M94
|--Rhyncolus knowltoni W86
`--Phloeophagosoma Wollaston 1873 M94
|--*P. minutum Wollaston 1873 M94
|--P. aesculi M94
|--P. tenuis M94
`--P. thoracicum Wollaston 1874 M94
Lixinae HF03
|--Lixus G89
|--Bangasternus planifrons (Brullé 1832) HF03
|--Broconius pallipes Zumpt 1938 HF03
|--Hypolixus nubilosus (Boheman 1836) [incl. H. ornatus Reiche 1857, Lixus ornatus] HF03
|--Larinus HF03
|--Mecaspis baudii Faust 1887 HF03
|--Menecleonus anxius (Gyllenhal 1834) HF03
|--Microlarinus rhinocylloides Hochhuth 1847 HF03
|--Rhabdorrhynchus anchusae (Chevrolat 1854) HF03
|--Nefis B14
`--Rhinocyllus Germar 1819 HF03, M94
|--*R. conicus (Frölich 1792) M94
`--R. oblongus Capiomont 1873 HF03
Ceutorhynchinae [Ceutorhynchides] D09
| i. s.: Barioxyonyx retectus (Peyerimhoff 1925) [incl. B. daghestanicus Korotyaev 1997] HF03
| Hadroplontus trimaculatus (Fabricius 1775) HF03
| Mesyoxyonyx syriacus (Schultze 1899) HF03
| Paroxyonyx petrae Korotyaev 1997 HF03
| Pseudocoeliodes rubricus Gyllenhal 1837 HF03
| Sirocalodes mixtus (Rey 1858) HF03
| Rhinoncus Mas86
| |--R. castor C01
| |--R. jakovlevi C01
| |--R. mongolicus C01
| |--R. nigriventris Pascoe 1873 Mas86
| `--R. pericarpius C01
|--Ceutorhynchini D09
|--Auleutes [Cnemogonini] D09
| `--A. bosqi Hustache 1939 D09
|--Hypurus [Hypurini] D09
| `--H. bertrandi (Perris 1852) D09
|--Phytobius [Phytobiini] D09
| `--P. griseomicans Schwarz 1892 D09
`--Mononychus [Mononychini] D09
|--M. punctumalbum C01
`--M. vulpeculus (Fabricius 1801) D09
Conoderinae D09
Cryptorhynchinae [Cryptorhynchides] D09
| i. s.: Acallophilus Faust 1892 M78
| Anchithyrus Pascoe 1885 M78
| Aphanerostethus Voss 1957 M78
| Berosiris Pascoe 1873 M78
| `--B. calidris Pascoe 1885 Mas86
| Coelosternopsis Voss 1940 M78
| Cryptallorhynchus Voss 1957 M78
| Cydostethus Pascoe 1874 M78
| Cylindrocorynites Heller 1925 M78
| Diphilus Pascoe 1885 M78
| Doetes Pascoe 1871 M78
| Dyspeithes Kirsch 1878 M78
| Lepidarcus Marshall 1948 M78
| Lochochirodes Heller 1938 M78
| Lochochirus Marshall 1915 M78
| Nechyrus Pascoe 1871 M78
| `--N. incomptus Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| Pasurius Fairmaire 1889 M78
| Perichius Pascoe 1871 M78
| Pseudoporopterus Lea 1898 M78
| `--P. cruciatus (Fabricius 1775) [=Curculio cruciatus] Z93
| Serrotelum Heller 1938 M78
| Paleticus LB91
| |--P. confinis Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--P. frontalis Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--P. invidus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--P. laticollis Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--P. pedestris Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| `--P. subereus LB91
| Tentegia Mas86
| |--T. favosa Pascoe 1873 Mas86
| `--T. stupida (Fabricius 1775) [=Curculio stupidus] Z93
| Axionicus insignis Pascoe 1869 Mas86
| Chaetectetorus L09
| |--C. bifasciatus [=Gasterocercus bifasciatus] L09
| |--C. clitellae Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--C. egenus Lea 1909 L09
| |--C. gronopoides Pascoe 1885 Mas86
| |--C. haedulus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--C. latus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| `--C. setosus [=Gasterocercus setosus] L09
| Tituacia Pascoe 1870 L09
| `--T. ostracion Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Tychreus L09
| |--T. camelus Pascoe 1873 Mas86
| `--T. sellatus Pascoe 1873 Mas86
| Phloeoglymma Pascoe 1870 [incl. Axides Pascoe 1873] L09
| |--*P. alternans Pascoe 1870 M94
| |--P. dorsale (Pascoe 1873) [=Axides dorsalis] M94
| `--P. mixta Lea 1909 L09
| Chimades Pascoe 1870 L09
| `--C. lanosus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Metryculus Lea 1909 L09
| `--*M. bimaculatus Lea 1909 L09
| Meniomorpha L09
| Achopera L09
| |--A. lachrymosa Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--A. maculosa Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| `--A. uniformis Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Ephrycus Pascoe 1870 L09
| |--E. brachystylus Lea 1909 L09
| |--E. erythraeus Lea 1909 L09
| |--E. obliquus L09
| `--E. parvus Lea 1909 L09
| Metacymia Pascoe 1870 L09
| `--M. marmorea Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Menios internatus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Ephrycinus Lea 1909 L09
| `--*E. pilistriatus Lea 1909 L09
| Achoperinus Lea 1909 L09
| `--*A. infulatus (Erichs. 1842) L09, Mas86 [=Cryptorhynchus infulatus L09]
| Acrotychreus Lea 1909 L09
| `--*A. fasciculatus (Lea 1895) [=Tychreus fasciculatus] L09
| Poropterus Mac86
| Orphanistes Mas86
| |--O. eustictus Pascoe 1869 Mas86
| `--O. grandis Macleay 1886 Mac86
| Cyllorrhamphus tuberosus Erichs. 1842 Mas86
| Brysia cerata Pascoe 1883 Mas86
| Psydestus affluens Pascoe 1874 Mas86
| Teutheria insculpta Pascoe 1875 Mas86
| Euthebus troglodytes Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Hybophorus rufotuberosus Mas86
| Zeneudes sterculiae Pascoe 1873 Mas86
| Metyrus collaris Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| Hexymus Mas86
| |--H. monachus Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| `--H. tuberosus Pascoe 1871 Mas86
| Scolyphrus obesus Pascoe 1874 Mas86
| Mormosintes rubus Mas86
| Imaliodes Mas86
| |--I. nodulosus Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| |--I. scrofa Pascoe 1874 Mas86
| |--I. subfasciatus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| `--I. terreus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Eleagna squamibunda Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Decilaus squamosus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Euoropis castanea Pascoe 1874 Mas86
| Embaphiodes pyxidatus Pascoe 1874 Mas86
| Imalithus patella Pascoe 1869 Mas86
| Onidistus Mas86
| |--O. araneus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--O. nodipennis Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| `--O. odiosus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Petosiris Mas86
| |--P. annulipes Pascoe 1874 Mas86
| |--P. cordipennis Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| `--P. subereus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Methidrysis afflicta Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Niconotus tarphioides Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Acacallis personata Pascoe 1883 Mas86
| Agriochaeta crinita Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| Plagyocorynus quadrituberculatus Mas86
| Salcus Mas86
| |--S. elevatus Pascoe 1875 Mas86
| |--S. globosus Pascoe 1869 Mas86
| `--S. latissimus Pascoe 1875 Mas86
| Glochinorrhinus doubledayi Mas86
| Perissops Pascoe 1871 M94
| |--*P. mucidus Pascoe 1871 M94
| `--P. variegatus Lea 1903 M94
| Osaces naso Pascoe 1883 Mas86
| Ephricus obliquus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Aethreus cicatricosus Pascoe 1875 Mas86
| Anilaus sordidus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Exithius capucinus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Drassicus Mas86
| |--D. illotus Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| |--D. infaustus Pascoe 1874 Mas86
| `--D. nigricornis Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| Agenopus agricola Pascoe 1872 Mas86
| Coptomerus nigrinasus Chev. 1881 Mas86
| Omydaus Mas86
| |--O. luridus (Fabricius 1775) [=Curculio luridus] Z93
| `--O. plinthoides Pascoe 1871 Mas86
| Oemethylus lumbaris Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Tyrtaeosus Mas86
| |--T. bicolor Pascoe 1885 Mas86
| |--T. concretus Pascoe 1885 Mas86
| |--T. incallidus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--T. lateralis Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--T. microthorax Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| |--T. pardalis Pascoe 1885 Mas86
| |--T. ustulatus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| `--T. vetustus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Coelosternus humerifer Mas86
| Isax gallinago Mas86
| Myrtesis caligata Mas86
| Pezichus binotatus Mas86
| Enteles Schoenherr 1837 M94
| |--*E. vigorsii Gyllenhal in Schoenherr 1837 M94
| `--E. ocellatus Mas86
| Amydala abdominalis Pascoe 1871 Mas86
| Bepharus ellipticus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
| Derbyiella Z93
| Elaeagna Z94
| Mitrastethus Redtenbacher 1868 M94
| |--*M. baridioides Redtenbacher 1868 M94
| `--M. australiae Lea 1908 M94
| Tepperia Lea 1903 M94
| `--*T. sterculiae Lea 1903 M94
| Faustinus cubae ML05
| Panolcus ML05
|--Cryptorhynchini D09
|--Ithyporini M78
|--Mecistocerini M78
|--Camptorhinini [Camptorhinides] M78
| |--Pachyonyx affaber M78
| `--Camptorrhinus Schoenherr 1826 HF03, M94
| |--C. albizziae M94
| |--C. dorsalis Boisd. 1835 Mas86
| `--C. erectisquamis (Marsh 1928) HF03
`--Psepholax White in Dieffenbach 1843 [Psepholacini] M94
|--*P. sulcatus White in Dieffenbach 1843 M94
|--P. barbifrons G27
|--P. coronatus G27
|--P. egereus Pascoe 1872 Mas86
|--P. latirostris Pascoe 1873 Mas86
`--P. mastersi Pascoe 1873 Mas86
Baridinae [Barididae, Baridides, Barinae] D09
| i. s.: Moreobaris deplanata (Roelofs 1875) D09
| Pseudocholus cinctus Mac86
| Baridius Mas86
| |--B. amoenula Mas86
| |--B. australis Boisd. 1835 Mas86
| |--B. pulchellus Lucas 1847 E12
| `--B. quadrisignata Mas86
| ‘Curculio’ curvirostris Fabricius 1781 Z93
|--Pantotelini D09
|--Nertinini D09
|--Peridinetus D09
|--Ambatini D09
| |--Ambates D09
| `--Pteracanthus smidtii Dejean 1835 D09
|--Madopterini [Centrinini] D09
| |--Madopterina D09
| |--Torcina D09
| |--Zygobaridina D09
| `--Thaliabaris [Thaliabaridina] D09
| `--T. inermis Marshall 1952 D09
|--Anopsilus [Anopsilini] D09
| |--A. aequatorialis Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--A. bicolor Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--A. conicollis H51a
| |--A. minutus Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--A. oblongus Boheman 1844 D09
| |--A. parvulus Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--A. pusillus Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--A. rufitarsis Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--A. striatipennis Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Madarini D09
| |--Tonesiina D09
| |--Madarina D09
| |--Leptoschoinina D09
| |--Eutoxus Schoenherr 1844 [Eutoxina] D09
| | `--E. laevisculus Hustache 1951 H51b
| `--Barymerina [Barymerini] D09
| |--Physotroctus H51b
| |--Physoproetus H51b
| |--Barymerus binarius Hustache 1938 D09
| |--Chapatiella Hustache 1951 H51b
| | `--*C. excelsa Hustache 1951 H51b
| `--Crassiopus Hustache 1951 H51b
| `--*C. semicastaneus Hustache 1951 H51b
|--Optatini D09
| |--Lydamis D09
| |--Optatus palmaris Champion 1907 D09
| |--Pistus galeatus (Boheman 1844) D09
| |--Telemus Pascoe 1889 D09
| | `--T. dispersus Hustache 1949 [=T. griseopunctatus ms] H49
| |--Pseudoptatus H49
| | |--P. dentipes H49
| | `--P. morio Hustache 1949 H49
| |--Scambanus Schönh. 1844 H49
| | |--*S. setifer H49
| | `--S. setosus Hustache 1949 H49
| |--Costovia H49
| | |--C. brunnea Hustache 1949 H49
| | `--C. rubricollis Hustache 1949 H49
| |--Pardisomus D09
| | |--P. biplagiatus (Desbrochers 1906) D09
| | |--P. guttatus H49
| | `--P. multiguttatus Hustache 1949 H49
| `--Neoscambus H49
| |--*N. galeatus (Boh. 1844) [=Scambus galeatus] H49
| |--N. dromedarius H49
| `--N. niveus Hustache 1949 H49
`--Baridini D09
|--Coelonertina D09
|--Diorymerina D09
|--Eurhinina D09
|--Coleomerina D09
| |--Harotreus triangularis Hustache 1949 H49
| `--Coleomerus D09
| |--C. abdominalis Hustache 1949 (see below for synonymy) H49
| |--C. boliviensis Hustache 1949 D09
| |--C. columbicus Hustache 1949 H49
| `--C. subviolaceus Hustache 1949 H49
`--Baridina [Barina] D09
|--Genevra dentipes Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Sindesus ruber Hustache 1951 [=Prosindesus ruber ms] H51a
|--Givenius H51a
|--Eugivenius H51a
|--Anagivenius unidentatus Hustache 1951 (see below for synonymy) H51a
|--Linoma H51a
|--Pseudobaris D09
|--Heterosternus H51a
|--Sclerobaris violacea Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Trogatia H51a
|--Megops morosus H51a
|--Baris D09
|--Acanthobaris H51a
|--Cosmobaris americana Casey 1920 D09
|--Craptus tibialis Casey 1922 D09
|--Cryptosternum nevermanni Heller 1936 D09
|--Dalcesia Casey 1922 D09
|--Deipyle induta Champion 1909 D09
|--Desmoglyptus arizonicus Casey 1920 D09
|--Elasmobaris signifer Reitter 1895 D09
|--Lepidobaris acnisti Champion 1909 D09
|--Macrobaris Champion 1909 D09
|--Megalobaris viridana (Boheman 1836) D09
|--Nanobaris Champion 1909 D09
|--Odontobaris Champion 1909 D09
|--Orthoris crotchii LeConte 1876 D09
|--Plesiobaris albilata (LeConte 1876) D09
|--Pycnobaris pruinosa Casey 1892 D09
|--Rhoptobaris canescens LeConte 1876 D09
|--Solenosternus dividuus (Champion 1909) D09
|--Sphenobaris quadridens Champion 1909 D09
|--Trepobaris inornata Champion 1909 D09
|--Trichobaris texana LeConte 1876 D09
|--Ulobaris loricata Reitter 1895 D09
|--Opertes Casey 1922 D09
| `--O. glaber Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Mimobaris Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--*M. nitens Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Hasidellus Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--*H. robustus Hustache 1951 [=Hasidus robustus] H51a
|--Claveriella Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--*C. violacea Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Plasiella Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--*P. subcylindrica Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Paranathaniops Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--*P. subfasciata Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Liogivenius Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--*L. ebeninus Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Buprestobaris Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--*B. caudata Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Scleronychius Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--*S. ebeninus Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Allomegops Hustache 1951 D09
| `--*A. sulcatirostris Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Desmobaris Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--*D. singularis Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Trogatiella Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--*T. rufipes (Hustache 1924) [=Limnobaris rufipes] H51a
|¬--Acanthobarisella Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--*A. antennata Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Busckiella D09
| |--B. lecythidis (Champion 1909) D09
| `--B. scutellata Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Dissopygus D09
| |--D. apicalis Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--D. metallescens (Boheman 1836) D09
|--Rhytidobaris H51a
| |--R. seriesetosa Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--R. sulcata Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Archobaris Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--*A. undulata Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--A. brachypennis Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Coryssobaris Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--*C. sculpturata Hustache 1951 [=Baris lemoulti ms] H51a
| `--C. malefida Hustache 1951 [=Baris malefida ms] H51a
|--Lupulina H51a
| |--L. brunnescens Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--L. subpubescens Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Giveniopsis H51a
| |--G. nigrescens Hustache 1951 [=G. flavescens ms] H51a
| `--G. setosella Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Anthobaris Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--*A. rugosicollis Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--A. denticulata Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Hispibaris Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--*H. albosetosa Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--H. onguicularis Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Cymatobaris D09
| |--C. amethystina Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--C. coerulea H51a
| `--C. impressifrons Casey 1922 D09
|--Cyanobaris H51a
| | i. s.: C. rufiventris H51a
| `--C. (Hedybaris Hustache 1951) H51a
| `--C. (*H.) elegans Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Zathanius Casey 1922 D09
| |--Z. elongatulus Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--Z. lyratus H51a
| `--Z. scutellatus Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Eugymnobaris H51a
| |--E. bosqi Hustache 1951 [=Gymnobaris bosqi ms] H51a
| |--E. bruchi Hustache 1951 [=Gymnobaris bruchi ms] H51a
| `--E. lazulina Hustache 1951 [=Gymnobaris lazulina ms] H51a
|--Cercobaris H51a
| |--C. convexipennis Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--C. obtusata Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--C. rugosa Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Oligobaris H51a
| |--O. brevipilosus Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--O. cavicollis Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--O. nitidus Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Liobaridia H51a
| |--L. distinguenda Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--L. dubitabilis H51a
| |--L. punctatellas Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--L. vicina Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Rhytidoglymma D09
| |--R. aenescens Faust 1896 D09
| |--R. benoisti Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--R. caudata Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--R. sponsor Hustache 1951 [=Baris sponsor ms] H51a
| `--R. subglabra Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Mesothanius H51a
| |--*M. emarginatus H51a
| |--M. canaliculatus Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--M. coelosthernoides Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--M. sexpunctatus Hustache 1951 [=M. sexpustulatus ms] H51a
| `--M. sparsus Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Methyorrhina H51a
| |--M. griseola Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--M. guyanea Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--M. seriatosetulosa Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--M. squamulata Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--M. vestita Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Stereobaris D09
| |--S. albosetosa Hustache 1951 [=S. albosquamulata ms] H51a
| |--S. impressithorax Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--S. interpunctata Casey 1922 D09
| |--S. pardoensis Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--S. purpurea Hustache 1951 H51a
| `--S. revoili Hustache 1951 H51a
|--Thanius Casey 1922 D09
| |--T. columbicus Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--T. explanatus Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--T. impressirostris Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--T. perpolitus H51a
| |--T. rufipes Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--T. sculpturatus Hustache 1951 H51a
| |--T. spadiceus (see below for synonymy) H51a
| `--T. viridimicans Hustache 1951 H51a
`--Baptobaris H51a
|--B. benoisti Hustache 1951 H51a
|--B. brevipennis Hustache 1951 H51a
|--B. claveri Hustache 1951 H51a
|--B. curta Hustache 1951 H51a
|--B. exarata [incl. B. exarata var. semicastanea Hustache 1951] H51a
|--B. gounellei Hustache 1951 H51a
|--B. rubropectus Hustache 1951 H51a
`--B. ruficollis [incl. B. ruficollis var. rufirostris Hustache 1951] H51a
Alcidides Mas86
Eremnides Mas86
|--Platytrachelus chloris Pascoe 1870 M86
|--Oops pistor Germ. 1848 M86
`--Pephricus M86
|--P. echymis Pascoe 1870 M86
`--P. rattulus Pascoe 1882 M86
Hipporrhinus [Hipporhinides, Hipporhininae] Mas86
|--H. clavus Mas86
`--H. heeri B14
Rhyparosomides Mas86
|--Zephryne sordida Pascoe 1870 Mas86
`--Dysostines Mas86
|--D. cellaris Pascoe 1873 Mas86
|--D. fuligineus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
|--D. hoplostethus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
|--D. pilipes Pascoe 1870 Mas86
|--D. pustulosus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
`--D. valgus Pascoe 1870 Mas86
Cylindrorhinides Mas86
|--Pantopoeus cervinus Mas86
|--Peripagis rufipes Pascoe 1870 Mas86
|--Lycosura bispinosa Pascoe 1875 Mas86
|--Decienus sphasodes Pascoe 1873 Mas86
`--Ocynoma Mas86
|--O. antennata Pascoe 1873 Mas86
`--O. cordipennis Pascoe 1873 Mas86
Tanyrhynchides Mas86
|--Synatonyx ovatus Wollast. 1853 Mas86
`--Xynaea saginata Pascoe 1865 Mas86
Rhinomacer L02 [Rhinomacerides Mas86]
`--R. curculionoides L02
Haplonychinae Mas86
Othippia [Isorhynchides] Mas86
`--O. guttula Pascoe 1885 Mas86
Bronchus Z93
Dinomorphus [Dinomorphinae] Z93
Brotheinae Z93
Byrsopinae Z93
Anagivenius unidentatus Hustache 1951 [incl. A. unidentatus var. sanguinicollis Hustache 1951] H51a
Celeuthetes echinatus (Fabricius 1801) Z93 [=Curuclio echinatus Z93; incl. Ce. australis Mas86, Ce. paganus Mas86]
Coleomerus abdominalis Hustache 1949 [=C. rufipes ms; incl. C. abdominalis var. vicinus Hustache 1949] H49
Entiminae [Brachyderides, Brachyderinae, Entimides, Leptopiinae, Otiorhynchides, Otiorrhynchinae, Polydrosinae, Thylacitinae] D09
Orchestes (Orchestes) andersoni Alonso-Zarazaga 2004 [=O. betuleti Horn 1885 non Curculio betuleti Panzer 1795, Rhynchaenus betuleti] A-Z04
Orchestes (Orchestes) betuleti (Panzer 1795) [=Curculio betuleti; incl. C. rufus Schrank 1781 non Müller 1776, Orchestes (Orchestes) rufus] A-Z04
Polydrusus Germar 1817 BR05 [incl. Cerastus Dejean 1821 (n. n.) non Martens 1860 BR05; Polydrusini PLB13]
Prostomus scutellaris (Fabricius 1787) Mas86, Z93 [=Curculio scutellaris Z93; incl. C. exsertus Fabricius 1801 Z93]
Thanius spadiceus [incl. T. spadiceus var. basalis Hustache 1951, T. spadiceus var. bolivianus Hustache 1951, T. spadiceus var. insperatus Hustache 1951] H51a
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
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[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.
[AN-A04] Askew, R. R., & J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. 2004. Further observations on Eupelminae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) in the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands, including descriptions of new species. Graellsia 60 (1): 27–39.
[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.
[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).
[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.
[BG06] Bretfeld, G., & A. Greigel. 2006. Acanthoneelidus nom. n. for the genus Acanthothorax Bredfeld & Griegel 1999 from northwestern Poland (Insecta, Collembola, Neelidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 46.
[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.
[CW92a] Cassis, G., & T. A. Weir. 1992a. Aphodiinae. In: Houston, W. W. K. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 9. Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea pp. 81–105. AGPS Press: Canberra.
[CW92b] Cassis, G., & T. A. Weir. 1992b. Scarabaeinae. In: Houston, W. W. K. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 9. Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea pp. 106–173. AGPS Press: Canberra.
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