Hueneosauria

Reconstruction of Cymbospondylus natans, copyright Teratophoneus.

Belongs within: Ichthyosauria.
Contains: Thunnosauria.

The Hueneosauria are a clade of ichthyosaurs defined by Maisch & Matzke (2000) as the most exclusive clade including Mixosaurus cornalianus and Ophthalmosaurus icenicus.

Synapomorphies (from Maisch & Matzke 2000): External naris placed largely laterally; anterior margin of orbit regularly rounded; ramus occipitalis of supratemporal well developed; processus transversus pterygoidei absent; posterior dorsal centra discoidal; sacral ribs indistinguishable; caudal vertebral centra short; interclavicle of triradiate shape; radius and ulna distinctly shortened; posterior margin of ulna convex or straight; distal carpals II–IV of similar size; metacarpal V with straight or concave posterior margin or absent; pubis and ischium with strongly convex medial margins, not forming symphysis; less than five toes present.

<==Hueneosauria
    |  i. s.: Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao & Lu in Yin et al. 2000 (see below for synonymy) JH05
    |--+--Wimanius Maisch & Matzke 1998 MM03, MM00
    |  |    `--*W. odontopalatus Maisch & Matzke 1998 MM00
    |  `--Mixosauridae JH05
    |       |--Barracudasaurus Jiang, Hao et al. 2005 JH05
    |       |    `--*B. maotaiensis (Young 1965) [=Mixosaurus maotaiensis] JH05
    |       `--+--Mixosaurus Baur 1887 JH05, MM00 [incl. Sangiorgiosaurus Brinkmann 1998 MM00]
    |          |    |--*M. cornalianus (Bassani 1886) MM00
    |          |    `--M. kuhnschnyderi (Brinkmann 1998) MM00 [=Sangiorgiosaurus kuhnschnyderi H02]
    |          `--Phalarodontinae JH05
    |               |--Contectopalatus Maisch & Matzke 1998 JH05, MM00
    |               |    `--*C. atavus (Quenstedt 1852) MM00, H02 [=Mixosaurus atavus H02]
    |               `--Phalarodon Merriam 1910 JH05, MM00
    |                    |--*P. nordenskioeldii (Hulke 1873) MM00 [=Mixosaurus nordenskioldi H02]
    |                    |--P. atavus FF13
    |                    |--P. callawayi FF13
    |                    |--P. fraasi FF13
    |                    `--P. major (von Huene 1916) MM00
    `--Longipinnati [Euichthyosauria, Shastasauridae] MM00
         |--‘Cymbospondylus’ buchseri Sander 1989 FF13, MM00
         `--+--Cymbospondylidae MM00
            |    |--Phantomosaurus Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00
            |    |    `--*P. neubigi (Sander 1997) [=Shastasaurus neubigi] MM00
            |    `--Cymbospondylus Leidy 1868 FF13, MM00
            |         |--*C. piscosus Leidy 1868 MM00
            |         |--C. germanicus D07
            |         |--C. grandis D07
            |         |--C. natans D07
            |         |--C. nevadanus D07
            |         |--C. parvus D07
            |         |--C. petrinus Leidy 1868 MM00
            |         `--C. piscosus D07
            `--+--+--Californosaurus Kuhn 1934 FF13, MM00 [incl. Delphinosaurus Merriam 1905 (preoc.) MM00]
               |  |    `--*C. perrini (Merriam 1902) MM00
               |  `--Toretocnemidae MM00
               |       |--Qianichthyosaurus Li 1999 MM03, MM00
               |       |    `--*Q. zhoui Li 1999 MM00
               |       `--Toretocnemus Merriam 1903 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
               |            |--*T. californicus Merriam 1903 MM00
               |            `--T. zitteli (Merriam 1903) MM00
               `--+--Merriamosaurus MM03 [incl. Rotundopteryx Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00]
                  |    `--M. hulkei (Maisch & Matzke 2000) MM03 [=*Rotundopteryx hulkei MM00]
                  `--Merriamosauria MM00
                       |--Besanosaurus Dal Sasso & Pinna 1996 MM03, MM00
                       |    `--*B. leptorhynchus Dal Sasso & Pinna 1996 MM00
                       `--+--Thalattoarchon Fröbisch, Fröbisch et al. 2013 FF13
                          |    `--*T. saurophagis Fröbisch, Fröbisch et al. 2013 FF13
                          `--+--+--Shonisaurus Camp 1976 FF13, MM00
                             |  |    |--*S. popularis Camp 1976 MM00
                             |  |    `--S. sikanniensis D07
                             |  `--Shastasaurus Merriam 1895 FF13, MM00 [Shastasauria]
                             |       |  i. s.: S. alexandrae Merriam 1902 [incl. S. altispinus, S. osmonti] MM00
                             |       |--S. sikanniensis FF13
                             |       `--+--*S. pacificus Merriam 1895 MM00, FF13, MM00
                             |          `--S. liangae FF13
                             `--+--Mikadocephalus Maisch & Matzke 1997 JH05, MM00
                                |    `--*M. gracilirostris Maisch & Matzke 1997 MM00
                                `--+--Callawayia Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                   |    `--*C. neoscapularis (McGowan 1994) MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                   `--Parvipelvia MM00
                                        |--Hudsonelpidia McGowan 1995 MM03, MM00
                                        |    `--*H. brevirostris McGowan 1995 MM00
                                        `--Neoichthyosauria MM00
                                             |  i. s.: Nannopterygius von Huene 1922 MM00
                                             |           `--*N. enthekiodon (Hulke 1871) MM00
                                             |--Suevoleviathan Maisch 1998 FF13, MM00 [Suevoleviathanidae]
                                             |    |--*S. disinteger (von Huene 1926) MM00
                                             |    `--S. integer (Bronn 1844) MM00
                                             `--+--+--Temnodontosaurus Lydekker 1889 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                                |  |    |--*T. platyodon (Conybeare 1822) MM00
                                                |  |    |--T. acutirostris (Owen 1840) MM00
                                                |  |    |--T. eurycephalus McGowan 1974 MM00
                                                |  |    |--T. longirostris D07
                                                |  |    |--T. nuertingensis (von Huene 1931) MM00
                                                |  |    `--T. trigonodon (von Theodori 1843) MM00
                                                |  `--Leptonectidae [Eurhinosauria, Eurhinosauridae] MM00
                                                |       |--+--Eurhinosaurus Abel 1909 FF13, MM00
                                                |       |  |    `--*E. longirostris (von Jaeger 1856) MM00
                                                |       |  `--Excalibosaurus McGowan 1986 FF13, MM00
                                                |       |       `--*E. costini McGowan 1986 [=Eurinosaurus costini] MM00
                                                |       `--Leptonectes McGowan 1996 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                                |            |--*L. tenuirostris (Conybeare 1822) MM00
                                                |            |--L. moorei McGowan & Milner 1999 MM00
                                                |            `--L. solei (McGowan 1993) MM00
                                                `--+--Thunnosauria FF13
                                                   `--Macgowania Motani 1999 FF13, MM00
                                                        `--*M. janiceps (McGowan 1996) [=Ichthyosaurus janiceps] MM00

Callawayia Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00 [=Metashastasaurus Nicholls & Manabe 2001 H02]

*Callawayia neoscapularis (McGowan 1994) MM00 [=Shastasaurus neoscapularis MM00, *Metashastasaurus neoscapularis H02]

Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao & Lu in Yin et al. 2000 [incl. Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li & You 2002] JH05

Leptonectes McGowan 1996 FF13, MM00 [incl. Leptopterygius von Huene 1922 (preoc.) MM00]

Temnodontosaurus Lydekker 1889 FF13, MM00 [incl. Proteosaurus Home 1814 MM00; Temnodontosauridae]

Toretocnemus Merriam 1903 FF13, MM00 [incl. Leptocheirus Merriam 1903 (preoc.) MM00, Merriamia Boulenger 1904 MM00]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FF13] Fröbisch, N. B., J. Fröbisch, P. M. Sander, L. Schmitz & O. Rieppel. 2013. Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (4): 1393–1397.

[H02] Haubold, H. 2002. Literaturbericht: Ichthyosaurier und Sauropterygier. Zbl. Geol. Paläont. Teil II 5-6: 367–403.

[JH05] Jiang, D.-Y., W.-C. Hao, M. W. Maisch, A. T. Matzke & Y.-L. Sun. 2005. A basal mixosaurid ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of China. Palaeontology 48 (4): 869–882.

[MM00] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 298: 1–159.

[MM03] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2003. Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs. Part XII. A new Early Triassic ichthyosaur genus from Spitzbergen. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 229 (3): 317–338.