Hominoidea

Female (left) and male white-cheeked gibbon Nomascus leucogenys, copyright Linda.

Belongs within: Catarrhini.
Contains: Hylobates, Ponginae, Homininae.

The Hominoidea are a clade of Old World primates including the modern apes and all taxa more closely related to apes than Old World monkeys.

Synapomorphies (from Stevens et al. 2013): P₃ moderately sectorial; P₄ very broad; M_1–3 mesial foveae broad.

<==Hominoidea [Proconsulidae]
    |--Kalepithecus songhorensis SS13
    |--Proconsul Hopwood 1933 SS13, M-SA09 [incl. Xenopithecus Hopwood 1933 SAP78; Proconsulinae]
    |    |--P. heseloni SS13
    |    |--P. nyanzae Clark & Leakey 1950 SS13, SAP78
    |    `--+--*P. africanus Hopwood 1933 SAP78, SS13, SAP78 (see below for synonymy)
    |       `--P. major Clark & Leakey 1950 SS13, SAP78 [=Dryopithecus major SAP78]
    `--+--Nyanzapithecinae SS13
       |    |--Turkanapithecus Leakey & Leakey 1986 SS13, M-SA09
       |    |    `--T. kalakolensis SS13
       |    `--+--Nyanzapithecus SS13
       |       |    |--N. vancouveringorum [=N. vancouveringi] SS13
       |       |    `--+--N. harrisoni SS13
       |       |       `--N. pickfordi SS13
       |       `--+--Rukwapithecus Stevens, Seiffert et al. 2013 SS13
       |          |    `--*R. fleaglei Stevens, Seiffert et al. 2013 SS13
       |          `--Rangwapithecus Andrews 1974 SS13, SAP78
       |               |--*R. gordoni (Andrews 1974) (see below for synonymy) SAP78
       |               `--R. vancouveringi (Andrews 1974) (see below for synonymy) SAP78
       `--Afropithecidae [Kenyapithecinae] M-SA09
            |--Equatorini M-SA09
            |    |--Nacholapithecus Ishida et al. 1999 M-SA09
            |    `--Equatorius Ward et al. 1999 SS13, M-SA09
            |         `--E. africanus SS13
            `--+--Afropithechinae [Afropithecini] M-SA09
               |     |--Heliopithecus Andrews & Martin 1987 M-SA09
               |     |--Afropithecus Leakey & Leakey 1986 SS13, M-SA09
               |     |    `--A. turkanensis SS13
               |     `--Morotopithecus Gebo et al. 1997 M-SA09
               |          `--M. bishopi SS13
               `--+--Kenyapithecini M-SA09
                  |    |--Griphopithecus Abel 1902 M-SA09
                  |    |    `--G. alpani AA15
                  |    `--Kenyapithecus Leakey 1962 M-SA09
                  |         |--*K. wickeri Leakey 1962 SAP78, SP78 [=Ramapithecus wickeri SP78]
                  |         `--K. africanus (Clark & Leakey 1951) SAP78, SP78 [=Sivapithecus africanus SP78]
                  |--Hylobatidae [Hylobatinae] M-SA09
                  |    |  i. s.: Krishnapithecus krishnaii G91
                  |    |         Yuanmoupithecus AA15
                  |    |         Bunopithecus hoolock TM05 [=Hylobates hoolock G91]
                  |    |--+--Hylobates SS13
                  |    |  `--Hoolock FS15
                  |    |       |--H. hoolock FS15
                  |    |       `--H. leuconedys FS15
                  |    `--+--Symphalangus syndactylus FS15 [=Hylobates syndactylus G91]
                  |       `--Nomascus FS15
                  |            |--N. nasutus TM05
                  |            `--+--N. hainanus FS15
                  |               `--+--N. concolor TM05 [=Hylobates concolor G91]
                  |                  |    |--N. c. concolor G91
                  |                  |    `--N. c. lu [=Hylobates concolor lu] G91
                  |                  `--+--N. gabriellae TM05
                  |                     `--N. leucogenys TM05 [=Hylobates concolor leucogenys G91, BP87]
                  |                          |--N. l. leucogenys TM05
                  |                          `--N. l. siki TM05
                  `--Hominidae [Pongidae] AA15
                       |--Hispanopithecus Villalta & Crusafont 1944 AA15, M-SA09
                       |    |--H. crusafonti AA15
                       |    |--H. hungaricus AA15
                       |    `--H. laietanus M-SA09 (see below for synonymy)
                       `--+--+--Ponginae AA15
                          |  `--Homininae SS13
                          `--Dryopithecini [Dryopithecidae, Dryopithecinae] M-SA09
                               |--Anoiapithecus Moyà-Sola, Alba et al. 2009 M-SA09
                               |    `--*A. brevirostris Moyà-Sola, Alba et al. 2009 M-SA09
                               |--Pierolapithecus Moyà-Solà, Köhler et al. 2004 M-SA09
                               |    `--*P. catalaunicus Moyà-Solà, Köhler et al. 2004 M-SK04
                               `--Dryopithecus Lartet 1856 M-SA09
                                    |--*D. fontani Lartet 1856 SAP78
                                    |--D. brancoi KN07
                                    `--D. sivalensis SAP78

Hominoidea incertae sedis:
  Otavipithecus F01
  Oreopithecoidea SD78
    |--Mabokopithecus SD78
    `--Oreopithecus Gervais 1872 D07 [Oreopithecidae G91]
         `--O. bambolii G01
  Ugandapithecus gitongai SK07
  Nakalipithecus Kunimatsu, Nakatsukasa et al. 2007 KN07
    `--*N. nakayamai Kunimatsu, Nakatsukasa et al. 2007 KN07
  Pliobates Alba, Almécija et al. 2015 [Pliobatidae] AA15
    `--*P. cataloniae Alba, Almécija et al. 2015 AA15

Hispanopithecus laietanus M-SA09 [=Dryopithecus laietanus M-SK04; incl. Sivapithecus occidentalis M-SK04]

*Proconsul africanus Hopwood 1933 SAP78, SS13, SAP78 [=Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus SAP78; incl. *Xenopithecus koruensis Hopwood 1933 SAP78]

*Rangwapithecus gordoni (Andrews 1974) [=Dryopithecus (*Rangwapithecus) gordoni, Proconsul (*R.) gordoni] SAP78

Rangwapithecus vancouveringi (Andrews 1974) [=Dryopithecus (R.) vancouveringi, Proconsul (R.) vancouveringi] SAP78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AA15] Alba, D. M., S. Almécija, D. DeMiguel, J. Fortuny, M. Pérez de los Ríos, M. Pina, J. M. Robles & S. Moyà-Solà. 2015. Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution. Science 350 (6260): aab2625.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[F01] Faure, M. 2001. Encyclopedia of human evolution and prehistory [book review]. Geobios 34: 504.

[G01] Gee, H. 2001. Return to the planet of the apes. Nature 412: 131–132.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution, revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[KN07] Kunimatsu, Y., M. Nakatsukasa, Y. Sawada, T. Sakai, M. Hyodo, H. Hyodo, T. Itaya, H. Nakaya, H. Saegusa, A. Mazurier, M. Saneyoshi, H. Tsujikawa, A. Yamamoto & E. Mbua. 2007. A new Late Miocene great ape from Kenya and its implications for the origins of African great apes and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (49): 19220–19225.

[M-SA09] Moyà-Solà, S., D. M. Alba, S. Almécija, I. Casanovas-Vilar, M. Köhler, S. De Esteban-Trivigno, J. M. Robles, J. Galindo & J. Fortuny. 2009. A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (24): 9601–9606.

[M-SK04] Moyà-Solà, S., M. Köhler, D. M. Alba, I. Casanovas-Vilar & J. Galindo. 2004. Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain. Science 306: 1339–1344.

[SAP78] Simons, E. L., P. Andrews & D. R. Pilbeam. 1978. Cenozoic apes. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 120–146. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[SD78] Simons, E. L., & E. Delson. 1978. Cercopithecidae and Parapithecidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 100–119. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[SP78] Simons, E. L., & D. R. Pilbeam. 1978. Ramapithecus (Hominidae, Hominoidea). In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 147–153. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[SS13] Stevens, N. J., E. R. Seiffert, P. M. O'Connor, E. M. Roberts, M. D. Schmitz, C. Krause, E. Gorscak, S. Ngasala, T. L. Hieronymus & J. Temu. 2013. Palaeontological evidence for an Oligocene divergence between Old World monkeys and apes. Nature 497: 611–614.

[SK07] Suwa, G., R. T. Kono, S. Katoh, B. Asfaw & Y. Beyene. 2007. A new species of great ape from the Late Miocene epoch in Ethiopia. Nature 448: 921–924.

[TM05] Takacs, Z., J. C. Morales, T. Geissmann & D. J. Melnick. 2005. A complete species-level phylogeny of the Hylobatidae based on mitochondrial ND3-ND4 gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 456–467.