Acridoidea

Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus, copyright Quartl.


Belongs within: Caelifera.
Contains: Ommexechidae, Romaleidae, Pamphagidae, Stenobothrus, Oedipodinae, Ommatolampinae, Catantopinae, Oxyinae, Cyrtacanthacridinae, Melanoplus, Acridinae, Chorthippus.

The Acridoidea include the typical grasshoppers and locusts. The latter are those species whose life cycle may include a gregarious phase in which they form dense migratory swarms, potentially causing significant damage to vegetation, including crops, where they occur (Rentz 1996). The composition of the primary family in the group, Acrididae, has varied significantly between authors, but Eades (2000) restricted it to those species whose males possess a strongly developed phallic arch sclerite, with a strongly sclerotised central portion but no lateral projections. The Acridoidea as a whole is characterised by the development of a gonopore separating the ejaculatory sac from the spermatophore; a process projecting from the endophallic sclerite functions to open and close the gonopore in a clade including the families Lithidiidae, Romaleidae, Dericorythidae, Pamphagidae, Charilaidae and Acrididae. The families Ommexechidae and Tristiridae form a clade in which the endophallic sclerite is divided into dorsal and ventral portions (Eades 2000). Other members of the Acridoidea include the Lentulidae, a group of wingless grasshoppers endemic to sub-Saharan Africa.

Characters (from Eades 2000; Rentz 1996 [as Acrididae]): Fastigium of vertex without medio-longitudinal sulcus. Tarsi of all legs three-segmented; hind tibia with all four apical spurs well developed. Endophallic apodemes turned laterally; gonopore developed as constriction separating ejaculatory sac from spermatophore sac.

<==Acridoidea
    |  i. s.: Pamphagodidae GE05
    |--Pyrgacris Descamps 1968 [Pyrgacrididae, Pyrgacridinae] E00
    |--Batrachidacris [Lathiceridae] E00
    |--Lentulidae E00
    |    |--Shelforditinae E00
    |    `--Lentulinae E00
    |         |--Betiscoides meridionalis E00
    |         |--Mecostibus nyassae E00
    |         `--Lentula obtusifrons E00
    |--+--Ommexechidae E00
    |  `--Tristiridae E00
    |       |--Atacamacris [Atacamacridinae] E00
    |       `--Tristirinae [Chilacridinae, Chilacrinae, Tristirae, Tristiri] E00
    |            |--Tristira E00
    |            |--Elasmoderus [incl. Chilacris] E00
    |            |--Moluchacris cinarescens E00
    |            |--Elysiacris angusticollis E00
    |            |--Tropodostethus bicarinatus E00
    |            `--Punacris peruviacris E00
    `--+--Lithidiidae [Lithidiinae] E00
       |    |--Lithidium pusillum E00
       |    `--Eneremius E00
       |--+--Romaleidae E00
       |  `--Dericorythidae E00
       |       |--Plotnikovia [Conophyminae, Conophymini] E00
       |       |    `--P. lanigera E00
       |       |--Iranella [Iranellinae, Iranellini] E00
       |       |    `--I. turcmena E00
       |       `--Dericorythinae [Anemesacrinae, Dericorythini] E00
       |            |--Anemesacris E00
       |            `--Dericorys E00
       |                 |--D. albidula E00
       |                 `--D. tibialis F92
       `--+--+--Pamphagidae E00
          |  `--Charilaus [Charilaidae] E00
          |       `--C. carinatus E00
          `--Acrididae [Catantopidae, Hemiacrididae, Locustariae, Locustidae] E00
               |  i. s.: Mioedipoda Z02
               |         Proschistocerca oligocaenica Z02
               |         Speleiacris tabulae L31
               |         Chondracris rosea MHG04
               |         Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum E70
               |         Cordillacris E70
               |           |--C. crenulata E70
               |           `--C. occipitalis E70
               |         Sisantum notochloris E70
               |         Clinocephalus elegans E70
               |         Dichromorpha E70
               |           |--D. robusta E70
               |           `--D. viridis E70
               |         Thisoicetrus annulosus (Walker 1870) D95
               |         Acanthacris ruficornis (Seville 1838) D95
               |           |--A. r. ruficornis F92
               |           `--A. r. lineata F92
               |         Thalpomena algeriana (Lucas 1849) D95
               |           |--T. a. algeriana D95
               |           `--T. a. coerulipennis Finot 1895 D95
               |         Ochrilidia filicornis Krauss 1902 D95
               |         Eunapiodes granosus D95
               |         Euryparyphes D95
               |           |--E. quadridentatus D95
               |           `--E. sitifiensis D95
               |         Ramburiella D95
               |           |--R. hispanica D95
               |           `--R. turcomana F92
               |         Tmethis pulchripennis D95
               |         Stenobothrus S66
               |         Habrocneminae E00
               |         Caryandinae E00
               |         Brachystola magna Z94
               |         Platylactista aztecus Z94
               |         Rehnita capito Z94
               |         Xabthippus corallipes Z94
               |           |--X. c. corallipes Z94
               |           `--X. c. pantherinus Z94
               |         Psophus stridulus B01
               |         Pachytylus B01
               |           |--P. danicus [incl. P. cinerascens] B01
               |           `--P. migratorius B01
               |         Bryodema B01
               |           |--B. baicalensis B01
               |           |--B. barabensis B01
               |           |--B. brunneriana B01
               |           |--B. mongolica Bolivar 1901 B01
               |           |--B. rhodopa B01
               |           `--B. tuberculatum F92
               |         Callirhipis davidiana B01
               |         Nocarodes serricollis B01
               |         Tettix B01
               |           |--T. australis O86
               |           |--T. bipunctatus B01
               |           |--T. depressus B01
               |           `--T. subulatus B01
               |         Zichyinae B01
               |           |--Bradyporus onos B01
               |           |--Zichya Bolivar 1901 B01
               |           |    `--*Z. vacca (Fischer de Waldheim 1846) [=Ephippiger vacca] B01
               |           `--Deracanthella Bolivar 1901 [=Deracantha Fischer de Waldheim 1833 (preoc.)] B01
               |                `--*D. aranea (Fischer de Waldheim 1833) (see below for synonymy) B01
               |         Hippiscus K-P91
               |         Caloptenopsis K-P91
               |         Hoplolopha K-P91
               |         Gomphocerippus rufus HR11
               |         Eirenephilus longipennis F92
               |         Mecostethus grossus RD77
               |         Patanga succincta RD77
               |         Zonocerus variegatus RD77
               |         Halmenus PP72
               |           |--H. choristopterus PP72
               |           `--H. robustus PP72
               |--Oedipodinae E00
               |--Paulinia [Pauliniidae, Pauliniinae] E00
               |    `--P. acuminata E00 [=Coelopterna acuminata R15]
               |--+--Ommatolampinae E00
               |  |--Marellia [Marelliinae] E00
               |  |    `--M. remipes E00
               |  |--Copiocera [Copiocerinae] E00
               |  |    `--C. specularis E00
               |  |--Proctolabus [Proctolabinae] E00
               |  |    `--P. brachypterus E00
               |  |--Diexis [Diexinae] E00
               |  |    `--D. varentzovi E00
               |  |--Trichopaon [Rhytidochrotinae] E00
               |  |    `--T. tatei E00
               |  |--Leptysma R15 [Leptysminae E00]
               |  |    |--L. filiformis R15
               |  |    `--L. obscura R15
               |  `--Teratodinae E00
               |       |--Teratodes brachypterus E00
               |       `--Lyrotyloides viridis E00
               `--+--Catantopinae E00
                  |--Oxyinae E00
                  |--Egnatiinae E00
                  |--Aneuryphymus [Euryphyminae] E00
                  |    `--A. montanus E00
                  |--Eyprepocnemis TS04 [Eyprepocnemidinae E00]
                  |    `--E. plorans TS04
                  |--Podisma K81 [Podisminae E00]
                  |    `--P. pedestris K81
                  |--+--Cyrtacanthacridinae E00
                  |  `--Melanoplus E00
                  |--Calliptamus P05 [Calliptaminae E00]
                  |    |--C. barbarus (Costa 1836) P05
                  |    |--C. coelesyriens F92
                  |    |--C. italicus (Linnaeus 1758) P05
                  |    |--C. spretus F92
                  |    `--C. wattenwyllianus (Pantel 1896) D95
                  `--+--Acridinae E00
                     |--Eremogryllinae E00
                     |--Epistaurus [Coptacridinae] E00
                     |    `--E. succineus E00
                     |--Truxalis Fabricius 1775 S63 (see below for synonymy)
                     |    |--T. brevicornis R15
                     |    `--T. nasutus L02
                     |--Hemiacridinae E00
                     |    |--Hieroglyphus banian E00
                     |    `--Euthymia fasciata E00
                     |--Spathosterninae [Spathosternini] E00
                     |    |--Laxabilla R96
                     |    `--Spathosternum pygmaeum E00
                     |--Tropidopola [Tropidopolinae] E00
                     |    `--T. cylindrica E00
                     |         |--T. c. cylindrica E00
                     |         `--T. c. acuticeps E00
                     `--Gomphocerinae E00
                          |--Mermiria bivittata [incl. M. maculipennis] E00
                          |--Chorthippus BM76
                          |--Dasyhippus BM76
                          |--Euchorthippus pulvinatus BM76, F92
                          |--Eritettix simplex NK96
                          |--Gomphocerus E00
                          |    |--G. rufus E00
                          |    `--G. sibiricus F92
                          |--Omocestus BM76
                          |    |--O. centralis F92
                          |    |--O. heymonsi F92
                          |    |--O. raymondi Harz 1970 D95
                          |    `--O. viridulus F01
                          `--Dociostaurus Y70
                               |--D. brevicollis F92
                               |--D. genei Y70
                               |--D. jagoi Soltani 1978 D95
                               |--D. kraussi F92
                               |--D. maroccanus (Thunberg 1815) P05
                               `--D. nigrogeniculatus F92

*Deracanthella aranea (Fischer de Waldheim 1833) [=Deracantha aranea, Ephippiger aranea; incl. E. antilope, E. verrucosus Fischer de Waldheim 1846] B01

Truxalis Fabricius 1775 S63 [=Troxalis Fischer-Waldheim 1846 S63, Tryxalis Brullé 1835 S63; Truxalinae E00]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B01] Bolivar, I. 1901. Orthopterák [Orthoptères]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 223–243. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[D95] Damerdji, A. 1995. Bio-écologie du peuplement des orthoptères de la région de Ghazaouet (Tlemcen, Algérie). Mésogée 54: 73–80.

[E70] Eades, D. C. 1970. Theoretical and procedural aspects of numerical phyletics. Systematic Zoology 19 (2): 142–171.

[E00] Eades, D. C. 2000. Evolutionary relationships of phallic structures of Acridomorpha (Orthoptera). Journal of Orthoptera Research 9: 181–210.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[F01] Field, L. H. 2001. Stridulatory mechanisms and associated behaviour in New Zealand wetas. In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 271–295. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.

[K81] Key, K. H. L. 1981. Species, parapatry, and the morabine grasshoppers. Systematic Zoology 30 (4): 425–458.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L31] Lawrence, R. F. 1931. The harvest-spiders (Opiliones) of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 29 (2): 341–508.

[MHG04] Maynard, G. V., J. G. Hamilton & J. F. Grimshaw. 2004. Quarantine—phytosanitary, sanitary and incursion management: an Australian entomological perspective. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 318–328.

[NK96] Norden, B. B., & K. V. Krombein. 1996. Nest and prey of Solierella vierecki (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Larrinae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 607.

[O86] Olliff, A. S. 1886. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 163–164.

[P05] Papapavlou, K. P. 2005. New distributional data on the Orthoptera (Saltatoria) of the northern Dodecanese (“southern Sporadhes”) archipelago, Greece. Graellsia 61 (1): 3–11.

[PP72] Parkin, P., D. T. Parkin, A. W. Ewing & H. A. Ford. 1972. A report on the arthropods collected by the Edinburgh University Galapagos Islands expedition, 1968. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (2): 100–107.

[R15] Rehn, J. A. G. 1915. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Argentina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 270–292.

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S66] Southcott, R. V. 1966. Revision of the genus Charletonia Oudemans (Acarina: Erythraeidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 14: 687–819.

[S63] Steinmann, H. 1963. New species of the genus Acrida L. (Orthoptera) from Africa and Asia. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 9 (3–4): 403–427.

[TS04] Tsurusaki, N., & T. Shimada. 2004. Geographic and seasonal variations of the number of B chromosomes and external morphology in Psathyropus tenuipes (Arachnida: Opiliones). Cytogenetic and Genome Research 106: 365–375.

[Y70] Yinon, U. 1970. Electrophysiological evidence of relationships in acridid insects. Systematic Zoology 19 (4): 397–398.

[Z94] Zhang, Z.-Q. 1994. Neothrombiidae (Acari: Trombidioidea) of the world: systematic review with a phylogenetic analysis and descriptions of two new genera. Oriental Insects 28: 205–237.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 331–388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Last updated: 22 May 2022.

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