Meranoplini

Nesomyrmex angulatus, from AntWiki.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.
Contains: Crematogaster, Meranoplus.

The Meranoplini is a group of ants with a compact mesosoma and nine-segmented antenna. Members include Mayriella, an Indo-Australian genus characterised by deep, elongate antennal scrobes capable of accomodating the entirety of the antenna, together with elongate eyes with a narrow, oblique lower section (Heterick 2009). Pristomyrmex is a Palaeotropical genus of medium-sized ants with a round head bearing several denticles on the anterior margin of the clypeus, and eleven-segmented antennae in the female castes with a three-segmented club (Yamane & Terayama 1999).

Characters (from Tree of Life): Mesosoma short and compact. Promesonotum forming a shield that overhangs the pleurae laterally and usually overhangs the propodeum posteriorly. Antennae with 9 segments, with a 3-segmented club.

<==Meranoplini E14
    |  i. s.: Promeranoplus Emery 1914 E14
    |           `--*P. rouxi Emery 1914 E14
    |         Prodicroaspis Emery 1914 E14
    |           `--*P. sarasini Emery 1914 E14
    |         Calyptomyrmex Emery 1887 E14, Z01
    |           `--C. wittmeri Baroni Urbani 1975 Z01
    |         Dicroaspis E14
    |--+--Mayriella Forel 1902 BS06, TB85
    |  |    |--*M. abstinens Forel 1902 TB85
    |  |    |    |--M. a. abstinens [incl. M. overbecki Viehmeyer 1925] TB85
    |  |    |    |--M. a. hackeri Wheeler 1935 TB85
    |  |    |    `--M. a. venustula Wheeler 1935 TB85
    |  |    |--M. ebbei BS06
    |  |    |--M. occidua H09
    |  |    |--M. spinosior Wheeler 1935 TB85
    |  |    `--M. transfuga Baroni Urbani 1977 Z01
    |  `--+--Xenomyrmex floridanus BS06
    |     `--+--Eutetramorium mocquerysi BS06
    |        `--Metapone Forel 1911 BS06, TB85
    |             |--*M. greeni Forel 1911 TB85
    |             |--M. leae Wheeler 1919 TB85
    |             |--M. madagascarica BS06
    |             |--M. mjobergi Forel 1915 TB85
    |             |--M. tillyardi Wheeler 1919 TB85
    |             `--M. tricolor McAreavey 1949 TB85
    `--+--+--Crematogaster SB08
       |  `--Pristomyrmex Mayr 1866 SB08, YT99 (see below for synonymy)
       |       |--*P. pungens Mayr 1866 YT99 [incl. P. japonicus Forel 1900 Z01]
       |       |--P. brevispinosus Emery 1887 B03
       |       |    |--P. b. brevispinosum B03
       |       |    `--P. b. sulcatus B03
       |       |--P. erythropygus Taylor 1968 TB85
       |       |--P. foveolatus Taylor 1965 TB85
       |       |--‘*Hylidris’ myersi Weber 1941 YT99
       |       |--P. pulcher N-ZLI11
       |       |--P. quadridentata André 1905 YT99 (see below for synonymy)
       |       |--P. thoracicus Taylor 1965 TB85
       |       |--‘*Dodous’ trispinosus Donisthorpe 1946 YT99
       |       |--P. wheeleri Taylor 1965 TB85
       |       |--P. wilsoni Taylor 1968 TB85
       |       `--P. yaeyamensis Yamane & Terayama 1999 [incl. P. brevispinosus sulcatus var. formosae] YT99
       `--+--Meranoplus SB08
          `--+--Pheidologeton Mayr 1862 BS06, TB85 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--*P. diversus (Jerdon 1851) TB85 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--P. affinis (Jerdon 1851) Z01 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--P. lamellifrons Forel 1902 B03
             |    |--P. latinodus Zhou & Zheng 1997 Z01
             |    |--P. melasolenos Zhou & Zheng 1997 Z01
             |    |--P. nanus Roger 1863 B03
             |    |--P. pygmaeus N-ZLI11
             |    |--P. silenus N-ZLI11
             |    `--P. trechiderus Zhou & Zheng 1997 Z01
             `--Formicoxenini MR08
                  |--Formicoxenus nitidulus A71
                  `--Nesomyrmex Wheeler 1910 BS06, MR08
                       |--*N. clavipilis Wheeler 1910 TO99
                       |--N. angulatus (Mayr 1862) [=Leptothorax angulatus] MR08
                       |--N. antoinetteae Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. braunsi (Forel 1912) [=Dilobocondyla (Tetramyrma) braunsi] MR08
                       |--N. cederbergensis Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. denticulatus (Mayr 1901) [=Leptothorax denticulatus] MR08
                       |--N. echinatinodis BS06
                       |--N. entabeni Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. ezantsi Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. inye Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. karooensis Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. koebergensis Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. larsenae Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. mcgregori Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. nanniae Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. njengelanga Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. ruani Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. saasveldensis Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       |--N. simoni (Emery 1895) [=Tetramorium simoni] MR08
                       |--N. stramineus (Arnold 1948) [=Limnomyrmex stramineus] MR08
                       |--N. tshiguvhoae Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08
                       `--N. vannoorti Mbanyana & Robertson 2008 MR08

Pheidologeton Mayr 1862 BS06, TB85 [=Pheidologiton (l. c.) Z01; incl. Amauromyrmex Wheeler 1929 Z01, Idrisella Santschi 1937 Z01]

Pheidologeton affinis (Jerdon 1851) Z01 [=Oecodoma affinis Z01, Atta affinis Z01, Pheidologiton (l. c.) affinis Z01; incl. Pheidologeton affinis var. australis Forel 1915 Z01, Pheidole bellicosa Smith 1858 Z01, Atta bellicosa B03, Solenopsis calida Smith 1863 B03, S. laboriosus Smith 1861 Z01, Pheidologeton laboriosus E89, Pheidologeton australis var. mjobergi Forel 1918 Z01]

*Pheidologeton diversus (Jerdon 1851) TB85 [=Oecodoma diversus Z01, Pheidole diversus Z01, Pheidologiton (l. c.) diversus Z01; incl. Pheidole militaris Smith 1860 Z01, Pheidole ocellifera Smith 1858 B03, Pheidologeton ocellifer E89, Pheidole pabulator Smith 1860 Z01, Myrmica polita Smith 1860 Z01, Pheidole taprobanae Smith 1858 B03]

Pristomyrmex Mayr 1866 SB08, YT99 [incl. Dodous Donisthorpe 1946 YT99, Hylidris Weber 1941 YT99, Odontomyrmex André 1905 YT99]

Pristomyrmex quadridentata André 1905 YT99 [=P. (*Odontomyrmex) quadridentata YT99, *Odontomyrmex quadridentatus TB85; incl. P. (Odontomyrmex) quadridentatus queenslandensis Forel 1915 TB85]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[E89] Emery, C. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX.—Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885–87). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 485–520.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[MR08] Mbanyana, N., & H. G. Robertson. 2008. Review of the ant genus Nesomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in southern Africa. African Natural History 4: 35–55.

[N-ZLI11] Nur-Zati A. M., G. T. Lim & A. B. Idris. 2011. Checklist of ants of selected hill dipterocarp forests of peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 91–105.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[TO99] Terayama, M., & K. Onoyama. 1999. The ant genus Leptothorax Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Japan. Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 71–97.

[YT99] Yamane, S., & M. Terayama. 1999. A new species of the genus Pristomyrmex Mayr from Japan, and a proposal of a new synonym of species in the genus Camponotus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 17–24.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Last updated: 13 June 2020.

Pheidole

Coastal brown ants Pheidole megacephala, from here.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.

Pheidole, the big-headed ants, is a diverse genus of ants with a clear division in colonies between major and minor workers. The minor workers are usually the more active and most likely to be involved in foraging, with the major workers often specialising in carrying larger or harder food items. The coastal brown ant Pheidole megacephala has become a significant invasive species in some parts of the world.

Characters (from Heterick 2009): Antenna with twelve segments, antennal club three-segmented; promesonotum in lateral view steeply sloping down to propodeum; workers dimorphic.

<==Pheidole Westwood 1839 FT08 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*P. providens (Sykes 1835) [=Atta providens] TB85
    |--P. algae N-ZLI11
    |--P. allani Bingham 1903 B03
    |--P. ampla Forel 1893 [=P. variabilis ampla] TB85
    |    |--P. a. ampla TB85
    |    |--P. a. mackayensis Forel 1902 TB85
    |    |--P. a. parviceps Forel 1915 TB85
    |    `--P. a. perthensis Crawley 1922 TB85
    |--P. angustior Forel 1902 [=P. latinoda angustior] B03
    |--P. anthracina Forel 1902 TB85
    |    |--P. a. anthracina TB85
    |    |--P. a. grandii Emery 1914 TB85
    |    `--P. a. orba Forel 1902 TB85
    |--P. aphrasta Zhou & Zheng 1999 Z01
    |--P. aristotelis N-ZLI11
    |--P. athertonensis Forel 1915 TB85
    |    |--P. a. athertonensis TB85
    |    |--P. a. cedarensis Forel 1915 TB85
    |    `--P. a. tambourinensis Forel 1915 TB85
    |--P. aurivillii A61
    |--P. bhavanae Bingham 1903 B03
    |--P. bicarinata ES12
    |--P. bicornis DL99
    |--P. binghami Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. bluntschlii N-ZLI11
    |--P. bos Forel 1893 TB85
    |    |--P. b. bos TB85
    |    |--P. b. baucis Forel 1910 TB85
    |    `--P. b. eubos Forel 1915 TB85
    |--P. brevicornis Mayr 1876 TB85
    |--P. butteli N-ZLI11
    |--P. cairnsiana Forel 1902 [=P. javana cairnsiana] TB85
    |--P. capellinii Emery 1887 Z01 [incl. P. capellinii var. asperata B03, P. lighti Wheeler 1927 Z01]
    |--P. cariniceps N-ZLI11
    |--P. clydei BS06
    |--P. concentrica Forel 1902 TB85
    |    |--P. c. concentrica TB85
    |    `--P. c. recurva Forel 1910 TB85
    |--P. conficta Forel 1902 TB85
    |--P. constanciae Forel 1902 [incl. P. constanciae var. nigra] B03
    |--P. deserticola Forel 1910 TB85
    |    |--P. d. deserticola TB85
    |    `--P. d. foveifrons Viehmeyer 1924 TB85
    |--P. elecebra [=Sympheidole elecebra] WW90
    |--P. elisae N-ZLI11
    |--P. fallax DL99
    |--P. feae Emery 1895 Z01
    |--P. fergusoni Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. fervens Smith 1858 (see below for synonymy)
    |--P. fervida OT99
    |--P. flaveria Zhou & Zheng 1999 Z01
    |--P. fossulata Forel 1902 [=P. jucunda fossulata] B03
    |--P. gellibrandi Clark 1934 TB85
    |--P. ghatica Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. grayi Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. hartmeyeri Forel 1907 TB85
    |--P. himalayana Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. hongkongensis Wheeler 1928 [=P. rinae hongkongensis] Z01
    |--P. hoogwerfi Forel 1902 [=P. sharpi hoogwerfi] B03
    |--P. horni Emery 1901 B03
    |--P. hortensis N-ZLI11
    |--P. hospita Bingham 1903 B03
    |--P. hyatti BS06
    |--P. impressiceps Mayr 1876 TB85
    |--P. impressifrons A61
    |--P. incurvata Viehmeyer 1924 TB85
    |--P. indica Mayr 1878 [incl. P. indica var. coonoorensis] B03
    |--P. inquilina [=Epipheidole inquilina] WW90
    |--P. jordanica E89
    |--P. jucunda Forel 1885 B03
    |--P. lamellinoda Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. latinoda Roger 1863 B03
    |--P. liteae Forel 1910 TB85
    |--P. longiceps Mayr 1876 TB85
    |    |--P. l. longiceps TB85
    |    |--P. l. doddi Forel 1910 TB85
    |    `--P. l. frontalis Forel 1902 TB85
    |--P. longipes N-ZLI11
    |--P. longiscapus Zhou & Zheng 1999 Z01
    |--P. lucioccipitalis N-ZLI11
    |--P. luteipes Emery 1914 E14
    |    |--P. l. luteipes E14
    |    `--P. l. obvia Emery 1914 E14
    |--P. magretti Emery 1887 B03
    |--P. malinsi Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. megacephala (Fabricius 1793) FT08 (see below for synonymy)
    |--P. mjobergi Forel 1915 [=P. (Pheidolacanthinus) mjobergi] TB85
    |--P. morrisi SZG16
    |--P. multidens Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. mus Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. naorojii Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. nietneri Emery 1901 B03
    |--P. noda Smith 1874 Z01 (see below for synonymy)
    |--P. oceanica OT99
    |--P. ocellata Zhou 2001 Z01
    |--P. opaciventris Mayr 1876 TB85
    |--P. pallidula ES12
    |--P. parva Mayr 1865 B03
    |--P. peguensis Emery 1894 B03
    |--P. phipsoni Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. pieli Santschi 1925 Z01
    |--P. plagiaria Smith 1860 B03
    |--P. platypus Crawley 1915 TB85
    |--P. plinii N-ZLI11
    |--P. pronotalis Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. proxima Mayr 1876 TB85
    |    |--P. p. proxima TB85
    |    |--P. p. bombalensis Forel 1910 TB85
    |    `--P. p. transversa Forel 1902 TB85
    |--P. punctulata A61
    |--P. pyriformis Clark 1938 TB85
    |--P. rabo N-ZLI11
    |--P. roberti Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. rogersi Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. rotschana Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. rotundata A61
    |--P. rugosa Smith 1858 B03
    |--P. ryukyuensis Ogata 1982 I92
    |--P. sagei Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. sauberi N-ZLI11
    |--P. selathorax Zhou 2001 Z01
    |--P. sepulchralis Bingham 1903 B03
    |--P. sharpi Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. sinaitica E89
    |--P. sinica Z01
    |--P. smythiesii Forel 1902 Z01 [=P. (Ceratopheidole) smythiesii Z01; incl. P. smythiesi var. bengalensis B03]
    |--P. spathifera Forel 1902 [incl. P. spathifera var. aspatha, P. sphathifera var. yerburyi] B03
    |--P. spinoda (Smith 1858) [=Atta spinoda] TB85
    |--P. striativentris Mayr 1878 B03
    |--P. sulcaticeps Roger 1863 [incl. P. sulcaticeps var. punensis] B03
    |--P. susanowo Onoyama & Terayama 1999 OT99
    |--P. sykesi Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. tasmaniensis Mayr 1866 TB85
    |    |--P. t. tasmaniensis TB85
    |    `--P. t. continentis Forel 1902 TB85
    |--P. templaria Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. teneriffana H09
    |--P. tjibodana N-ZLI11
    |--P. trapezoidea Viehmeyer 1913 TB85
    |--P. turneri Forel 1902 TB85
    |--P. tysoni ES12
    |--P. umbonata E14
    |--P. upeneci N-ZLI11
    |--P. variabilis Mayr 1876 FT08
    |    |--P. v. variabilis TB85
    |    |--P. v. aliena Emery 1914 E14
    |    |--P. v. latigena Forel 1907 TB85
    |    |--P. v. mediofusca Forel 1902 TB85 [incl. P. mediofusca var. croceithorax Emery 1914 E14]
    |    |--P. v. ocior Forel 1915 TB85
    |    |--P. v. ocyma Forel 1915 TB85
    |    |--P. v. parvispina Forel 1902 TB85
    |    |--P. v. praedo Forel 1902 TB85
    |    |--P. v. redunca Crawley 1915 TB85
    |    |--P. v. rugocciput Forel 1902 TB85
    |    `--P. v. rugosula Forel 1902 TB85
    |--P. vigilans (Smith 1858) (see below for synonymy) TB85
    |--P. watsoni Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. wiesei Forel 1910 TB85
    |--P. woodmasoni Forel 1885 B03
    |--P. wroughtoni Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. xanthocnemis Emery 1914 E14
    `--P. yeensis Forel 1902 [=P. sulcaticeps r. yeensis] Z01

Pheidole Westwood 1839 FT08 [=Phidole Bingham 1903 Z01; incl. Allopheidole Forel 1912 Z01, Anergatides Wasmann 1915 Z01, Bruchomyrma Santschi 1922 Z01, Cardiopheidole Wheeler 1914 Z01, Cephalomorium Forel 1922 Z01, Ceratopheidole Pergande 1895 Z01, Conothoracoides Strand 1935 Z01, Conothorax Karavajew 1935 Z01, Decapheidole Forel 1912 Z01, Elasmopheidole Forel 1913 Z01, Electropheidole Mann 1921 Z01, Epipheidole Wheeler 1904 Z01, Eriopheidole Kusnezov 1952 Z01, Gallardomyrma Bruch 1932 Z01, Hendecapheidole Wheeler 1922 Z01, Ischomyrmex Mayr 1862 Z01, Isopheidole Forel 1912 Z01, Leptomyrma Motschulsky 1863 Z01, Macropheidole Emery 1915 Z01, Oecophthora Heer 1852 Z01, Parapheidole Emery 1915 Z01, Pheidolacanthinus Smith 1864 Z01, Scrobopheidole Emery 1915 Z01, Sympheidole Wheeler 1904 Z01, Trachypheidole Emery 1915 Z01, Xenoaphaenogaster Baroni Urbani 1964 Z01]

Pheidole fervens Smith 1858 [incl. P. cavannae Emery 1887 Z01, P. oceanica cavannae E14, P. javana var. dharmsalana B03, P. javana Mayr 1867 Z01, P. oceanica var. nigriscapa Santschi 1928 Z01]

Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius 1793) FT08 [=Formica megacephala B03; incl. Oecophthora perniciosa Gerstacker 1859 Z01, O. pusilla Heer 1852 Z01, P. pusilla E89, Myrmica suspiciosa Smith 1859 Z01, Atta testacea Smith 1858 Z01, M. trinodis Roger 1863 Z01]

Pheidole noda Smith 1874 Z01 [=P. nodus Z01; incl. P. rhombinoda var. micantiventris Mayr 1897 Z01, P. nodus var. praevexta Wheeler 1929 Z01, P. rhombinoda Mayr 1878 Z01, P. nodus rhombinoda Z01, P. rhombinoda var. taprobanae non P. taprobanae Smith 1858 B03]

Pheidole vigilans (Smith 1858) [=Atta vigilans; incl. P. dolichocephala André 1896, P. ampla norfolkensis Wheeler 1927, P. ampla parallela Forel 1902, P. ampla yarrensis Forel 1902] TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Andreae, H. 1961. Coleoptera: Cossyphodidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 198–216. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[DL99] Dyer, L. A., & D. K. Letourneau. 1999. Relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up forces in a tropical forest community. Oecologia 119: 265–274.

[E89] Emery, C. 1889. Intorno ad alcune formiche della fauna palearctica. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 439–443.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[ES12] Espadaler, X., & S. Santamaria. 2012. Ecto- and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the Holarctic region. Psyche 2012: 168478.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[N-ZLI11] Nur-Zati A. M., G. T. Lim & A. B. Idris. 2011. Checklist of ants of selected hill dipterocarp forests of peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 91–105.

[OT99] Onoyama, K., & M. Terayama. 1999. A new species of the ant genus Pheidole Westwood from Japan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 65–69.

[SZG16] Segers, F. H. I. D., L. von Zuben & C. Grüter. 2016. Local differences in parasitism and competition shape defensive investment in a polymorphic eusocial bee. Ecology 97 (2): 417–426.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Umbilicaria section Glabrae

Petalled rocktripe Umbilicaria polyphylla, from here.

Belongs within: Umbilicariaceae.

The section Glabrae of the lichen genus Umbilicaria is characterised by a lobed or sinuate-edged thallus that lacks rhizines (Frey 1933).

Characters (from Frey 1933): Underside of thallus without rhizines. Thallus usually brown or greenish gray or brown-black above, black or reddish-gray or whitish below, edge usually somewhat roundly lobed or sinuate. Apothecia with grooved disc. Spores colourless.

Umbilicaria sect. Glabrae Frey 1931 F33
    |--U. arctica (Acharius) Nylander 1859 [=Gyrophora arctica Acharius 1803] F33
    |    |--U. a. var. arctica F33
    |    |--U. a. var. hyporrhiza Nylander 1866 F33
    |    `--U. a. var. plicata Nylander 1866 F33
    |--U. corrugata (de Candolle) Nylander 1861 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |--U. c. f. corrugata F33
    |    `--U. c. f. microphyllina (Nylander) Frey 1933 [=U. corrugata var. microphyllina Nylander 1860] F33
    |--U. deusta (Linnaeus) Baumgartner 1790 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |--U. d. f. deusta F33
    |    |--U. d. f. brotera (Acharius) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    `--U. d. f. subpapulosa (Nylander) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |--U. erosa (Weber) Acharius 1794 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |--U. e. var. erosa F33
    |    |--U. e. var. subradians Nylander 1861 [=Gyrophora erosa var. subradians (Nylander) Fries 1871] F33
    |    `--U. e. var. torrefacta (Lightf.) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |--U. hyperborea (Acharius) Hoffmann 1801 (see below for synonymy) F33
    `--U. polyphylla (Linnaeus) Hoffmann 1796 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |  i. s.: U. p. f. congregata (Turner) Leight. 1871 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |         U. p. f. coriacea (Fries) Frey 1933 [=Gyrophora polyphylla var. glabra f. coriacea Fries 1871] F33
         |         U. p. f. diffusa (Nylander) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |         U. p. f. lacera (Hepp) Leight. 1871 [=Gyrophora polyphylla f. lacera Hepp 1860] F33
         |--U. p. var. polyphylla F33
         `--U. p. var. variegata Nylander 1861 [=Gyrophora polyphylla var. variegata (Nylander) Fries 1871] F33

Umbilicaria corrugata (de Candolle) Nylander 1861 [=U. proboscidea var. corrugata de Candolle in de Lamarck & de Candolle 1805, Gyrophora corrugata (de Candolle) Arnold 1875, G. deusta var. corrugata (de Candolle) Turner 1839, G. glabra var. corrugata (de Candolle) Acharius 1814, G. heteroidea var. corrugata (de Candolle) Acharius 1810, G. hyperborea var. corrugata (de Candolle) Fries 1871, G. proboscidea var. corrugata (de Candolle) Mudd 1861, Umbilicaria varia var. deusta f. corrugata (de Candolle) Leight. 1856; incl. U. polyphylloides Nylander 1860] F33

Umbilicaria deusta (Linnaeus) Baumgartner 1790 [=Lichen deustus Linnaeus 1753, Gyrophora deusta (Linnaeus) Acharius 1803, G. polyphylla var. deusta (Linnaeus) Rabenhorst 1845, Umbilicaria polyphylla var. deusta (Linnaeus) Fries 1831; incl. Lichen flocculosus Wulf. ex Jacquin 1789, Gyrophora aenea var. flocculosa (Wulf.) Schaerer 1818, G. deusta var. flocculosa (Wulf.) Acharius 1803, G. flocculosa (Wulf.) Körb. 1855, Umbilicaria aenea var. flocculosa (Wulf.) Schaerer 1836, U. flocculosa (Wulf.) Hoffmann 1796, U. polyphylla var. flocculosa (Wulf.) Schaerer 1850] F33

Umbilicaria deusta f. brotera (Acharius) Frey 1933 [=Gyrophora deusta var. brotera Acharius 1803, U. flocculosa f. brotera (Acharius) Nylander 1861; incl. G. flocculosa f. cribrata Mueller 1862, G. deusta f. cribrata (Mueller) Zahlbr. 1927] F33

Umbilicaria deusta f. subpapulosa (Nylander) Frey 1933 [=U. flocculosa f. subpapulosa Nylander 1861, Gyrophora deusta f. subpapulosa (Nylander) Zahlbr. 1927, G. polyphylla var. deusta f. subpapulosa (Nylander) Fries 1871; incl. Umbilicaria flocculosa f. squamulosa Harm. 1910] F33

Umbilicaria erosa (Weber) Acharius 1794 [=Lichen erosus Weber 1778, Gyrophora erosa (Weber) Acharius) 1803; incl. Gyrophora koldeweyi Körb. 1874, Lichen reticulatus Retz 1779] F33

Umbilicaria erosa var. torrefacta (Lightf.) Frey 1933 [=Lichen torrefactus Lightf. 1777, Gyrophora erosa var. torrefacta (Lightf.) Fries 1871, G. torrefacta (Lightf.) Cromb. 1894, Umbilicaria torrefacta (Lightf.) Schrader 1794; incl. G. erosa var. torrida Acharius 1804, G. torrida (Acharius) Röhling 1813, Umbilicaria erosa var. torrida (Acharius) Nylander 1861, U. torrida (Acharius) Nylander ex Stizenb. 1876] F33

Umbilicaria hyperborea (Acharius) Hoffmann 1801 [=Lichen hyperboreus Acharius 1794, Gyrophora aenea var. hyperborea (Acharius) Schaerer 1818, G. hyperborea (Acharius) Acharius 1803, Umbilicaria aenea var. hyperborea (Acharius) Schaerer 1826, U. polyphylla var. hyperborea (Acharius) Schaerer 1850, U. varia var. hyperborea (Acharius) Leight. 1856; incl. Gyrophora hyperborea var. pimaria Fries 1871, U. ustulata Wainio 1888, G. ustulata (Wainio) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. 1902] F33

Umbilicaria polyphylla (Linnaeus) Hoffmann 1796 [=Lichen polyphyllus Linnaeus 1753, Gyrophora polyphylla (Linnaeus) Funck 1804; incl. G. glabra Acharius 1803, G. aenea var. glabra (Acharius) Schaerer 1826, G. polyphylla f. glabra (Acharius) Zahlbr. 1927, G. polyphylla var. glabra (Acharius) Fries 1871] F33

Umbilicaria polyphylla f. congregata (Turner) Leight. 1871 [=Gyrophora polyphylla f. congregata Turner 1839; incl. G. polyphylla var. conglobata Fries 1871, G. deusta var. conglobata (Fries) Zahlbr. 1927] F33

Umbilicaria polyphylla f. diffusa (Nylander) Frey 1933 [=Gyrophora glabra var. diffusa Nylander 1896, G. polyphylla f. diffusa (Nylander) Zahlbr. 1927] F33

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F33] Frey, E. 1933. Cladoniaceae (unter Ausschluss der Gattung Cladonia), Umbilicariaceae. In Die Flechten (Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz vol. 9) sect. 4, part 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M. B. H.: Leipzig (reprinted 1971. Johnson Reprint Corporation: New York).

Umbilicaria section Polymorphae

Umbilicaria cylindrica, from here.

Belongs within: Umbilicariaceae.
The section Polymorphae in the lichen genus Umbilicaria is characterised by a more or less distinctly reticulate thallus.

Characters (from Frey 1933): Upper side of thallus more or less distinctly reticulately ribbed, with ridges or bulges at least present in the middle clearly over the umbilicus, and with at least some rhizines present at edge when upper side is very smooth. Underside of thallus smooth, rhizines flat when cortex smoother, more or less distinctly belt-shaped, or at least partially fused to become more belt-shaped and fitted to underside. If rhizines completely absent on underside, then isolated rhizines present at the edge, or ribs above the umbilicus are whitish, at least much brighter than the other shallower ribs or ridges. Apothecia usually frequent, with flat or grooved disc. Spores colorless.

Umbilicaria sect. Polymorphae Frey 1931 F33
    |--U. cylindrica (Linnaeus) Delise ex Duby 1830 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |  i. s.: U. c. f. laciniata (Retzius) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |         U. c. f. mesenteriformis (Wulf.) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |         U. c. f. nudiuscula (Schaerer) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |--U. c. var. cylindrica F33
    |    |--U. c. var. corrugatoides Frey 1933 F33
    |    |--U. c. var. delisei Nylander 1861 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |--U. c. var. denudata (Turner) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |--U. c. var. fimbriata (Acharius) Nylander 1861 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    `--U. c. var. tornata (Acharius) Nylander 1861 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |--U. proboscidea Schrader 1794 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |  i. s.: U. p. f. fimbriata (Turner) Leight. 1871 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |--U. p. var. proboscidea F33
    |    |--U. p. var. exasperata (Acharius) Nylander 1861 [=Gyrophora proboscidea var. exasperata Acharius 1803] F33
    |    `--U. p. var. pulla (Wulf.) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
    `--U. virginis Schaerer 1841 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |--U. v. var. virginis F33
         `--U. v. var. meylani Frey 1933 F33

Umbilicaria cylindrica (Linnaeus) Delise ex Duby 1830 [=Lichen cylindricus Linnaeus 1753, Gyromium cylindricum (Linnaeus) Wahlenberg 1812, Gyrophora cylindrica (Linnaeus) Acharius 1803, Gyrophora polymorpha var. cylindrica (Linnaeus) Schaerer 1818, Gyrophora proboscidea var. cylindrica (Linnaeus) Mann 1825, Umbilicaria polymorpha var. cylindrica (Linnaeus) Schaerer 1826, U. proboscidea var. cylindrica (Linnaeus) Fries 1831; incl. Lichen crinitus Zoega ex Olafson & Povels 1775, Gyrophora cylindrica var. crinita (Zoega) Flot. 1850, Umbilicaria crinita (Zoega) Hoffmann 1794, Lichen proboscideus Hudson 1778] F33

Umbilicaria cylindrica var. delisei Nylander 1861 [=G. cylindrica f. delisei (Nylander) Lynge 1921, Gyrophora cylindrica var. delisei (Nylander) Sydow 1887, G. delisei (Nylander) Krempelh. 1871, Umbilicaria delisei (Nylander) Despr. ex Nylander 1861] F33

Umbilicaria cylindrica var. denudata (Turner) Frey 1933 [=Gyrophora proboscidea var. denudata Turner 1839, G. cylindrica f. denudata (Turner) Stein in Cohn 1879, G. cylindrica var. denudata (Turner) Mudd 1861] F33

Umbilicaria cylindrica var. fimbriata (Acharius) Nylander 1861 [=Gyrophora cylindrica var. fimbriata Acharius 1810, G. fimbriata (Acharius) Röhling 1813, Umbilicaria polymorpha var. cylindrica f. fimbriata (Acharius) Schaerer 1850] F33

Umbilicaria cylindrica f. laciniata (Retzius) Frey 1933 [=Lichen corneus var. laciniatus Retzius 1779, Gyrophora cylindrica var. laciniata (Retzius) Zahlbr. 1927, Umbilicaria cylindrica var. laciniata (Retzius) Wain. 1898; incl. G. cylindrica var. denticulata Acharius 1803, G. denticulata (Acharius) Floerke 1810, Umbilicaria polymorpha var. cylindrica f. denticulata (Acharius) Schaerer 1818] F33

Umbilicaria cylindrica f. mesenteriformis (Wulf.) Frey 1933 [=Lichen mesenteriformis Wulf. ex Jacquin 1781, Gyrophora cylindrica f. mesenteriformis (Wulf.) Anders 1928, G. cylindrica var. mesenteriformis (Wulf.) Flot. 1850] F33

Umbilicaria cylindrica f. nudiuscula (Schaerer) Frey 1933 [=Gyrophora polymorpha var. cylindrica f. nudiuscula Schaerer 1818, G. cylindrica var. nudiuscula (Schaerer) Zahlbr. 1927] F33

Umbilicaria cylindrica var. tornata (Acharius) Nylander 1861 [=Gyrophora tornata Acharius 1808, G. cylindrica var. tornata (Acharius) Arnold 1874] F33

Umbilicaria proboscidea Schrader 1794 non Lichen proboscideus Hudson 1778 [=Gyrophora polymorpha var. proboscidea (Schrader) Schaerer 1818, G. proboscidea (Schrader) Acharius 1803] F33

Umbilicaria proboscidea f. fimbriata (Turner) Leight. 1871 [=Gyrophora deusta var. fimbriata Turner 1839 non G. cylindrica var. fimbriata Acharius 1810, G. proboscidea var. fimbriata (Turner) Mudd 1861] F33

Umbilicaria proboscidea var. pulla (Wulf.) Frey 1933 [=Lichen pullus Wulf. ex Jacquin 1871; incl. U. proboscidea var. deplicans Nylander 1860, G. proboscidea f. deplicans (Nylander) Fries 1871] F33

Umbilicaria virginis Schaerer 1841 [=Gyrophora virginis (Schaerer) Frey 1929; incl. Umbilicaria rugifera Nylander 1861, Agyrophora rugifera (Nylander) Nylander 1896, Gyrophora rugifera (Nylander) Fries 1871, Umbilicaria stipitata Nylander 1861, Agyrophora stipitata (Nylander) Nylander 1896, Gyrophora stipitata (Nylander) Nylander ex Hue 1886-1887, G. tramnitziana Koerber 1871] F33

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F33] Frey, E. 1933. Cladoniaceae (unter Ausschluss der Gattung Cladonia), Umbilicariaceae. In Die Flechten (Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz vol. 9) sect. 4, part 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M. B. H.: Leipzig (reprinted 1971. Johnson Reprint Corporation: New York).

Umbilicaria section Velleae

Hairy navel lichen Umbilicaria hirsuta, from here.

Belongs within: Umbilicariaceae.

The section Velleae in the genus Umbilicaria is a group of lichens with a more or less smooth surface.

Characters (from Frey 1933): Upper side of thallus smooth or finely cracked, never with net-like ribs or wavy ridges. Underside of thallus with rhizines or, failing this, having a cracked and warty areolar network that is visible to the naked eye. Rhizines flexible, simple or branched, may be lumpy and warty, with finely granular cortex, not flat strap-shaped and not clearly externally defined. Cortex between rhizines at least partially clearly warty-areolate; when rhizines are entirely absent, areolar network is clearer, stronger and more regular. Apothecia usually rare, if present, strongly grooved. Spores colourless.

Umbilicaria sect. Velleae Frey 1931 F33
    |--U. grisea (Swartz) Acharius 1794 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |--U. g. f. grisea F33
    |    `--U. g. f. subpapyria Frey 1933 F33
    |--U. hirsuta (Swartz) Acharius 1793 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |--U. h. var. hirsuta F33
    |    |--U. h. var. melanotricha Flot. 1850 F33
    |    |--U. h. var. papyria (Acharius) Nylander 1861 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    `--U. h. var. pyrenaica Frey 1933 F33
    |--U. polyrrhiza (Linnaeus) Acharius 1794 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |--U. p. var. polyrrhiza F33
    |    `--U. p. var. luxurians (Acharius) Nylander 1861 (see below for synonymy) F33
    `--U. vellea (Linnaeus) Acharius 1794 (see below for synonymy) F33

Umbilicaria grisea (Swartz) Acharius 1794 [=Lichen griseus Swartz ex Westring 1793, Gyrophora grisea (Swartz) Swartz ex Billberg & Swartz 1819, G. hirsuta var. grisea (Swartz) Fries 1871, Umbilicaria vellea var. spodochroa f. grisea (Swartz) Schaerer 1850; incl. Lichen murinus Acharius 1798, Gyrophora depressa var. hirsuta f. murina (Acharius) Schaerer 1818, G. hirsuta var. murina (Acharius) Floerke 1810, G. murina (Acharius) Acharius 1803, Lecidea hirsuta var. murina (Acharius) Sprengel 1827, Umbilicaria depressa var. murina (Acharius) Duby 1830, U. murina (Acharius) de Candolle ex Lam & de Candolle 1805] F33

Umbilicaria hirsuta (Swartz) Acharius 1793 [=Lichen hirsutus Swartz ex Westring 1793, Gyrophora hirsuta (Swartz) Acharius 1803, Lecidea hirsuta (Swartz) Sprengl 1827, Umbilicaria depressa var. hirsuta (Swartz) Schaerer 1826, U. vellea var. hirsuta (Swartz) Fries 1831; incl. Gyrophora hirsuta var. vestita Fries 1871] F33

Umbilicaria hirsuta var. papyria (Acharius) Nylander 1861 [=Gyrophora hirsuta var. papyria Acharius 1803, G. grisea f. papyria (Acharius) Zahlbr. 1927, U. murina f. papyria (Acharius) Harmand 1910, U. vellea var. depressa f. papyria (Acharius) Schaerer 1850] F33

Umbilicaria polyrrhiza (Linnaeus) Acharius 1794 [=Lichen polyrrhizos Linnaeus 1753, Gyromium polyrrhizum (Linnaeus) Wahlenberg 1820, Gyrophora polyrrhiza (Linnaeus) Körb. 1859; incl. Gyrophora diabolica Zahlbr. ex Herre 1906, Lichen pellitus Acharius 1794, Gyrophora depressa var. spodochroa f. pellita (Acharius) Schaerer 1818, Gyrophora pellita (Acharius) Acharius 1803, Umbilicaria pellita (Acharius) Acharius 1794, U. varia var. pellita (Acharius) Leight. 1856] F33

Umbilicaria polyrrhiza var. luxurians (Acharius) Nylander 1861 [=Gyrophora pellita var. luxurians Acharius 1810, G. luxurians (Acharius) Röhling 1813, G. polyrrhiza f. luxurians (Acharius) Fries 1871] F33

Umbilicaria vellea (Linnaeus) Acharius 1794 [=Lichen velleus Linnaeus 1753, Gyrophora depressa var. spodochroa f. vellea (Linnaeus) Schaerer 1818, G. vellea (Linnaeus) Acharius 1803; incl. Umbilicaria vellea var. diffracta Nylander 1869, G. vellea var. diffracta (Nylander) Zahlbr. 1927, U. vellea var. depressa f. prolifera Schaerer 1850, G. vellea f. prolifera (Schaerer) Arnold 1878, G. vellerea Nylander ex Hue 1891, U. vellerea (Nylander) Minks 1900] F33

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F33] Frey, E. 1933. Cladoniaceae (unter Ausschluss der Gattung Cladonia), Umbilicariaceae. In Die Flechten (Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz vol. 9) sect. 4, part 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M. B. H.: Leipzig (reprinted 1971. Johnson Reprint Corporation: New York).

Umbilicaria subgenus Gyrophoropsis

Umbilicaria spodochroa, from here.

Belongs within: Umbilicariaceae.

Gyrophoropsis is a subgenus of the lichen genus Umbilicaria containing species with relatively large spores.

Characters (from Frey 1933): Spores rather large, usually about 12 μm long and 6 μm wide, rarely smaller, colorless or brownish, at least distal spores within the ascus two- or three-celled or multicellular with brick-like cells.

Umbilicaria subg. Gyrophoropsis (Elenkin & Sav.) Zahlbr. 1927 [=Gyrophoropsis Elenkin & Sav. 1911] F33
    |--U. cinereorufescens (Schaerer) Frey 1931 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |--U. crustulosa (Acharius) Frey 1931 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |--U. c. var. crustulosa F33
    |    `--U. c. var. badiofusca Frey 1933 F33
    |--U. depressa (Acharius) Duby 1830 [=Gyrophora crustulosa var. depressa Acharius 1810] F33
    |--U. ruebeliana (DR. & Frey) Frey 1931 [=Gyrophora ruebeliana DR. & Frey 1929] F33
    |    |--U. r. f. ruebeliana F33
    |    `--U. r. f. rhizinosa Frey 1933 F33
    `--U. spodochroa (Acharius) Frey 1931 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |--U. s. var. spodochroa F33
         `--U. s. var. lapponica Frey 1933 F33

Umbilicaria cinereorufescens (Schaerer) Frey 1931 [=U. vellea var. spodochroa f. cinereorufescens Schaerer 1850, Gyrophora vellea f. cinereorufescens (Schaerer) Arnold 1878; incl. G. mammulata, G. cirrhosa f. mammulata (Acharius) Zahlbr. 1928, G. depressa var. mammulata (Acharius) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. 1902, G. spodochroa var. mammulata (Acharius) Arnold 1878, G. vellea var. mammulata (Acharius) Arnold 1878, G. tylorhiza Nylander ex Hue 1886-1887] F33

Umbilicaria crustulosa (Acharius) Frey 1931 [=Gyrophora crustulosa Acharius 1810, G. depressa var. crustulosa (Acharius) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. 1902, G. spodochroa var. crustulosa (Acharius) Arnold 1878, Umbilicaria spodochroa var. crustulosa (Acharius) Nylander 1861; incl. U. vellea var. spodochroa f. abortiva Schaerer 1850, Gyrophora cirrhosa f. abortiva (Schaerer) Zahlbr. 1927, G. vellea f. abortiva (Schaerer) Arnold 1850, Umbilicaria vellea var. depressa f. abortiva (Schaerer) Schaerer 1850, G. cirrhosa var. depressa (Acharius) Anders 1928, G. depressa (Acharius) Röhling 1813, G. spodochroa var. depressa (Acharius) Acharius 1810, G. crustulosa var. eximia Nylander 1875, G. depressa var. spodochroa f. leprosa Schaerer 1818, G. crustulosa f. leprosa (Schaerer) Zahlbr. 1927, G. spodochroa var. crustulosa f. leprosa (Schaerer) Arnold 1878, G. vellea f. leprosa (Schaerer) Zahlbr. 1927, Umbilicaria vellea var. cinereorufescens f. leprosa (Schaerer) Schaerer 1850, U. vellea var. spodochroa f. rupta Schaerer 1850, G. vellea f. rupta (Schaerer) Arnold 1878, U. vellea var. depressa f. rupta (Schaerer) Schaerer 1850, U. vellerea f. rupta (Schaerer) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. 1902, U. vellea var. depressa f. subpedicellata Schaerer 1850, Gyrophora vellea f. subpedicellata (Schaerer) Zahlbr. 1927, U. vellea var. depressa f. velleiformis Schaerer 1850, G. vellea var. velleiformis (Schaerer) Zahlbr. 1927] F33

Umbilicaria spodochroa (Acharius) Frey 1931 [=Lichen spadochrous Acharius 1798, Gyrophora spodochroa (Acharius) Acharius 1810; incl. Umbilicaria vellea var. cinereorufescens f. aenea Schaerer 1850, G. vellea f. aenea (Schaerer) Arnold 1878, U. cirrhosa Hoffmann 1790, G. cirrhosa (Hoffmann) Wain. 1888] F33

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F33] Frey, E. 1933. Cladoniaceae (unter Ausschluss der Gattung Cladonia), Umbilicariaceae. In Die Flechten (Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz vol. 9) sect. 4, part 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M. B. H.: Leipzig (reprinted 1971. Johnson Reprint Corporation: New York).

Baeomycetaceae

Baeomyces rufus, photographed by Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Lecanoromycetes.

The Baeomycetaceae are a family of lichens containing green algae, found growing on soil, rocks or similar substrates (Cannon & Kirk 2007).

Characters (from Cannon & Kirk 2007): Thallus varied, usually crustose or squamulose. Ascomata sessile or shortly stipitate, sometimes clustered, formed on specialised generally non-lichenised thalline branches, flat or convex, pink or brown, the wall of interwoven hyphae. Interascal tissue of simple or sparingly branched paraphyses, often swollen at the apices. Hymenial gel J+ or J-. Asci thin-walled, not thickened at the apex, with a J+ or J- apical pore. Ascospores hyaline, simple or transversely septate. Anamorph pycnidial.

Baeomycetaceae [Baeomycetales]
    |--Phyllobaeis EB03
    `--Baeomyces Persoon 1794 F33
         |--B. subg. Eubaeomyces Mueller 1862 F33
         |    `--B. roseus Persoon 1794 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |         |--B. r. var. roseus F33
         |         `--B. r. var. complicatus Erichsen ex Frey 1933 F33
         `--B. subg. Sphyridium (Flotow) Mueller 1862 [=Sphyridium Flotow 1843] F33
              |--B. placophyllus Acharius 1803 (see below for synonymy) F33
              |--B. rufus (Hudson) Rebent. 1804 (see below for synonymy) F33
              |    |  i. s.: B. r. f. exilis Erichsen in Frey 1933 F33
              |    |         B. r. f. fuscorufescens (Vainio) Frey 1933 [=B. fuscorufescens Vainio 1922] F33
              |    |         B. r. f. lignorum Acharius 1814 F33
              |    |         B. r. f. parasiticus (Fries) Zahlbr. 1927 (see below for synonymy) F33
              |    |         B. r. f. rupestris (Persoon) Harmand 1895 (see below for synonymy) F33
              |    |         B. r. f. sessilis (de Candolle) Nylander 1860 (see below for synonymy) F33
              |    |         B. r. f. sorediatus Frey 1933 F33
              |    |         B. r. f. subsquamulosus (Nylander) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
              |    |         B. r. f. terrestris (Fries) Zahlbr. 1927 (see below for synonymy) F33
              |    |--B. r. var. rufus F33
              |    |--B. r. var. callianthus (Lettau) Lettau 1919 [=B. callianthus Lettau 1912] F33
              |    `--B. r. var. carneus (Flk.) Nylander 1860 [=B. carneus Flk. 1821] F33
              |         |--B. r. var. c. f. carneus F33
              |         `--B. r. var. c. f. polycephalus (Fries) Zahlbr. 1927 (see below for synonymy) F33
              `--B. speciosus (Körb.) Lindau 1913 [=Sphyridium speciosum Körb. ex Stein in Cohn 1879] F33

Baeomyces placophyllus Acharius 1803 [=Biatora placophylla (Acharius) Fries 1831, Lecidea placophylla (Acharius) Link 1833, Lichen placophyllus (Acharius) de Lamarck 1813, Ludovicia placophylla (Acharius) Trèvis. 1857, Patellaria placophylla (Acharius) Sprengel 1827, Sphyridium placophyllum (Acharius) Fries 1861] F33

Baeomyces roseus Persoon 1794 [=Lichen baeomyces Linnaeus 1781; incl. Baeomyces ericetorum (Linnaeus) de Candolle in de Lamarck & de Candolle 1805] F33

Baeomyces rufus (Hudson) Rebent. 1804 [=Lichen rufus Hudson 1762, Ba. rupestris var. rufus (Hudson) Acharius 1810, Sphyridium byssoides var. rufum Fries 1874; incl. Lichen byssoides Linnaeus 1767, Ba. byssoides (Linnaeus) Gartner, Meyer & von Schreber 1801, Ba. rufus f. byssoides Oliv. 1900, Ba. rupestris var. byssoides (Linnaeus) Acharius 1810, Biatora byssoides (Linnaeus) Fries 1845, Lecidea byssoides (Linnaeus) Link 1833, Sphyridium byssoides (Linnaeus) Beltram. 1858, Lichen cinereofuscus Jacquin 1762, Li. fungiformis Scopoli 1772, Stereocaulon fungiforme (Scopoli) Schaerer 1833, Sphyridium fungiforme (Scopoli) Flotow 1843] F33

Baeomyces rufus var. carneus f. polycephalus (Fries) Zahlbr. 1927 [=Sphyridium byssoides f. polycephalum Fries 1874, B. byssoides var. carneus f. polycephalus; incl. S. carneum f. botryosum Flot. 1849] F33

Baeomyces rufus f. parasiticus (Fries) Zahlbr. 1927 [=Sphyridium byssoides f. parasiticus Fries 1874] F33

Baeomyces rufus f. rupestris (Persoon) Harmand 1895 [=Ba. rupestris Persoon 1803, Biatora byssoides f. rupestris (Persoon) Fries 1831, Sphyridium byssoides f. rupestre Rabenhorst 1870, S. fungiforme f. rupestre (Persoon) Körb. 1855] F33

Baeomyces rufus f. sessilis (de Candolle) Nylander 1860 [=B. sessilis de Candolle in de Lamarck & de Candolle 1840; incl. B. sessilis var. rupicola de Candolle in de Lamarck & de Candolle 1840, B. sessilis var. sphagnicola de Candolle in de Lamarck & de Candolle 1840] F33

Baeomyces rufus f. subsquamulosus (Nylander) Frey 1933 [=B. rufus var. subsquamulosus Nylander 1877, Sphyridium byssoides var. subsquamulosum (Nylander) Arnold 1884] F33

Baeomyces rufus f. terrestris (Fries) Zahlbr. 1927 [=Sphyridium byssoides f. terrestre Fries 1874] F33

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cannon, P. F., & P. M. Kirk. 2007. Fungal Families of the World. CABI.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1-89.

[F33] Frey, E. 1933. Cladoniaceae (unter Ausschluss der Gattung Cladonia), Umbilicariaceae. In Die Flechten (Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz vol. 9) sect. 4, part 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M. B. H.: Leipzig (reprinted 1971. Johnson Reprint Corporation: New York).

Formicinae

Myrmoteras worker, copyright Steve Shattuck.

Belongs within: Formicidae.
Contains: Lasiini, Melophorini, Formicini, Camponotini, Plagiolepidini.

The Formicinae is a clade of ants characterised by the presence of an acidipore, a circular or semicircular terminal opening on the gaster in place of the reduced sting that is often fringed with hairs (Wheeler & Wheeler 1990). The acidopore is used to secret and/or spray formic acid, which is used for defense in lieu of a sting. Members of the Formicinae include the weaver ants of the genus Oecophylla which are found in the Old World tropics and build arboreal nests by weaving together leaves with the silk produced by larvae. The Myrmelachistini include two genera of ants sharing a reduced antennal segmentation (with nine or ten segments), five mandibular teeth and anterior tergosternal fusion on the first gastral segment. Santschiella kohli is a little known species from central Africa with very large eyes and widely separated antennal insertions with antennae passing below the eyes. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates a possible relationship between this species and the tropical South American Gigantiops destructor which similarly possesses large eyes but has the antennal insertions placed close together between the eyes (Ward et al. 2016).

<==Formicinae [Camponotidae, Camponotinae]
    |--Myrmelachistini [Brachymyrmicini] WBF16
    |    |--Myrmelachista flavocotea WBF16
    |    `--Brachymyrmex WBF16
    |         |--B. depilis BS06
    |         `--B. musculus WW90
    `--+--Lasiini BS06
       `--+--Melophorini WBF16
          `--+--Formicini WBF16
             `--+--+--+--Santschiella [Santschiellini] WBF16
                |  |  |    `--S. kohli WBF16
                |  |  `--Gigantiops [Gigantiopini] WBF16
                |  |       `--G. destructor WBF16
                |  `--+--Camponotini WBF16
                |     `--Myrmoteras Forel 1894 WBF16, B03 [Myrmoteratini]
                |          |--*M. binghami Forel 1894 B03
                |          |--M. diastematum N-ZLI11
                |          `--M. iriodum BS06
                `--+--Plagiolepidini WBF16
                   `--+--Oecophylla Smith 1860 WBF16, TB85 [Oecophyllini]
                      |    |--*O. smaragdina (Fabricius 1775) TB85 (see below for synonymy)
                      |    |--O. leakeyi Z02
                      |    `--O. longinoda H79
                      `--Gesomyrmecini [Dimorphomyrmii, Sicelomyrmicini] WBF16
                           |--Prodimorphomyrmex WBF16
                           |--Sicilomyrmex WBF16
                           `--Gesomyrmex Mayr 1868 [=Gaesomyrmex Dalla Torre 1893; incl. Dimorphomyrmex Andre 1892] Z01
                                |--*G. hoernesi Mayr 1868 Z01
                                `--G. howeardi Wheeler 1921 Z01

Formicinae incertae sedis:
  Kyromyrma neffi GE05
  ‘Eucharis’ democles Walker 1839 B88
  Hemioptica Roger 1862 B03
    |--*H. scissa Roger 1862 [=Polyrhachis scissa] B03
    |--H. aculeata (Mayr 1878) [=Polyrhachis aculeata] B03
    `--H. pubescens (Mayr 1878) [=Polyrhachis pubescens; incl. H. pubescens var. alatisquamis] B03
  Camponotites WBF16
  Curtipalpulus Hong 2002 H02
    `--*C. eocenicus Hong 2002 H02
  Drymomyrmex WBF16
  Eoleptocerites Hong 2002 H02
    |--*E. chinensis Hong 2002 H02
    `--E. fushunensis Hong 2002 H02
  Eurytarsites Hong 2002 H02
    `--*E. fushunensis Hong 2002 H02
  Fushuniformica Hong 2002 H02
    `--*F. spinata Hong 2002 H02
  Heeridris WBF16
  Huaxiaformica Hong 2002 H02
    `--*H. mallepetiolata Hong 2002 H02
  Imhoffia WBF16
  Leptogasteritus Hong 2002 H02
    `--*L. capricornutes Hong 2002 H02
  Leucotaphus WBF16
  Liaoformica Hong 2002 H02
    `--*L. longipetiolata Hong 2002 H02
  Longiformica Hong 2002 H02
    |--*L. dongzhouheensis Hong 2002 H02
    `--L. guchengziensis Hong 2002 H02
  Magnogasterites Hong 2002 H02
    `--*M. curticornutus Hong 2002 H02
  Orbicapitia Hong 2002 H02
    `--*O. reticulata Hong 2002 H02
  Ovalicapito Hong 2002 H02
    `--*O. fushunensis Hong 2002 H02
  Ovaligastrula Hong 2002 H02
    `--*O. xilutianensis Hong 2002 H02
  Protrechina WBF16
  Sinoformica Hong 2002 H02
    `--*S. longicapitata Hong 2002 H02
  Sinotenuicapito Hong 2002 H02
    `--*S. badis Hong 2002 H02
  ‘Wilsonia’ Hong 2002 nec Br. 1810 (ICBN) nec Bonaparte 1838 nec Hudleston 1896 nec Cheel & Dughi 1944 (ICBN) H02
    |--*W. megagastrosa Hong 2002 H02
    `--W. liaoningensis Hong 2002 H02

*Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius 1775) TB85 [=Formica smaragdina TB85; incl. F. macra Guerin-Meneville 1831 Z01, F. virecens Fabricius 1775 Z01, Oecophylla virescens B03, F. viridis Kirby 1818 TB85, F. zonata Guerin-Meneville 1831 Z01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[H79] Howse, P. E. 1979. The uniqueness of insect societies: aspects of defense and integration. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 345–374. Academic Press: London.

[N-ZLI11] Nur-Zati A. M., G. T. Lim & A. B. Idris. 2011. Checklist of ants of selected hill dipterocarp forests of peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 91–105.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[WBF16] Ward, P. S., B. B. Blaimer & B. L. Fisher. 2016. A revised phylogenetic classification of the ant subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with resurrection of the genera Colobopsis and Dinomyrmex. Zootaxa 4072 (3): 343–357.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Insect trace fossils. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 303–324. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Last updated: 31 May 2020.

Tetramorium

Pavement ant Tetramorium caespitum, photographed by Alex Wild.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.

Tetramorium, pavement ants, is a genus of ants characterised by the combination of a raised transverse ridge below the antennal sockets together with the presence of a dorsal appendage on the sting (Heterick 2009). The majority of species are native to the Old World though some have been introduced to southern North America. Many species in the genus are difficult to distinguish and molecular studies have identified the existence of morphologically cryptic species, for instance in the Tetramorium caespitum group of Europe (Schlick-Steiner et al. 2006).

Characters (from Heterick 2009): Area of clypeus below antennal sockets raised into sharp ridge; propodeal angle usually a pair of stout spines, sometimes flanges; postpetiole attached to front of gaster; tip of sting with a triangular or club-like appendage projecting upwards from the shaft.

<==Tetramorium Mayr 1855 (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |--T. bicarinatum (Nylander 1846) S-SS06 (see below for synonymy)
    |--T. capitale (McAreavey 1949) S-SS06 [=Xiphomyrmex capitalis TB85]
    `--+--+--T. semilaeve (André 1883) S-SS06
       |  `--+--*T. caespitum (Linnaeus 1758) TB85, S-SS06 (see below for synonymy)
       |     `--T. hungaricum (Röszler 1935) S-SS06
       `--+--T. tsushimae (Emery 1925) S-SS06
          `--+--T. impurum (Foerster 1850) S-SS06
             `--+--T. moravicum (Kratochvil 1941) S-SS06
                `--+--T. chefketi (Forel 1911) S-SS06
                   `--T. forte (Forel 1904) S-SS06

Tetramorium incertae sedis:
  T. andrynicum Bolton 1977 TB85
  T. aptum N-ZLI11
  T. australe Bolton 1977 TB85
  T. belgaense Forel 1902 [=T. (Xiphomyrmex) belgaense] B03
  T. christiei Forel 1902 B03
  T. confusum Bolton 1977 TB85
  T. coonoorense Forel 1902 B03
  T. curtulum Emery 1894 B03
  T. curvispinosum Mayr 1897 B03
  T. dariae G89
  ‘Triglyphothrix’ decamera Forel 1902 B03
  T. deceptum Bolton 1977 TB85
  T. fergusoni Forel 1902 B03
  T. fuscipes (Viehmeyer 1925) [=Xiphomyrmex turneri fuscipes] TB85
  T. guangxiensis Zhou & Zheng 1997 Z01
  T. guineense (Fabr. 1793) B03 [=Formica guineensis B03; incl. T. guineense var. macra Emery 1914 E14]
  T. impressum (Viehmeyer 1925) [=Xiphomyrmex impressus] TB85
  T. inglebyi Forel 1902 B03
  T. insolens (Smith 1861) FT08
  T. kraepelini Forel 1905 [incl. T. eidmanni Menozzi 1941, T. yanoi Santschi 1937] Z01
  T. lanuginosum Mayr 1870 FT08 (see below for synonymy)
  T. laticephalum Bolton 1977 TB85
  T. megalops Bolton 1977 TB85
  T. meshena N-ZLI11
  T. mixtum Forel 1902 B03
  T. noratum N-ZLI11
  T. obesum André 1887 [=Triglyphothrix obesa] B03
  T. ornatum Emery 1897 TB85
  T. nursei Bingham 1903 B03
  T. pacificum Mayr 1870 FT08
    |--T. p. pacificum E14
    `--T. p. subscabra E14 [=T. scabrum var. subscabrum B03]
  T. parvum N-ZLI11
  ‘Myrmecina’ pilicornis Smith 1858 B03
  T. pilosum Emery 1893 [=T. (Xiphomyrmex) pilosum] B03
  T. salvatum Forel 1902 B03
  T. scabrum Mayr 1879 B03
  T. setuliferum BM76
  T. shensiense Bolton 1977 Z01
  T. simillimum (Smith 1851) FT08 (see below for synonymy)
  T. sjostedti Forel 1915 [=T. (Xiphomyrmex) sjostedti] TB85
  T. smithi Mayr 1871 FT08 (see below for synonymy)
  T. spininode Bolton 1977 TB85
  T. splendidior (Viehmeyer 1925) [=Xiphomyrmex striolatus splendidior] TB85
  T. strictum Bolton 1977 TB85
  T. striolatum Viehmeyer 1914 S-SS06 [=T. (Xiphomyrmex) viehmeyeri striolatus TB85]
  T. subcoecum A61
  ‘Xiphomyrmex’ tenuicrinis Emery 1914 E14
  T. thalidum Bolton 1977 TB85
  T. tortuosum Roger 1863 B03
  T. transversarium Roger 1863 B03
  T. turneri Forel 1902 [=T. (Xiphomyrmex) turneri] TB86
  T. validiusculum Emery 1897 [=T. pacificum validiusculum] TB85
  T. viehmeyeri Forel 1907 TB85 (see below for synonymy)
  T. walshi (Forel 1890) FT08 (see below for synonymy)
  T. yerburyi Forel 1902 [=T. (Xiphomyrmex) pilosum yerburyi] B03

Tetramorium Mayr 1855 [incl. Atopula Emery 1912, Lobomyrmex Kratochvil 1941, Macromischoides Wheeler 1920, Sulcomyrmex Kratochvil 1941, Tetrogmus Roger 1857, Triglyphothrix Forel 1890, Xiphomyrmex Forel 1887] Z01

Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander 1846) S-SS06 [=Myrmica bicarinata TB85; incl. M. cariniceps Guerin-Meneville 1852 Z01, M. kollari Mayr 1853 Z01, M. modesta Smith 1860 Z01, M. reticulata Smith 1862 Z01]

*Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus 1758) TB85, S-SS06 [=Formica caespitum Z01; incl. F. fusca Leach 1825 non Linnaeus 1758 S-SS06, Myrmica fuscula Nulander 1846 Z01, Tetramorium fuscula S-SS06, T. caespitum var. hammi Donisthorpe 1915 Z01, T. caespitum himalayanum Viehmeyer 1914 Z01, T. caespitum var. immigans Santschi 1927 Z01, T. caespitum var. indocile Santschi 1927 Z01, T. semilaeve transbaicalense Ruzschy 1936 Z01, Myrmica brevinodis var. transversinodis Enzmann 1946 Z01]

Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr 1870 FT08 [=Triglyphothrix lanuginosa TB85; incl. Tr. (Xiphomyrmex) striatidens australis Forel 1902 TB85, Tr. ceramensis Stitz 1912 Z01, Tr. striatidens var. felix Forel 1912 Z01, Tr. striatidens var. flavescens Wheeler 1929 Z01, Tr. striatidens var. laevidens Forel 1900 Z01, Tr. mauricei Donisthorpe 1946 Z01, Tr. striatidens var. orissana Forel 1902 Z01, Tetramorium obesum r. striatidens Emery 1889 Z01, Tr. striatidens B03, Tr. tricolor Donosthorpe 1948 Z01]

Tetramorium simillimum (Smith 1851) FT08 [=Myrmica simillima TB85; incl. T. antipodum Wheeler 1927 TB85, T. pusillum var. bantouana Santschi 1910 Z01, T. pusillum st. bantuala var. breve Santschi 1924 Z01, Wasmannia auropunctata brevispinosa Borgmeier 1928 Z01, T. simillimum r. denticulatum Forel 1902 Z01, T. pusillum var. exoleta Santschi 1914 Z01, T. simillimum var. insulare Santschi 1928 Z01, T. simillimum var. opacior Forel 1913 Z01, Myrmica parallela Smith 1859 Z01, T. pygmaeum Emery 1877 Z01]

Tetramorium smithi Mayr 1871 FT08 [incl. T. smithi var. kanariense Forel 1903 Z01, T. simillimum r. laevinode Forel 1902 Z01]

Tetramorium viehmeyeri Forel 1907 TB85 [=T. (Xiphomyrmex) viehmeyeri TB85; incl. Xiphomyrmex viehmeyeri venustus Wheeler 1934 TB85, T. viehmeyeri venustus H09]

Tetramorium walshi (Forel 1890) FT08 [=*Triglyphothrix walshi B03; incl. Tr. musculus Forel 1902 Z01, Tr. walshi var. spuria Forel 1912 Z01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Andreae, H. 1961. Coleoptera: Cossyphodidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 198–216. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso «Esploratore» dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[N-ZLI11] Nur-Zati A. M., G. T. Lim & A. B. Idris. 2011. Checklist of ants of selected hill dipterocarp forests of peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 91–105.

[S-SS06] Schlick-Steiner, B. C., F. M. Steiner, K. Moder, B. Seifert, M. Sanetra, E. Dyreson, C. Stauffer & E. Christian. 2006. A multidisciplinary approach reveals cryptic diversity in western Palearctic Tetramorium ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 259–273.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Last updated: 31 May 2020.