Belongs within: Cynipoidea.
Contains: Cynipinae.
The Cynipidae are a family of small phytophagous wasps forming galls in angiosperms, though some are inquilines of other gall-formers (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). Many species show an alternation between parthenogenetic and sexually-reproducing generations. Notable species include Barbotinia oraniensis which induces spherical galls inside the seed capsules of annual Papaver (poppy) species (Ronquist & Nieves-Aldrey 2001).
Characters (from Ronquist & Nieves-Aldrey 2001): Metascutellum medially constricted; forewing with marginal cell open; pronotum lacking a lateral carina.
<==Cynipidae
|--+--Cynipinae RN-A01
| `--Barbotinia Nieves-Aldrey 1994 [Aylacini] RN-A01
| `--*B. oraniensis (Barbotin 1964) [=Aylax oraniensis] RN-A01
`--+--+--Isocolus RN-A01
| `--Neaylax RN-A01
`--+--Liposthenes RN-A01
`--Synergus RN-A01
|--S. nervosus A71
|--S. pallicornis A71
|--S. reinhardi A71
`--S. umbraculus A71
Cynipidae incertae sedis:
Periclistus brandti A71
Paraulax RN-A01
Aulacidea GE05
|--A. freesei F05
|--A. martae Nieves-Aldrey 2004 F05
`--A. succinea GE05
Diplolepidini GE05
|--Rhodites vetus GE05
`--Diplolepis E12
|--D. anthidiorum Lucas 1849 E12
|--D. quercusfolii (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Cynips quercusfolii L02]
`--D. rosae A71
Amblynotus Hartig 1840 G29, GM79
|--A. berlesei Girault 1937 G37
|--A. hartigi Girault 1930 G30a [=A. parvus Girault 1929 non Hart 1840 G29]
|--A. parvus Hart 1840 G30a
|--A. pilosiscutum Girault 1929 G29
`--A. ruficeps Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
Hexaplasta Forster 1869 G30b, GM79
|--H. aemilia Girault 1930 GM79
|--H. florentia Girault 1930 GM79
|--H. julia Girault 1930 GM79
|--H. lucia Girault 1930 GM79
|--H. maria Girault 1930 GM79
|--H. mozarti Girault 1930 GM79
`--H. thoreauini Girault 1930 GM79
Glyptoxysta bifoveata Girault 1931 G31 [incl. G. bispinosa Girault 1931 (n. n.) G32b, G31]
Gronotoma domestica Girault 1932 G32a
Australofigites Girault 1932 G32b
`--*A. poeta Girault 1932 G32b
Pentacrita marguerita Girault 1934 G34
Plagiotrochus AN-A04
|--P. australis AN-A04
`--P. quercusilicis AN-A04
Iraella hispanica Nieves-Aldrey 2005 F05
Psilodora hyalipennis Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
Microstilba bidentata MS01
Aulax scabiosae MS01
Pycnostigmus HB13 [Pycnostigmatinae N91]
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.
[AN-A04] Askew, R. R., & J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. 2004. Further observations on Eupelminae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) in the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands, including descriptions of new species. Graellsia 60 (1): 27–39.
[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.
[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.
[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. New pests from Australia. VI. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 266–269).
[G30a] Girault, A. A. 1930a. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273–277).
[G30b] Girault, A. A. 1930b. New pests from Australia. IX. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 278–279).
[G31] Girault, A. A. 1931. Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 284–285).
[G32a] Girault, A. A. 1932a. New pests from Australia, X. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 286–291).
[G32b] Girault, A. A. 1932b. New lower Hymenoptera from Australia and India. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 293–298).
[G34] Girault, A. A. 1934. Miridae et Hymenoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 308–310).
[G37] Girault, A. A. 1937. New naturals, unorthodoxies and non-pollutions, viz. new hexapods. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 326–328).
[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.
[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.
[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.
[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.
[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).
[RN-A01] Ronquist, F., & J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. 2001. A new subfamily of Figitidae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 483–494.
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