Drepanidae

Yellow hooktip Tridrepana fulvata, photographed by Kenichiro Nakao.

Belongs within: Macroheterocera.

The Drepanidae are a group of moths bearing two-chambered tympanal organs on the second abdominal segment. The subfamily Drepaninae includes the hook-tip moths, so named due to the hooked ends of their forewings.

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991): Small to medium sized; head usually smooth scaled; ocelli present or absent; chaetosemata absent; antennae filiform, lamellate or bipectinate; proboscis present and unscaled, or absent; maxillary palps minute, one-segmented or absent; labial palps short to long, porrect or upcurved; epiphysis present or absent; spurs 0-2-4, 0-2-2, 0-0-4 or 0-0-0; tarsal claws usually toothed, hind tibiae often with long scales; forewing usually broadly triangular, apex often falcate, with or without wing-locking microtrichea, often with one narrow areole, CuP absent, 1A+2A sometimes with short fork; frenulum often clubbed or absent; Sc+R₁ separated from Rs at base, approximated to, or shortly fused with, Rs before or beyond end of cell, CuP absent, one or two anal veins; abdomen with paired, two-chambered tympanal organs in segment 2 with tympanum situated within a sternal component between chambers. Eggs of flat type. Larvae with ventral prolegs on segments 3 to 6 with bi- or, rarely, uniordinal crochets in a mesoseries and, usually, a small uniordinal lateroseries; anal prolegs reduced or absent, secondary setae present or absent; exposed or in rolled leaf, with end of abdomen sometimes produced and raised when resting. Pupa without dorsal spines, cremaster rudimentary, in cocoon among fallen leaves; not protruded at ecdysis.

<==Drepanidae
    |--+--Cyclidiinae KP19
    |  |    |  i. s.: ‘Euchera’ substigmaria Hübner 1831 NO08
    |  |    `--Cyclidia sybstigmaria KP19
    |  `--Thyatirinae [Cymatophoridae, Thyatiridae] KP19
    |       |--Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides KP19
    |       |--Thyatira batis F92
    |       |--Cymatophora or F92
    |       `--Habrosyne derasa RD77
    `--Drepaninae S02
         |--Teldenia Moore 1882 S02
         |    `--T. vestigiata Butler 1880 S02
         |--Callidrepana Felder & Felder 1867 S02
         |    `--C. argenteola Moore in Horsfield & Moore 1859 S02
         |--Leucodrepana Hampson 1892 S02
         |    `--L. idaeoides Hampson 1892 S02
         |--Spica Swinhoe 1889 S02
         |    `--S. luteola Swinhoe 1889 S02
         |--Albara Walker 1866 S02
         |    |--A. lilacina S02
         |    `--A. violacea Butler 1889 S02
         |--Macrauzata Butler 1889 KP19, S02
         |    |--M. fenestraria Moore 1867 S02
         |    |--M. maxima S02
         |    `--M. submontana KP19
         |--Tridrepana Swinhoe 1895 S02
         |    |--T. albonotata Moore 1879 S02
         |    |--T. flava KP19
         |    |--T. fulvata S02
         |    `--T. sadana Moore 1865 S02
         `--Drepana Schrank 1802 S02
              |--D. binaria G84
              |--D. cultraria F92
              |--D. falcataria F92
              |--D. innotata Hampson 1892 S02
              `--D. pallida Moore 1879 S02

Drepanidae incertae sedis:
  Macrocilix S02
  Auzata S02
  Deroca S02
  Bapta S02
  Cilix glaucata (Scopoli 1763) S02, JP05
  Hypsidia NC91
    |--H. erythropsalis C70
    `--H. niphosema NC91
  Dipriodonta sericea W70
  Ditrigona W70
  Tethea ocularis (Linnaeus 1767) JP05
  Theteella fluctuosa (Hübner 1803) JP05
  Falcaria lacertinaria (Linnaeus 1758) JP05
  Sabra harpagula (Esper 1785) JP05
  Astatochroa fuscimargo NC91
  Oreta NC91 [Oretinae S02]
    `--O. jaspidea NC91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[JP05] Jungmann, E., & U. Poller. 2005. Neunachweise und Wiederfunde für die Schmetterlingsfauna (Insecta; Lepidoptera) des Altenburger Landes. Mauritiana 19 (2): 317–326.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[NO08] Nässig, W. A., & R. G. Oberprieler. 2008. An annotated catalogue of the genera of Eupterotidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Bombycoidea). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 53–80.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S02] Smetacek, P. 2002. Notes on new records of hooktip moths, Lepidoptera: Drepanidae, from the Kumaon and Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 446–454.

[W70] Wilkinson, C. 1970. Adding a point to a principal coordinates analysis. Systematic Zoology 19 (3): 258–263.

Last updated: 21 February 2021.