Palpatores

Acropsopilio neozelandiae, copyright Stephen Thorpe.

Belongs within: Opiliones.
Contains: Ischyropsalidoidea, Troguloidea, Phalangioidea.

The Palpatores, the long-legged harvestmen, are a diverse group of harvestmen including many of the most familiar members of the order. Members of this clade have ozopores flush with the body surface (not raised on ozophores) and simple, single claws on the legs; most (but not all) also have particularly elongate legs. Basal members of the Palpatores with small bodies and greatly enlarged eye mounds were classified until recently in a family Caddidae, but phylogenetic analyses have recently indicated that this group is para- or polyphyletic, and may represent the plesiomorphic appearance of the clade as a whole (Groh & Giribet 2015).

Palpatores [Apagosterni, Caddidae, Caddoidea, Plagiostethi]
    |--Dyspnoi [Nemastomini, Nemastomoidae, Trogulini] GG15
    |    |  i. s.: Echinopustulus samuelnelsoni Dunlop 2004 D07
    |    |--Acropsopilionidae [Acropsopilioninae, Acropsopilionoidea] GFB14
    |    |    |--Caddella Hirst 1925 SC06 [=Cadella (l. c.) K61; incl. Oonopsopilio Lawrence 1931 SC03]
    |    |    |    |--*C. capensis Hirst 1925 S75 [=C. (Oonopsopilio) capensis K61]
    |    |    |    |--C. africana (Lawrence 1931) [=*Oonopsopilio africanus] S75
    |    |    |    |--C. croeseri Staręga 1988 S92
    |    |    |    |--C. haddadi Lotz 2011 L11
    |    |    |    |--C. jocquei Staręga 2008 L11
    |    |    |    `--C. spatulipilis Lawrence 1934 S92 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--Austropsopilio Forster 1955 [incl. Tasmanopilio Hickman 1957] GG15
    |    |    |    |--*A. novaehollandiae Forster 1955 SC03
    |    |    |    |--A. altus Cantrell 1980 C80
    |    |    |    |--A. cygneus Hickman 1957 H57
    |    |    |    |--A. fuscus (Hickman 1957) GG15 [=*Tasmanopilio fuscus H57]
    |    |    |    |--A. inermis Cantrell 1980 C80
    |    |    |    |--A. megalops (Hickman 1957) [=Tasmanopilio megalops] GG15
    |    |    |    `--A. sudamericanus Shultz & Cekalovic 2003 SC03
    |    |    `--Acropsopilio Silvestri 1904 SC06 [incl. Zeopsopilio Forster 1948 SC03]
    |    |         |--*A. chilensis Silvestri 1904 S75 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         |--A. australicus Cantrell 1980 C80
    |    |         |--A. boopis (Crosby 1904) [=Caddo boopis] S75
    |    |         |--A. chomulae (Goodnight & Goodnight 1948) [=Caddo chomulae, A. chommulae (l. c.)] S75
    |    |         |--A. neozelandiae (Forster 1948) GFB14 [=*Zeopsopilio neozelandiae F48]
    |    |         |--A. talishensis Morin 1937 S04
    |    |         `--A. venezuelensis González-Sponga 1992 GG15
    |    `--+--Ischyropsalidoidea GG15
    |       `--Troguloidea GG15
    `--Eupnoi [Phalangioidae] GG15
         |  i. s.: Brigantibunum Dunlop & Anderson 2005 DA05
         |           `--*B. listoni Dunlop & Anderson 2005 DA05
         |         Daohugopilio Huang, Selden & Dunlop 2009 HSD09
         |           `--*D. sheari Huang, Selden & Dunlop 2009 HSD09
         |--Mesobunus Huang, Selden & Dunlop 2009 GS14, HSD09
         |    |--*M. martensi Huang, Selden & Dunlop 2009 HSD09
         |    `--M. dunlopi Giribet, Tourinho et al. 2012 GT12
         `--+--Phalangioidea GS14
            `--+--Macrogyion Garwood, Dunlop et al. 2011 GS14, GD11
               |    `--*M. cronus Garwood, Dunlop et al. 2011 GD11
               `--Caddo Banks 1892 GS14, S75 [Caddinae, Caddini, Caddoinae]
                    |--*C. agilis Banks 1892 [incl. C. glaucopis Crosby 1904] S75
                    |--C. dentipalpus (Koch & Berendt 1854) [=Platybunus dentipalpus] S02
                    `--C. pepperella Shear 1975 S75

Nomen nudum: Caddo medama Suzuki 1958 GG15

*Acropsopilio chilensis Silvestri 1904 S75 [incl. A. normae Cekalovic 1974 GG15, A. chilensis var. ogloblini Canals 1932 S75]

Caddella spatulipilis Lawrence 1934 S92 [=Cadella spatulipilis L34, Caddella spatulipalpis (l. c.) S75; incl. Cadella spatulipilis var. caledonica Lawrence 1934 L34]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C80] Cantrell, B. K. 1980. Additional Australian harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 19: 241–253.

[D07] Dunlop, J. A. 2007. Paleontology. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 247–265. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[DA05] Dunlop, J. A., & L. I. Anderson. 2005. A fossil harvestman (Arachnida, Opiliones) from the Mississippian of East Kirkton, Scotland. Journal of Arachnology 33: 482–489.

[F48] Forster, R. R. 1948. A new genus and species of the family Acropsopilionidae (Opiliones) from New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (1): 139–141.

[GD11] Garwood, R. J., J. A. Dunlop, G. Giribet & M. D. Sutton. 2011. Anatomically modern Carboniferous harvestmen demonstrate early cladogenesis and stasis in Opiliones. Nature Communications 2 (444): 1–7.

[GS14] Garwood, R. J., P. P. Sharma, J. A. Dunlop & G. Giribet. 2014. A Paleozoic stem group to mite harvestmen revealed through integration of phylogenetics and development. Current Biology 24 (9): 1017–1023.

[GFB14] Giribet, G., R. Fernández & S. L. Boyer. 2014. On four poorly known harvestmen from New Zealand (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi: Eupnoi: Dyspnoi: Laniatores). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 41 (4): 223–233.

[GT12] Giribet, G., A. L. Tourinho, C. Shih & D. Ren. 2012. An exquisitely preserved harvestman (Arthropoda, Arachnida, Opiliones) from the Middle Jurassic of China. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 12: 51–66.

[GG15] Groh, S., & G. Giribet. 2015. Polyphyly of Caddoidea, reinstatement of the family Acropsopilionidae in Dyspnoi, and a revised classification system of Palpatores (Arachnida, Opiliones). Cladistics 31 (3): 277–290.

[H57] Hickman, V. V. 1957. Some Tasmanian harvestmen of the sub-order Palpatores. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 91: 65–79.

[HSD09] Huang, D., P. A. Selden & J. A. Dunlop. 2009. Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the Middle Jurassic of China. Naturwissenschaften 96 (8): 955–962.

[K61] Kauri, H. 1961. Opiliones. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 9–197. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[L34] Lawrence, R. F. 1934. New South African Opiliones. Annals of the South African Museum 30 (4): 549–586.

[L11] Lotz, L. N. 2011. Three new harvestmen species from southern Africa (Arachnida: Opiliones: Caddidae, Neopilionidae, Assamiidae). Journal of Afrotropical Zoology 7: 3–8.

[S75] Shear, W. A. 1975. The opilionid family Caddidae in North America, with notes on species from other regions (Opiliones, Palpatores, Caddoidea). Journal of Arachnology 2: 65–88.

[SC03] Shultz, J. W., & T. Cekalovic. 2003. First species of Austropsopilio (Opiliones, Caddoidea, Caddidae) from South America. Journal of Arachnology 31: 20–27.

[SC06] Shultz, J. W., & T. Cekalovic. 2006. First species of Hesperopilio (Opiliones, Caddoidea) from South America. Journal of Arachnology 34 (1): 46–50.

[S04] Snegovaya, N. Y. 2004. Preliminary notes on the harvestman fauna (Opiliones) of Azerbaijan. Arthropoda Selecta Special Issue 1: 307–318.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.

[S02] Staręga, W. 2002. Baltic amber harvestmen (Opiliones) from Polish collections. Annales Zoologici 52 (4): 601–604.