Scolecida

Lugworm Arenicola marina, copyright Malcolm Storey.

Belongs within: Annelida.

The Scolecida are a group of marine annelid worms united by the possession of parapodia with rami all alike, and two or more pairs of pygidial cirri. Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that this group is paraphyletic to the Echiura, spoon worms (Struck et al. 2007). Echiurans are sedentary, unsegmented worms that feed by means of a long, non-retractile, spatulate proboscis containing a ciliate gutter.

<==Scolecida
    |--+--+--+--Sternaspis [Sternaspidae] SS07
    |  |  |  |    `--S. scutata (Ranzani 1817) SS07
    |  |  |  `--Fauveliopsis [Fauveliopsidae] SS07
    |  |  |       `--F. scabra Hartman & Fauchald 1971 SS07
    |  |  `--Scalibregmatidae SS07
    |  |       |  i. s.: Travisia SS07
    |  |       |           |--T. brevis Moore 1923 SS07
    |  |       |           `--T. forbesii Johnston 1840 SS07
    |  |       |--+--Polyphysia crassa (Öersted 1843) RP07
    |  |       |  `--Scalibregma inflatum Rathke 1843 RP07
    |  |       `--+--Lipobranchius jeffreysii (McIntosh 1869) RP07
    |  |          `--Hyboscolex RP07
    |  |               |--H. longiseta HS01
    |  |               `--H. pacificus HS01
    |  `--Opheliidae SS07
    |       |  i. s.: Ammotrypane H69
    |       |--+--Lobochesis bibranchia Hutchings & Murray 1984 RP07
    |       |  `--Ophelia RP07
    |       |       |--O. bicornis Savigny 1918 RP07
    |       |       |--O. limacina M62
    |       |       |--O. neglecta Schneider 1887 M62
    |       |       `--O. rathkei McIntosh 1908 RP07
    |       `--+--Ophelina acuminata Oersted 1843 RP07
    |          `--+--Polyophthalmus pictus (Dujardin 1839) RP07
    |             `--Armandia RP07
    |                  |--A. bilobata Hartmann-Schröder 1986 RP07
    |                  |--A. brevis (Moore 1906) W01
    |                  `--A. maculata HS01
    `--Capitellida SS07
         |--+--Arenicolidae SS07
         |  |    |--Abarenicola affinis (Ashworth 1903) SS07
         |  |    |--Branchiomaldane vincenti (Langerhans 1881) RP07
         |  |    |--Archarenicola Horwood 1912 H62
         |  |    |    `--*A. rhaetica Horwood 1912 H62
         |  |    `--Arenicola Lamarck 1801 H62
         |  |         |--*A. marina (Linnaeus 1758) [=Lumbricus marinus] H62
         |  |         |--A. brasiliensis (Nonato 1958) SS07
         |  |         `--A. cristata Stimpson 1855 SS07
         |  `--Maldanidae SS07
         |       |  i. s.: Maldane sarsi GAS03
         |       |         Petaloproctus socialis FBW99
         |       |         Branchioasychis americana FBW99
         |       |         Euclymene RP07
         |       |           |--E. lombricoides BK77
         |       |           `--E. trinalis Hutchings 1974 RP07
         |       |--Axiothella SS07
         |       |    |--A. quadrimaculata HS01
         |       |    `--A. rubrocincta (Johnson 1901) SS07
         |       `--+--Clymenura clypeata (Saint-Joseph 1894) SS07
         |          `--Clymenella SS07
         |               |--C. torquata (Leidy 1855) SS07
         |               `--C. zonalis FBW99
         `--+--Capitellidae [Capitellida] SS07
            |    |--+--Capitella SS07
            |    |  |    |--C. capitata (Fabricius 1780) SS07
            |    |  |    `--C. teleta HO09
            |    |  |--Barantolla lepte Hutchings 1974 RP07
            |    |  `--Heteromastus SS07
            |    |       |--H. filiformis (Claparede 1864) SS07
            |    |       `--H. similis MGV06
            |    `--+--Notomastus SS07
            |       |    |--N. latericeus Sars 1851 RP07
            |       |    `--N. tenuis Moore 1909 SS07
            |       `--Dasybranchus RP07
            |            |--D. caducus (Grube 1846) RP07
            |            `--D. caudatus HK03
            `--Echiura [Echiuroidea] SS07
                 |  i. s.: Bonelliidae T95
                 |           |--Bonellia viridis RP07
                 |           `--Jacobia birsteini T95
                 |         Thalassema H75
                 |           |--T. mellita CH97
                 |           `--T. neptuni H75
                 |         Ochetostoma [Echiuroinea] GD00
                 |           `--O. erythrogrammon GD00
                 |         Prometeor benthophila T95
                 |         Coprinoscolex ellogimus PTV14
                 |--Urechis [Xenopneusta] SS07
                 |    `--U. caupo Fisher & MacGintie 1928 SS07
                 `--+--Arhynchite pugettensis Fisher 1949 SS07
                    `--Listriolobus SS07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[CH97] Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology 2^nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[FBW99] Fries, J. S., C. A. Butman & R. A. Wheatcroft. 1999. Ripple formation induced by biogenic mounds. Marine Geology 159: 287–302.

[GD00] Giribet, G., D. L. Distel, M. Polz, W. Sterrer & W. C. Wheeler. 2000. Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: a combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology. Systematic Biology 49: 539–562.

[GAS03] Gulbin, V. V., I. S. Arzamastsev & V. M. Shulkin. 2003. Ecological monitoring of the water area of Port Vostochnyi (Wrangel Bay) in the Sea of Japan (1995–2002). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29 (5): 284–295.

[H75] Häntzschel, W. 1975. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea Suppl. 1. Trace Fossils and Problematica 2^nd ed. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[HO09] Hejnol, A., M. Obst, A. Stamatakis, M. Ott, G. W. Rouse, G. D. Edgecombe, P. Martinez, J. Baguña, X. Bailly, U. Jondelius, M. Wiens, W. E. G. Müller, E. Seaver, W. C. Wheeler, M. Q. Martindale, G. Giribet & C. W. Dunn. 2009. Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 276 (1677): 4261–4270.

[H69] Hermans, C. O. 1969. The systematic position of the Archiannelida. Systematic Zoology 18 (1): 85–102.

[HK03] Ho, J.-S., & I.-H. Kim. 2003. New clausiid copepods (Poecilostomatoida) associated with polychaetes of Korea, with cladistic analysis of the family Clausiidae. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 568–581.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[MGV06] Mai, A. C. G., A. M. Garcia & J. P. Vieira. 2006. Ecologia alimentar do barrigudinho Jenynsia multidentata (Jenyns, 1842) (Pisces: Cyprinodontiformes) no estuário da Laguna dos Patos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Comunicações do Museo de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Serie Zoologia 19 (1): 3–18.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[PTV14] Parry, L., A. Tanner & J. Vinther. 2014. The origin of annelids. Palaeontology 57 (6): 1091–1103.

[RP07] Rousset, V., F. Pleijel, G. W. Rouse, C. Erséus & M. E. Siddall. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics 23: 41–63.

[SS07] Struck, T. H., N. Schutt, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh & K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 57.

[T95] Tilot, V. 1995. An ecologically important type of biological activity in a deep-sea ferro-manganese nodule environment of the tropical north east Pacific. Mésogée 54: 101–120.

[W01] Williamson, D. I. 2001. Larval transfer and the origins of larvae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 111–122.