Belongs within: Vericrustacea.
Contains: Podoplea, Pseudocyclops, Calanus, Diaptomidae, Centropagidae, Candaciidae, Euchaetidae, Spinocalanoidea, Epacteriscidae.
The Copepoda are an abundant group of minute aquatic crustaceans, including both free-living and parasitic lineages. The body is divided by a mobile joint across the thorax; in the basal groups Platycopiidae and Calanoida, this joint is between the sixth and seventh trunk segments so that all swimming legs are anterior to the joint (Ax 2000).
Characters (from Ax 2000): Body divided between head, ten trunk segments and furca-bearing telson. Head lacking compound eyes; single nauplius eye with three pigment-cups retained in adult. First trunk segment fused with head to form cephalothorax, first thoracopods forming maxillipeds; second to sixth segments bearing thoracopods; seventh segment with genital apparatus; eighth to tenth segments without appendages. Intercoxal plate between coxae of thoracopods of a segment. Body divided into two sections by a mobile joint between fifth and sixth or sixth and seventh trunk segments. First antennae in male forming grasping organ for clasping females in transfer of spermatophores via tube-shaped sperm container at end section of sperm ducts; female with paired seminal receptacles alongside genital pores; eggs deposited in egg-sacs formed through gland secretions of oviducts, carried on body. Development originally with twelve (six nauplius, five copepodite and adult) instars.
Copepoda
|--Platycopiidae MD01 [Platycopioida HD03, Progymnoplea]
| |--Platycopia MD01
| |--Nanocopia MD01
| |--Sarsicopia MD01
| `--Antrisocopia MD01
`--Neocopepoda MD01
|--Podoplea HD03
`--Calanoida [Gymnoplea] HD03
| i. s.: Pseudocyclops FBI01
| Metridia [Metridinidae] FBI01
| |--M. brevicauda B26
| |--M. longa B26
| |--M. lucens B26
| `--M. princeps B26
| Paramisophria galapagensis FBI01
| Metacalanus FBI01
| Exumella FBI01
| Miostephos Bowman 1976 [Stephidae] B86
| |--M. cubrobex Bowman 1976 B86
| `--M. leamingtonensis Yeatman 1980 B86
| Calanus W81
| Eurytemora K-M02d
| |--E. affinus K-M02d
| `--E. herdmani B26
| Chiridiella MK01
| |--C. abyssalis MK01
| |--C. gibba MK01
| `--C. ovata MK01
| Temora K-M02c [Temoridae MD01]
| |--T. longicornis W81
| |--T. stylifera B26
| `--T. turbinata B26
| Pseudocalanus K-M02c
| |--P. elongatus Mu02
| `--P. minutus Mu02
| Diaptomidae S-MR03
| Eudiaptomus B01
| |--E. hadzici (Brehm 1939) B01
| `--E. vulgaris B68
| Sulcanus Nicholls 1945 [Sulcanidae] N45
| `--*S. conflictus Nicholls 1945 N45
| Acartia [Acartiidae] N45
| |--A. clausi R79
| |--A. hudsonica C02b
| |--A. longiremis B26
| `--A. tonsa B26
| Tortanus Giesbrecht 1898 N44 [Tortanidae N45]
| |--T. (Tortanus) barbatus (Brady 1883) [=Corynura barbata] N44
| `--T. discaudatus B26
| Parapontellidae N45
| |--Parapontella N45
| `--Neopontella N45
| Paracalanidae N44
| |--Paracalanus parvus B26
| `--Acrocalanus Giesbrecht 1888 N44
| `--A. gracilis N44
| Pseudophaenna [Phaennidae] N44
| Centropagidae N44
| Pontellidae N44
| |--Calanopia Dana 1852 N44
| | `--C. thompsoni N44
| `--Labidocera Lubbock 1853 N44
| |--L. aestiva B26
| |--L. caudata Nicholls 1944 N44
| |--L. cervi Kramer 1895 N44
| |--L. gangetica Sewell 1934 N44
| |--L. japonica Mori 1935 N44
| `--L. rotunda Mori 1929 N44
| Fosshageniidae [Fosshagenioidea] MD01
| ‘Phyllopus’ (preoc.) [Nullisetigeridae, Phyllopodidae] MD01
| `--P. bidentatus B26
| Pseudocyclopiidae MD01
| |--Pseudocyclopia MD01
| `--Stygocyclopia balearica FBI01
| Aetideidae P95
| |--Aetidius armatus B26
| |--Euchirella P95
| | |--E. curticauda B26
| | |--E. pulchra B26
| | `--E. rostrata B26
| |--Pseudochirella P95
| `--Undeuchaeta P95
| |--U. major B26
| `--U. minor B26
| Arietellidae MD01
| Augaptilus H04 [Augaptilidae MD01]
| `--A. filigerus H04
| Bathypontia N45 [Bathypontiidae MD01]
| Boholinidae MD01
| Candaciidae MD01
| Clausocalanus W81 [Clausocalanidae MD01]
| `--C. laticeps W81
| Diaixidae MD01
| Discoidae MD01
| Eucalanus B26 [Eucalanidae MD01]
| |--E. attenuatus B26
| `--E. elongatus B26
| Euchaetidae P95
| Heterorhabdus B26 [Heterorhabdidae MD01]
| |--H. norvegicus B26
| `--H. spinifrons B26
| Hyperbionychidae MD01
| Lucicutia Giesbrecht & Schmeil 1898 B26 [=Leuckartia (preoc.) B26; Lucicutiidae MD01]
| `--L. grandis (Giesbrect 1895) [=Leuckartia grandis] B26
| Mecynocera B26 [Mecynoceridae MD01]
| `--M. clausi B26
| Megacalanidae MD01
| Mesaiokeratidae MD01
| Parkiidae MD01
| Rhincalanus B26 [Rhincalanidae MD01]
| |--R. cornutus B26
| `--R. nasutus B26
| Ryocalanidae MD01
| Scolecitrichidae MD01
| Tharybidae MD01
| Epilabidocera P95
| Epischura B68
| |--E. baikalensis B68
| `--E. nordenskioeldi B68
|--Spinocalanoidea MK01
`--Epacteriscoidea FBI01
|--Epacteriscidae FBI01
`--Ridgewayiidae FBI01
|--Brattstromia longicaudata FBI01
|--Exumellina bucculenta FBI01
`--Ridgewayia Thompson & Scott 1903 B86
`--R. marki (Esterly 1911) B86
Copepoda incertae sedis:
Linaresia Zulueta 1908 H01
Benthomisophria palliata Sars 1909 IFS01
Lernaeocera IFS01
|--L. branchialis (Linnaeus 1767) IFS01
`--L. obtusa K-M02b
Nemesis robusta Br02
Ommatokoita elongata Bu02
Lernaeopodina longimana Mc02
Clavellisa cordata Mu02
Salminicola salmoneus KF02
Clavella aduna K-M02a
Parabolomochus bellones C02a
Diocis gobinus K-M02c
Lernaenicas longiventris K-M02e
Calanoides carinatus K-M02f
Acanthochondria cornuta K-M02g
Anchistratos occidentalis K-M02h
Orthagoriscicola muricatus K-M02i
Philorthagoriscus serratus K-M02i
Abscondicola humesi Fiers 1990 S03
Anomalocera Mu02
|--A. ornata Mu02
`--A. pattersoni B26
Bonierilla M62
Doroixys uncinata M62
Haplostoma M62
Gunenotophorus globularis M62
Phthiriopsis emilii BK77
Limnocalanus macrurus VVP01
Calamoecia ampulla TDC06
Australocypris similis TDC06
Meridiecyclops platypus TDC06
Gaidius B26
|--G. brevispinus B26
|--G. pungens B26
`--G. tenuispinis B26
Dwightia Wilson 1924 B26
|--D. gracilis [=Setella gracilis] B26
`--D. oculata B26
Halithalestris croni B26
Scolecithricella B26
|--S. minor B26
|--S. obtusifrons B26
`--S. ovata B26
Pleuromamma B26
|--P. abdominalis B26
|--P. boreale B26
|--P. gracilis B26
|--P. robusta B26
`--P. xiphias B26
Amallophora magna B26
Chiridius B26
|--C. armatus B26
`--C. obtusifrons B26
Chirundina streetsii B26
Cornucalanus magnus B26
Gaetanus miles B26
Parathalestris jacksoni B26
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
Ax, P. 2000. Muticellular Animals: the phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer.
[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.
[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1-509.
[B86] Bowman, T. E. 1986. Copepoda: Calanoida. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 295-298. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.
[B01] Brancelj, A. 2001. Male of Moraria radovnae Brancelj, 1988 (Copepoda: Crustacea), and notes on endemic and rare copepod species from Slovenia and neighbouring countries. Hydrobiologia 453/454: 513-524.
[Br02] Branstetter, S. 2002. Thresher sharks. Family Alopiidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 34-36. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[B68] Brooks, J. L. 1968. The effects of prey size selection by lake planktivores. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 273-291.
[Bu02] Burgess, G. H. 2002. Spiny dogfishes. Family Squalidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 48-57. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[C02a] Collette, B. B. 2002a. Needlefishes. Family Belonidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 287-289. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[C02b] Collette. B. B. 2002b. Mackerels. Family Scombridae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 516-536. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[FBI01] Fosshagen, A., G. A. Boxshall & T. M. Iliffe. 2001. The Epacteriscidae, a cave-living family of calanoid copepods. Sarsia 86: 245-318.
[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899-1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.
[HD03] Ho, J.-S., M. Dojiri, G. Hendler & G. B. Deets. 2003. A new species of Copepoda (Thaumatopsyllidae) symbiotic with a brittle star from California, U.S.A., and designation of a new order Thaumatopsylloida. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 582-594.
[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106-156.
[IFS01] Ivanenko, V. N., F. D. Ferrari & A. V. Smurov. 2001. Nauplii and copepodids of Scottomyzon gibberum (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Scottomyzontidae, a new family), a symbiont of Asterias rubens (Asteroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114 (1): 237-261.
[K-M02a] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002a. Smelts. Family Osmeridae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 162-170. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[K-M02b] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002b. Cods. Family Gadidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 223-261. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[K-M02c] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002c. Sculpins. Family Cottidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 346-357. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[K-M02d] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002d. Temperate basses. Family Moronidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 374-389. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[K-M02e] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002e. Bluefish. Family Pomatomidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 400-406. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[K-M02f] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002f. Jacks. Family Carangidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 411-427. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[K-M02g] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002g. Righteye flounders. Family Pleuronectidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 560-587. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[K-M02h] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002h. Filefishes. Family Monacanthidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 592-598. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[K-M02i] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002i. Ocean sunfishes. Family Molidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 603-607. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[KF02] Kocik, J. F., & K. D. Friedland. 2002. Salmons and trouts. Family Salmonidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 170-181. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[MK01] Markhaseva, E. L., & K. N. Kosobokova. 2001. Arctokonstantinus hardingi (Copepoda, Calanoida, Arctokonstantinidae): New family, new genus, and new species from the bathypelagial Arctic Basin. Sarsia 86: 319-324.
[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1-124.
[Mc02] McEachran, J. D. 2002. Skates. Family Rajidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 60-75. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231-322.
[Mu02] Munroe, T. A. 2002. Herrings. Family Clupeidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3rd ed. pp. 111-160. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[N44] Nicholls, A. G. 1944. Littoral Copepoda from South Australia. (II) Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Notodelphyoida, Monstrilloida and Caligoida. Records of the South Australian Museum 8 (1): 1-62.
[N45] Nicholls, A. G. 1945. A new calanoid copepod from Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 11, 12: 501-514.
[P95] Park, T. 1995. Taxonomy and distribution of the marine calanoid copepod family Euchaetidae. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego 29: i-xi, 1-203.
[R79] Ryland, J. S. 1979. Structural and physiological aspects of coloniality in bryozoans. In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds) pp. 211-242. Academic Press: London.
[S03] Seifried, S. 2003. Phylogeny of Harpacticoida (Copepoda): Revision of “Maxillipedasphalea” and Exanechentera. Cuvillier Verlag: Göttingen.
[S-MR03] Suárez-Morales, E., & J. W. Reid. 2003. An updated checklist of the continental copepod fauna of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, with notes on its regional associations. Crustaceana 76 (8): 977-991.
[TDC06] Timms, B. V., B. Datson & M. Coleman. 2006. The wetlands of the Lake Carey catchment, northeast Goldfields of Western Australia, with special reference to large branchiopods. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (4): 175-183.
[VVP01] Väinölä, R., J. K. Vainio & J. U. Palo. 2001. Phylogeography of “glacial relict” Gammaracanthus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from boreal lakes and the Caspian and White Seas. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 58: 2247-2257.
[W81] Watson, L. 1981. Sea Guide to Whales of the World. Hutchinson: London.
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