Selidosemidae

Male (left) and female (right) specimens of Selidosema suavis, from here.

Belongs within: Lepidoptera.

The Selidosemidae is a cosmopolitan family of moths.

Characters (from Meyrick 1895): Imago with body slender to rather stout, forewings broad to rather elongate, triangular; hindwings with vein 5 imperfect (not tubular) or obsolete, 6 and 7 usually separate, 8 usually obsoletely connected with upper margin of cell near base, approximated to near middle. Posterior tibiae of male often enlarged and enclosing an expansible tuft of hairs. Ovum subcylindrical or elongate-ovate, more or less reticulated, sometimes ribbed. Larva elongate, more or less slender, with few hairs, without developed prolegs on 7, 8 and usually 9; often remarkably like a twig of its food-plant. Pupa subterranean or in a slight cocoon above ground.

<==Selidosemidae
    |--Chalastra pelurgata T27
    |--Gonophylla nelsonaria T27
    |--Ipana leptomera T27
    |--Azelina T27
    |    |--A. grallaria T27
    |    `--A. ophiopa T27
    `--Selidosema P27
         |--S. argentaria L27
         |--S. aristarcha T27
         |--S. campbelli Philpott 1927 P27
         |--S. dejectaria P27
         |--S. leucelaea L27
         |--S. melinata L27
         |--S. panagrata T27
         |--S. productata T27
         `--S. suavis L27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L27] Lindsay, S. 1927. A list of the Lepidoptera of Deans Bush, Riccarton, Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 693-696.

Meyrick, E. 1895. A Handbook of British Lepidoptera. Macmillan and Co.: London.

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. New Zealand Lepidoptera: Notes and descriptions. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 703-709.

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106-125.

Heteroneura

Opostega salaciella, from here.

Belongs within: Glossata.
Contains: Nepticulidae, Adeloidea, Ditrysia.

The Heteroneura are a major clade of Lepidoptera, basally characterised by the coupling of the fore and hind wings though this has been lost in some derived subgroups. The frenulum, comprising one or more bristles arising from the humeral angle of the hind wing, is held in place by the retinaculum, a membranous hook or series of stiff, raised scales on the underside of the fore wing (Nielsen & Common 1991). Other synapomorphies of the Heteroneura include a reduction in branching of the Rs vein in the hind wing and loss of sclerotisation of the first abdominal sternite (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). Basal members of the clade possess plesiomorphic female genitalia with a single terminal opening used in both copulation and oviposition. Male genitalia often possess spine combs (pectinifers) on the valva in Nepticuloidea and Adeloidea but these are absent in Andesiana, Tischeriidae, Palaephatidae and Ditrysia (Davis & Gentili 2003).

Major subgroups of the Heteroneura include the leaf-mining Nepticuloidea, some species of which are among the smallest lepidopterans (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). Nepticuloids include the Opostegidae which are usually white with a dark pattern and have their wings coupled by long, curved pseudofrenular bristles curving around a ventrally expanded M vein in the fore wing. Larvae, where known, are miners in leaves or cambium and may construct mines up to one metre long. They lack legs and are long and slender, superficially resembling nematodes. Adults are most active in the late afternoon (Nielsen & Common 1991).

Andesiana is a genus of heavy-bodied moths found in southern South America, characterised by an elongate second labial palpal segment and a pheromone-dispersing pouch on the male tibia associated with a femoral hair pencil. Antennae are strongly dimorphic, being broadly bipectinate in males but filiform in females. Fore wing vestiture is largely grey with a metallic sheen and with a reticulate pattern of reddish-brown in the species A. lamellata and A. similis, and with a oblique, subapical white band in A. similis. The smallest species, A. brunnea (fore wing length 12 mm) is primarily dark reddish-brown. The genus Andesiana was originally described in the family Cossidae, which they resemble in their relatively large size (wing span up to 61 mm) and tendency of bodies and wings to become greasy in dried specimens, before examination of their genitalia excluded them from the ditrysian clade. Their larval biology is unkown but they are possibly stem borers like Cossidae (Davis & Gentili 2003).

The Tischeriidae are very small moths with a distinctive frontal tuft projecting over a triangular face. The front end of the body is held elevated above the substrate at rest with all legs held concealed under the body. Larvae are blotch leaf miners, usually on the upper side of leaves and most commonly on Fagaceae and Asteraceae.

The Palaephatidae are small to very small moths found in South America and Australia whose larvae start life mining in leaves of Proteaceae and later live in shelters formed by joining adjacent leaves (Nielsen & Common 1991). Monophyly of this group may be questioned by the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Kawahara et al. (2019) which placed Metaphatus and Ptyssoptera closer to Tischeriidae but Palaephatus as sister to Ditrysia.

<==Heteroneura [Nepticulina]
    |  i. s.: Irenicodes [Diplosariidae] P27
    |           `--I. eurychora P27
    |         Coenoloba [Tineodinidae] P27
    |           `--C. obliteralis P27
    |--Nepticuloidea KP19
    |    |--Nepticulidae NB03
    |    `--Opostegidae WRM02
    |         |  i. s.: Paralopostega NB03
    |         `--Oposteginae KP19
    |              |--Pseudopostega quadristrigella KP19
    |              `--Opostega WRM02
    |                   |--O. gephyraea NC91
    |                   |--O. nonstrigella P27
    |                   |--O. quadristrigella P27
    |                   `--O. saliciella WRM02
    `--+--+--Andesiana Gentili 1989 DG03 [Andesianidae, Andesianoidea KP19]
       |  |    |--*A. lamellata Gentili 1989 DG03
       |  |    |--A. brunnea Gentili 1989 DG03
       |  |    `--A. similis Gentili 1989 DG03
       |  `--Adeloidea KP19
       `--+--+--Tischeriidae [Tischerioidea] KP19
          |  |    |--Coptotriche citrinipennella KP19
          |  |    `--Tischeria WRM02
          |  |         |--T. badiiella WRM02
          |  |         |--T. citrinipennella WRM02
          |  |         |--T. quercitella KP19
          |  |         `--T. subcanalis G17
          |  `--+--Metaphatus ochraceus KP19
          |     `--Ptyssoptera KP19
          `--+--Palaephatidae [Palaephatoidea] WRM02
             |    |--Azaleodes micronipha NC91
             |    `--Palaephatus KP19
             |         |--P. dimorphus DG03
             |         |--P. falsus WRM02
             |         |--P. luteolus KP19
             |         `--P. nielseni KP19
             `--Ditrysia WRM02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DG03] Davis, D. R., & P. Gentili. 2003. Andesianidae, a new family of monotrysian moths (Lepidoptera: Andesianoidea) from South America. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 15–26.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[NB03] Nieukerken, E. J. van, & C. van der Berg. 2003. A new Stigmella feeding on Urticaceae from Guam: first records of Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from Micronesia and Polynesia. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 27–37.

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[WRM02] Wiegmann, B. M., J. C. Regier & C. Mitter. 2002. Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. Zoologica Scripta 31 (1): 67–81.

Last updated: 4 March 2021.

Exoporia

Male Mnesarchaea acuta, photographed by George Gibbs.

Belongs within: Glossata.
Contians: Hepialidae.

The Exoporia are a relatively small but morphologically diverse group of moths, varying from the small Mnesarchaea to the large ghost moths of the Hepialidae. The group is supported by a number of morphological synapomorphies including a female genital system with separate egg-laying and copulatory openings with sperm transferred externally along a furrow (Wiegmann et al. 2002). The genus Mnesarchaea is endemic to New Zealand with larvae that feed on detritus among forest leaf litter (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). It differs from other Exoporia in its small size, narrow lanceolate fore wings, and retention of functional (albeit reduced) mouthparts in the adult.

Exoporia [Hepialina]
    |--Mnesarchaea [Mnesarchaeidae, Mnesarchaeoidea] WRM02
    |    |--M. acuta WRM02
    |    |--M. fallax Philpott 1927 P27a
    |    |--M. fusca Philpott 1922 P27b
    |    |--M. hamadelpha Meyr. 1888 P27b
    |    |--M. loxoscia Meyr. 1888 P27b
    |    |--M. paracosma Meyr. 1886 P27b
    |    `--M. similis Philpott 1924 P27b
    `--Hepialoidea WRM02
         |--Neotheoridae NC91
         |--Anomoses [Anomosetidae] NC91
         |    `--A. hylecoetes NC91
         |--Prototheoridae NC91
         |    |--Prototheora petrosema P27c
         |    `--Metatheora corvifera P27c
         |--Palaeosetidae NC91
         |    |--Palaeoses scholastica NC91
         |    |--Ogygioses NC91
         |    |--Genustes NC91
         |    `--Osrhoes Druce 1900 NC91, D00
         |         `--*O. coronta Druce 1900 D00
         `--Hepialidae GE05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D00] Druce, H. 1900. Descriptions of some new genera and species of Heterocera from tropical South America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 507–527.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27a] Philpott, A. 1927a. New Zealand Lepidoptera: Notes and descriptions. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 703–709.

[P27b] Philpott, A. 1927b. The genitalia of the Mnesarchaeidae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 710–715.

[P27c] Philpott, A. 1927c. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[WRM02] Wiegmann, B. M., J. C. Regier & C. Mitter. 2002. Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. Zoologica Scripta 31 (1): 67–81.

Last updated: 25 April 2022.

Rhopalocera

Macrosoma hedylaria, photographed by Lars Andersen.

Belongs within: Macrolepidoptera.
Contains: Hesperioidea, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphidiini.

The Rhopalocera includes the butterflies and skippers. The butterflies and most skippers are the best known of the day-flying Lepidoptera, but the basal Hedylidae are nocturnal.

Synapomorphies (from Grimaldi & Engel 2005): Abdominal tergite 1 pouched; eggs resting upright; pupa girdled.

<==Rhopalocera
    |--Hedylidae GE05
    |    |--Hedyle Guenée 1857 BR05
    |    `--Macrosoma hedylaria GE05
    `--+--Hesperioidea GE05
       `--Papilionoidea GE05
            |  i. s.: Pamphila P27
            |           |--P. augias WM66
            |           |--P. hobomoc P27
            |           `--P. maesa Moore 1865 WM66
            |         Signeta tymbophora P27
            |         Motasingha dominula P27
            |         Argyrophenga antipodum P27
            |         Archaeprepona GE05
            |--Papilionidae GE05
            `--+--Pieridae V-W04
               `--+--Nymphalidae GE05
                  `--+--Lycaenidae GE05
                     `--Riodinidae J03
                          |  i. s.: Petrocerus catiena HH02
                          |         Callistium HH02
                          |         Emesis HH02
                          |           |--E. guttata [=Audre guttata] HH02
                          |           |--E. mandana (Cramer 1780) S55
                          |           `--E. xanthosa HH02
                          |         Calydna caieta HH02
                          |         Stalachtis HH02
                          |         Apodemia mormo HH02
                          |           |--A. m. mormo USDI77
                          |           `--A. m. langei USDI77
                          |         Polystichtis S55
                          |           |--P. emylius S55
                          |           |    |--P. e. emylius S55
                          |           |    `--P. e. crispinella Stichel 1911 S55
                          |           `--P. lasthenes FS54
                          |                |--P. l. lasthenes FS54
                          |                `--P. l. zeurippa Boisduval 1836 FS54
                          |         Calephelis virginiensis FS54
                          |           |--C. v. virginiensis FS54
                          |           `--C. v. laverna (Godman & Salvin 1886) FS54
                          |         Lymnas FS54
                          |           |--L. cephise (Ménétriés 1855) FS54
                          |           `--L. pixe (Boisduval 1910) FS54
                          |         Esthemopsis caeruleata (Godman & Salvin 1878) FS54
                          |         Mesosemia S55
                          |           |--M. jeziella S55
                          |           |    |--M. j. jeziella S55
                          |           |    `--M. j. thyestes Druce 1878 S55
                          |           `--M. judicialis Butler 1874 S55
                          |         Lyropteryx apollonia Westwood 1851 GE05, S55
                          |         Cyrenia martia Westwood 1851 S55
                          |         Ancyluris S55
                          |           |--A. aulestes S55
                          |           |    |--A. a. aulestes S55
                          |           |    `--A. a. eryxo (Saunders 1858) S55
                          |           `--A. inca GE05
                          |         Rhetus S55
                          |           |--R. arcius GE05
                          |           `--R. periander (Cramer 1777) S55
                          |         Caria S55
                          |           |--C. mantinea (Felder 1861) S55
                          |           `--C. trochilus S55
                          |                |--C. t. trochilus S55
                          |                `--C. t. arete (Felder 1861) S55
                          |         Baeotis nesaea S55
                          |           |--B. n. nesaea S55
                          |           `--B. n. bacaenita Schaus 1902 S55
                          |         Amarynthis meneria (see below for synonymy) S55
                          |         Peplia lamis [incl. P. lamis f. molpe (Hübner 1816)] S55
                          |         Helicopis cupido GE05
                          |         Riodinella nympha GE05
                          |         Voltinia GE05
                          |           |--V. danforthi V-W04
                          |           `--V. dramba GE05
                          |         Euselasia GE05
                          |         Mesenopsis melanochlora GE05
                          |         Eurybiini HH02
                          |           |--Alesa amesis HH02
                          |           `--Eurybia S55
                          |                |--E. nicaea (Fabricius 1775) S55
                          |                `--E. patrona GE05
                          |--Nymphidiini HH02
                          `--Hamearinae J03
                               |--Abisara J03
                               `--Zemeros J03

Rhopalocera incertae sedis:
  Thanatites vetula GE05
  Corades B66a
    |--C. cybele Butler 1866 B66a
    `--C. sareba B66a
  Daedelma B66a
    |--D. doraete B66a
    `--D. emilia Butler 1866 B66a
  Debis B66a
    |--D. chandica B66a
    |--D. europa WM66
    |--‘Papilio’ halyma Fabricius 1793 [=Neonympha halyma, Satyrus halyma] B66b
    |--D. isabella Butler 1866 B66a
    `--D. portlandia B66b
  Hetaera B66a
    |--H. aurora [incl. H. andromeda] B66a
    |--H. esmeralda B66a
    |--H. harpalyce Butler 1866 B66a
    |--H. pellucida Butler 1866 B6a
    |--H. philis B66a
    `--H. pireta B66a
  Callidryas WM66
    |--C. alcmeone WM66
    `--C. pyranthe WM66
  Messaris erymanthus WM66
  Diadema WM66
    |--D. auge WM66
    `--D. bolina WM66
  Hestina assimilis WM66
    |--H. a. assimilis I92
    `--H. a. shirakii Shirôzu 1955 I92
  Neptis aceris WM66
  Athyma leucothoe WM66
  Ergolis coryta WM66
  Cyllo leda WM66
  Pterygospidea folus [incl. P. cicero] WM66
  Ismene ladon WM66
  Chionobas bore [incl. Papilio polixenes Fabricius 1793, Neonympha polixenes] B66b
  Paralucia pyrodiscus NS04
    |--P. p. pyrodiscus NS04
    `--P. p. lucida NS04
  Hesperilla NS04
    |--H. flavescens NS04
    |    |--H. f. flavescens NS04
    |    `--H. f. flavia NS04
    `--H. idothea NS04
         |--H. i. idothea NS04
         `--H. i. clara NS04
  Anisynta cynone NS04
  Herimosa albovenata NS04
  Argyreus hyperbius NS04
    |--A. h. hyperbius NS04
    `--A. h. inconstans NS04
  Oreixenica NS04
    |--O. kershawi NS04
    |    |--O. k. kershawi NS04
    |    `--O. k. kanunda NS04
    `--O. ptunarra NS04
         |--O. p. ptunarra NS04
         `--O. p. roonina NS04
  Candalides noelkeri NS04
  Jalmenus NS04
    |--J. aridus NS04
    |--J. evagoras NS04
    |    |--J. e. evagoras NS04
    |    `--J. e. eubulus NS04
    `--J. lithochroa NS04
  Pseudalmenus chlorinda NS04
    |--P. c. chlorinda NS04
    `--P. c. myrsilus NS04

Amarynthis meneria [incl. A. meneria f. maecenas (Fabricius 1793), A. meneria f. micalia (Cramer 1776)] S55

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[B66a] Butler, A. G. 1866a. Descriptions of some new exotic butterflies in the National Collection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 39-42.

[B66b] Butler, A. G. 1866b. A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes on their affinities &c. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 458-504.

[FS54] Franz, E., & H. Schröder. 1954. Tagfalter (Lep. Rhopalocera) aus El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35: 75-87.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HH02] Hall, J. P. W., & D. J. Harvey. 2002. Basal subtribes of the Nymphidiini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): phylogeny and myrmecophily. Cladistics 18: 539-569.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[J03] Jong, R. de. 2003. Are there butterflies with Gondwanan ancestry in the Australian region? Invertebrate Systematics 17: 143-156.

[NS04] New, T. R., & D. P. A. Sands. 2004. Management of threatened insect species in Australia, with particular reference to butterflies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 258-270.

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721-746.

[S55] Schröder, H. 1955. Eine Falter-Ausbeute aus dem westlichen Bolivien. (Ins. Lepid. Rhopal.) Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 329-338.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants - republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420-36431.

[V-W04] Vane-Wright, D. 2004. Butterflies at that awkward age. Nature 428: 477-480.

[WM66] Wallace, A. R., & F. Moore. 1866. List of lepidopterous insects collected at Takow, Formosa, by Mr. R. Swinhoe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 355-365.

Tortricidae

Bactra noteraula, from Landcare Research.

Belongs within: Apoditrysia.
Contains: Archipini, Tortrix, Eucosmini, Olethreutini, Grapholitini.

The Tortricidae are a group of small to medium moths including the leafrollers and related species. Larvae may feed in plant detritus or as borers in living plants. Adult tortricids are usually a mottled or marbled brown (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). Members of the subfamily Tortricinae bear two annuli of scales per antennal segment whereas Olethreutinae bear only a single annulus per segment. The Chlidanotinae are a primarily tropical group lacking the costal fold and with characteristic valvae and hair-pencils arising on segment 8 (Nielsen & Common 1991).

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991): Small; head vestiture usually short, rough, frons in upper half with usually long scales directed forwards, with short upwardly directed scales in lower half; ocelli usually present; chaetosemata present; antenna usually filiform; proboscis naked; maxillary palps small, four- to one-segmented; labial palps short to long, usually porrect, rarely upturned; epiphysis present; spurs 0-2-4; hind tibiae sometimes with modified scales; fore wing often with costal fold in male, retinaculum on Sc in male, pterostigma normally absent, chorda and M-stem sometimes present in cell, CuP usually present at least distally, 1A+2A with prominent fork; hind wing broad, often with cubital pecten at base of CuA, female frenulum of three bristles, CuP usually present distally; abdomen unspined dorsally, S2 apodemes tortricoid, segment 8 in males sometimes with coremata, segment 7 in female sometimes with dense, deciduous scaling (corethrogyne). Eggs usually flat, scale-like, laid singly, in small groups, or in imbricate masses, sometimes covered with corethrogyne scales. Larva with prothoracic shield and pinacula often sclerotised, crochets uni-, bi- or triordinal in complete circle, an anal fork with straight prongs often present above anus; prothoracic L group trisetose, LI and L2 adjacent on abdominal segments 1–8, often on same pinaculum; joining leaves or shoots, rarely leaf-mining (usually in early instars), or tunnelling in flower spikes, fruits, stems or galls. Pupa with two transverse rows of dorsal spines usually present on abdominal segments 3–7, head often with spine, posterior end usually with warts or with cremaster and hooked setae; in larval shelter, protruded at ecdysis.

Tortricidae [Tortricoidea]
    |--Chlidanotinae [Chlidanotidae] NC91
    |    |--Polyorthini NC91
    |    |--Hilarographini NC91
    |    `--Trymalitis [Chlidanotini] NC91
    |         `--T. optima NC91
    |--Tortricinae NC91
    |    |  i. s.: Palaeotoma styphelana C70
    |    |         Anisogona simana C70
    |    |         Acropolitis rudisana C70
    |    |--Archipini NC91
    |    |--Phricanthes [Phricanthini] NC91
    |    |    `--P. asperana NC91
    |    |--Cochylini [Cochylidae, Phaloniidae] NC91
    |    |    |--Clysiana acrographa C70
    |    |    `--Heliocosma incongruana C70
    |    |--Proselena [Schoenotenini] NC91
    |    |    |--P. annosana NC91
    |    |    `--P. antiquana P27
    |    |--Epitymbia [Epitymbiini] NC91
    |    |    |--E. cosmota NC91
    |    |    `--E. eudrosa ZS10
    |    `--Tortricini NC91
    |         |--Tortrix M27
    |         `--Eboda exeristis NC91
    `--Olethreutinae [Eucosmidae, Olethreutidae] KN03
         |  i. s.: Piniphila Z02
         |         Argyroploce P27
         |           |--A. illepida P27
         |           `--A. ineptana F92
         |         Spilonota P27
         |           |--S. dolopaea L27
         |           |--S. infensa C70
         |           |--S. lariciana F92
         |           `--S. macropetana P27
         |         Acroclita erythrana C70
         |         Phaecasiophora niveiguttana KP19
         |--Eucosmini NC91
         |--Olethreutini NC91
         |--Grapholitini NC91
         |--Gatesclarkeana [Gatesclarkeanini] NC91
         |    `--G. tenebrosa NC91
         |--Cryptaspasma [Microcorsini] NC91
         |    `--C. sordida NC91
         `--Bactra [Bactrini] NC91
              |--B. ablabes C70
              `--B. noteraula P27

Tortricidae incertae sedis:
  Pandemis MC02
    |--P. corylana V09
    |--P. heparana F92
    |--P. pyrusana MC02
    `--P. ribeana F92
  Tortricites skalskii Z02
  Capua M83
    |--C. intractana P27
    |--C. plagiatana L27
    |--C. reticulana F92
    `--C. semiferana M83
  Sperchia intractana M83
  Cacoecia A71
    |--C. australana P27
    |--C. costana F92
    |--C. murinana F92
    |--C. podana F92
    |--C. polygraphana P27
    |--C. pronubana F92
    |--C. rosana A71
    |--C. selten F92
    `--C. xylosteana F92
  Cnephasia J-PWM04
    |--C. incessana L27
    |--C. jactatana J-PWM04
    |--C. latomana M27
    |--C. melanophaea Meyrick 1927 M27
    `--C. rupicolana P27
  Ctenopseustis obliquana WFS04
  Choristoneura MC02
    |--C. fumiferana MC02
    |--C. murinana F92
    `--C. rosaceana MC02
  Thaumatotibia KN03
  Lasiognatha leveri KN03
  Procalyptis parooptera KN03
  Centroxena KN03
  Catamacta M27
    |--C. calligypsa M27
    |--C. gavisana P27
    `--C. lotinana L27
  Epichorista M27
    |--E. emphanes P27
    |--E. siriana M27
    `--E. triorthota Meyrick 1927 M27
  Harmologa M27
    |--H. amplexana P27
    `--H. columella Meyrick 1927 M27
  Gelophaula siraea P27
  Epalxiphora axenana P27
  Pyrgotis pyramidias P27
  Scolioplecta comptana P27
  Argyrotaenia GE05
  Peraglyphis AY04
  Syllomatia AY04
  Ericodesma AY04
  Agapeta V09
    |--A. hamana [=Exuanthis hamana] V09
    `--A. zoegana CLB99
  Ophiorrhabda phaeosigma ZS10
  Zeiraphera G84
    |--Z. diniana G84
    `--Z. griseana F92
  Rhyacionia V09
    |--R. pinicolana V09
    `--R. zonana G05
  Proeulia Clarke 1962 C62
    |--*P. robinsoni (Aurivillius in Skottsberg 1922) [=Eulia robinsoni] C62
    `--P. griseiceps (Aurivillius in Skottsberg 1922) [=Eulia griseiceps] C62
  Eulia pinitubana C62, G17
  Ecdytolopha G10
  Tanychaeta NC91
  Petrova resinella BJ02
  Isochorista cosmota Meyrick 1887 M87
  Loxotaenia xylosteana G38
  Ancylis G05
    |--A. comptana G05
    `--A. mitterbacheriana F92
  Electresia zalesskii RJ93
  Atteria D01
    |--A. buckleyi Druce 1901 D01
    |--A. lydia Druce 1901 D01
    |--A. maon Druce 1901 D01
    |--A. mimica D01
    |--A. splendens Druce 1901 D01
    `--A. volcanica D01
  Sparganothis pilleriana HW96
  Acleris ferrugana RD77, F92
  Evetria RD77
    |--E. buoliana F92
    |--E. resinilla F92
    `--E. taxifoliella G17
  Spatalistiforma P92
  Tortricibaltia P92
  Tortricidrosis P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[AY04] Austin, A. D., D. K. Yeates, G. Cassis, M. J. Fletcher, J. La Salle, J. F. Lawrence, P. B. McQuillan, L. A. Mound, D. J. Bickel, P. J. Gullan, D. F. Hales & G. S. Taylor. 2004. Insects ‘Down Under’—diversity, endemism and evolution of the Australian insect fauna: examples from select orders. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 216–234.

[BJ02] Becnel, J. J., A. Jeyaprakash, M. A. Hoy & A. Shapiro. 2002. Morphological and molecular characterization of a new microsporidian species from the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari, Phytoseiidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 79: 163–172.

[CLB99] Callaway, R. M., T. H. DeLuca & W. M. Belliveau. 1999. Biological control herbivores may increase competitive ability of the noxious weed Centaurea maculosa. Ecology 80: 1196–1201.

[C62] Clarke, J. F. G. 1962. A new tortricid genus from South America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 293–294.

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[D01] Druce, H. 1901. Descriptions of some new species of Lepidoptera from east Africa and tropical America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 432–444.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[G10] Gaimari, S. D. 2010. Odiniidae (odiniid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1049–1055. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. III. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 102–111).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G05] Grissell, E. E. 2005. A review of North American species of Microdontomerus Crawford (Torymidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 22–65.

[HW96] Hoebeke, E. R., & A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 1996. Pteromalus elevatus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): North American records of an immigrant parasitoid of the gall fly Urophora jaceana (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 87–92.

[J-PWM04] Jiménez-Pérez, A., Q. Wang & N. Markwick. 2004. Intrinsic rate of increase in ‘Cnephasia’ jactatana Walker (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of kiwifruit. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 109–112.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[KN03] Komai, F., & Y. Nasu. 2003. Four species of Olethreutinae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with viviparous seedlings of the mangrove Rhizophoraceae in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 75–87.

[L27] Lindsay, S. 1927. A list of the Lepidoptera of Deans Bush, Riccarton, Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 693–696.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[M87] Meyrick, E. 1887. Descriptions of new Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1037–1048.

[M27] Meyrick, E. 1927. Descriptions of New Zealand Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 697–702.

[MC02] Miliczky, E. R., & C. O. Calkins. 2002. Spiders (Araneae) as potential predators of leafroller larvae and egg masses (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in central Washington apple and pear orchards. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 78 (2): 140–150.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[WFS04] Winks, C. J., S. V. Fowler & L. A. Smith. 2004. Invertebrate fauna of boneseed, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. (Asteraceae: Calenduleae), an invasive weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 61–72.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 331–388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Last updated: 2 March 2021.

Psocinae

Psocomesites guangzhouensis, from Li (2002).

Belongs within: Psocetae.
Contains: Psocus, Psocidus, Psococerastis, Clematoscenea, Metylophorus, Sigmatoneura, Ptycta, Indiopsocus, Mecampsis, Trichadenotecnum, Loensia, Symbiopsocus.

The Psocinae is a diverse group of barklice, some of which are particularly large for that order. Historically, this group has been divided between the Cerastipsocinae, with antennae usually much longer than the fore wing, and Psocinae sensu stricto, with antennae usually shorter than or only slightly longer than the fore wing (New & Lienhard 2007).

Characters (from New & Lienhard 2007): Fore wing vein M comprising distal border of discoidal cell usually concave or straight, only rarely convex. Male hypandrial sclerites confined or largely confined to sternite 9; sternite 8 never wholly sclerotised, so male abdomen apex not 'encapsulated'; parameres forming a closed frame or frame open posteriorly, never divergent or thickened distally; apophysis of male paraproct with pointed apex. Female with apex of dorsal gonapophysis valve variable.

Psocinae [Cerastipsocinae] NL07
    |  i. s.: Ghesquierella Badonnel 1949 L98
    |           `--*G. ealensis Badonnel 1949 L98
    |--Cycetes [incl. Goya; Cycetini] NL07
    |    |--*C. thyrsophoroides Enderlein 1907 [incl. *Goya pictus] NL07
    |    `--C. collessi NL07
    |--Psocini NL07
    |    |--Psocus NL07
    |    |--Psocidus NL07
    |    |--Sacopsocus Li 2002 L02
    |    |    `--*S. quadricornis Li 2002 L02
    |    |--Atrichadenotecnum NL07
    |    |    |--*A. quadripunctatum NL07
    |    |    |--A. nebulosum (Vaughan, Thornton & New 1991) NL07
    |    |    |--A. umbratum (New & Thornton 1976) NL07
    |    |    `--A. yoshizawai Endang, Thornton & New 2002 NL07
    |    `--Atropsocus Mockford 1993 M93
    |         `--*A. atratus (Aaron 1883) [=Psocus atratus, Trichadenotecnum atratum] M93
    |--Cerastipsocini NL07
    |    |--Psococerastis NL07
    |    |--Clematoscenea NL07
    |    |--Eremopsocus [incl. Syngonosoma] NL07
    |    |--Sundapsocus Smithers 1995 S95
    |    |    `--*S. robertsoni Smithers 1995 NL07
    |    |--Pogonopsocus Li 2002 L02
    |    |    `--*P. octofaris Li 2002 L02
    |    |--Lubricus Li 2002 L02
    |    |    `--*L. dayaoshanensis Li 2002 L02 [=L. dayaoshanicus L03]
    |    |--Propsococerastis Li & Yang 1988 L02 [=Porpsococerastis (l. c.) L03]
    |    |    `--*P. jiangkouensis Li & Yang 1988 L02
    |    |--Ceratostigma Li 2002 L02 [=Ceratostigmas L03, Ceratostigmus L02]
    |    |    |--*C. gracile Li 2002 L03
    |    |    `--C. macrostigmatum (Li & Yang 1987) L03, L02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Setopsocus NL07
    |    |    |--*S. magnus Smithers & Thornton 1981 NL07
    |    |    `--S. hirsutus (New 1975) [=Psocidus hirsutus] NL07
    |    |--Neopsocus Kolbe 1882 [incl. Barnola Navás 1909] L98
    |    |    |--*N. rhenanus Kolbe 1882 (see below for synonymy) L98
    |    |    `--N. tunesicus (Enderlein 1923) [=Clematostigma tunesicum; incl. Ptycta hispanica Meinander 1981] L98
    |    |--Cerastipsocus Kolbe 1884 [incl. Cerastis Kolbe 1883 (preoc.), Titella Navás 1912] M93
    |    |    |--*C. fuscipennis M93
    |    |    |--C. acraceocristatus M74
    |    |    |--C. cubanus Enderlein 1919 M74
    |    |    |--‘Psocus’ gregarius Walker 1853 (see below for synonymy) M93
    |    |    |--C. sivorii M74
    |    |    `--C. trifasciatus (Provancher 1876) (see below for synonymy) M93
    |    |--Pseudoclematus Li 1992 M03
    |    |    `--*P. xanthoznatus Li 1992 L02, L03 [=P. xanthozanatus L03, P. xanthozonatus (l. c.) L03]
    |    `--Longivalvus Li 1993 M03
    |         |--*L. dictyodromus Li 1993 L02
    |         |--L. hyalospilus Li 2002 L02
    |         |--L. lagenarius Li 2002 L02
    |         |--L. nubilus (Enderlein 1906) (see below for synonymy) M03
    |         |--L. pleuranthus Li 2002 L02
    |         |--L. radiatus Li 1993 L02
    |         `--L. shennongicus Li 2002 L02
    |--Metylophorini NL07
    |    |--Metylophorus NL07
    |    |--Sigmatoneura NL07
    |    |--Diplacanthoda NL07
    |    |--Lipsocus Lienhard 2003 L03 [=Cyclotus Li 2002 non Guilding in Swainson 1840 L02]
    |    |    |--*L. bannaicus (Li 2002) [=*Cyclotus bannaicus] L03
    |    |    |--L. guizhouensis (Li & Yang 1988) L03, L02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--L. microcorneus (Li 2002) [=Cyclotus microcorneus] L03
    |    |--Pearmania Badonnel 1946 B55, L02
    |    |    |--P. crenulata New 1973 L02
    |    |    |--P. fucata B55
    |    |    `--P. nebulosa Badonnel 1955 B55
    |    `--Pilipsocus B55
    |         |--P. angolensis Badonnel 1955 B55
    |         |--P. congolensis B55
    |         |--P. ghesquierei Badonnel 1949 B55
    |         |--P. intricatus (Enderlein 1910) [=Psocus intricatus, Psocidus intricatus] B55
    |         |--P. lepesmei B55
    |         |--P. machadoi Badonnel 1955 B55
    |         `--P. vilhenai Badonnel 1955 B55
    `--Ptyctini [Oreopsocini, Trichadenotecnini] NL07
         |--Ptycta NL07
         |--Indiopsocus M93
         |--Mecampsis L02
         |--Trichadenotecnum YL15
         |--Loensia L02
         |--*Elytropsocus coleoptratus Smithers & Thornton 1981 NL07
         |--*Kaindipsocus mixtus Smithers & Thornton 1981 NL07
         |--Maheella NL07
         |--Pseudoptycta Li 2002 L02
         |    `--*P. pinicola Li 2002 L02
         |--Steleops M93 [incl. Pelmatocoria M74]
         |    |--*S. punctipennis M93
         |    |--S. elegans (Banks 1904) [=Psocus elegans, Psocidus elegans] M93
         |    `--S. lichenatus (Walsh 1863) [=Psocus lichenatus, Amphigerontia lichenatus, Psocidus lichenatus] M93
         |--Javapsocus NL07
         |    |--*J. intimadentatus Endang, Thornton & New 2002 NL07
         |    |--J. smithersi Endang, Thornton & New 2002 NL07
         |    |--J. soegiri Endang, Thornton & New 2002 NL07
         |    `--J. ungulatus Endang, Thornton & New 2002 NL07
         |--Camelopsocus Mockford 1965 M93
         |    |--*C. monticolus Mockford 1965 M93
         |    |--C. bactrianus Mockford 1984 M93
         |    |--C. hiemalis Mockford 1984 M93
         |    |--C. similis Mockford 1965 M93
         |    `--C. tucsonensis Mockford 1984 M93
         |--Atlantopsocus Badonnel 1944 L98
         |    |--A. adustus (Hagen 1865) [=Psocus adustus; incl. *A. chopardi Badonnel 1944] L98
         |    |--A. parvidens Baz 1988 L98
         |    |--A. personatus (Hagen 1865) (see below for synonymy) L98
         |    |--A. semicircularis Baz 1989 L98
         |    `--A. triangularis Meinander 1973 L98
         |--Hyalopsocus Roesler 1954 L02 [incl. Pictopsocus Lienhard 1983 M93, Tiliapsocus Smithers 1983 M93]
         |    |--*H. contrarius (Reuter 1893) G74 [=Psocus contrarius G74, Copostigma contraria L02]
         |    |--H. deltoides (Li 1992) [=Ptycta deltoides] L02
         |    |--H. floridanus (Banks 1905) [=Psocus floridanus] M93
         |    |--‘Psocus’ frontalis Harris 1869 (see below for synonymy) M93
         |    |--H. gardinii (Lienhard 1983) [=Pictopsocus gardinii, Tiliapsocus gardinii] L98
         |    `--H. morio (Latreille 1794) (see below for synonymy)
         |--Clematostigma Enderlein 1906 L02
         |    |--*C. maculiceps (Enderlein 1903) L02 [=Copostigma maculiceps NL07]
         |    |--C. brevistylus (Enderlein 1903) NL07
         |    |--C. excavatum Li 2002 [=C. excavata, C. excvata] L03
         |    |--C. forcipata Li 2002 L02
         |    |--C. fumatum (Enderlein 1903) NL07
         |    |--C. indica Enderlein 1903 L02
         |    `--C. sasmoko Endang, Thornton & New 2002 NL07
         |--Copostigma Enderlein 1903 NL07, L02
         |    |--*C. dorsopunctatum Enderlein 1903 NL07
         |    |--C. bilineatum (Smithers & Thornton 1981) NL07
         |    |--C. hyalina Okamoto 1907 L02
         |    |--C. ‘hyalinum’ (Smithers & Thornton 1981) non C. hyalina Okamoto 1907 NL07
         |    |--C. majus (Smithers & Thornton 1981) NL07
         |    |--C. montanum (Smithers & Thornton 1981) NL07
         |    |--C. trimaculatum (Hagen 1858) NL07
         |    `--C. vitiense [=Psocus (Amphigerontia) vitiensis, Ptycta vitiensis] NL07
         |--Conothoracalis Li 1997 L02 [=Conothoracailis (l. c.) L03, Conothporacalis (l. c.) L03]
         |    |--*C. longimucronatus Li 1997 L02
         |    |--C. corollata Li 2002 [=C. corollatus] L03
         |    |--C. enneagonus Li 2002 L02
         |    |--C. guangxiica Li 2002 [=C. gnangxiicus, C. guangxiicus] L03
         |    |--C. perbellus Li 2002 L02
         |    |--C. quinarius Li 2002 L02
         |    |--C. shilinicus Li 2002 L02
         |    |--C. turriformis (Li 1995) [=Loensia turriformis] L02
         |    `--C. unciformis Li 2002 L03
         |--Symbiopsocus M03
         |--Hybopsocus Li 2002 L02
         |    `--*H. bisipolaris Li 2002 L02
         |--Fashenglianus Lienhard 2003 L03 [=Lativalva Li 2002 non Amsel 1956 L02, Lativalvae L03]
         |    `--*F. albimaculata (Li 1990) L03, L02 [=Psocidus albimaculatus L03, *Lativalva albimaculata L03]
         |--Cephalopsocus Li 2002 L02
         |    `--*C. cassideus Li 2002 L02
         |--Sciadionopsocus Li 2002 L02 [=Scidionopsocus L03]
         |    `--*S. fenzelianae Li 2002 L03
         |--Oreopsocus Roesler 1939 M03, L02
         |    |--*O. montanus (Kolbe 1884) [=Psocus montanus] G74
         |    |--O. buholzeri Lienhard 1986 L02
         |    |--O. digitatus Li 2002 L02
         |    |--O. leptocephalus Li 2002 L02
         |    `--O. sexangularis Li 2002 L02
         `--Psocomesites Roesler 1934 M03, L02 [=Psocomesires (l. c.) L03]
              |--*P. continuatum [=Trichadenotecnum (Psocomesites) continuatum] L02
              |--P. bimaculatus Li 1995 L03, L02 [=P. bimaculatum (l. c.) L03]
              |--P. guangzhouensis Li 2002 [=P. guangzhouense, P. guangzhouicum] L03
              |--P. laricolum Li 2002 L02
              |--P. multidontatum Li 1995 L02
              |--P. nudum (Thornton 1961) [=Trichadenotecnum nudum] L02
              |--P. spinosus [=Psocus spinosus] B86
              |--P. sturmi Badonnel 1986 L02
              `--P. trifurcatum Li 1993 L02

Atlantopsocus personatus (Hagen 1865) [=Psocus personatus; incl. At. personatus berlandi Badonnel 1944, At. personatus hibernicus Fahy 1968, At. personatus hierroensis Meinander 1973, At. personatus ibericus Baz 1988, At. personatus lanzarote Meinander 1966, At. personatus lesnei Badonnel 1944, Amphigerontia leucophlebia Navás 1916, At. personatus leucophlebius] L98

Cerastipsocus trifasciatus (Provancher 1876) [=Psocus trifasciatus; incl. Cerastis nigrofasciatus Kolbe 1883, P. speciosus Aaron 1883, P. tolteca Banks 1903] M93

Ceratostigma macrostigmatum (Li & Yang 1987) L03, L02 [=Cerastipsocus macrostigma L02, Ceratostigmas macrostigmus (l. c.) L03]

Hyalopsocus morio (Latreille 1794) [=Psocus morio L98, Copostigma (Clematostigma) morio G74, Pictopsocus morio L98, Tiliapsocus morio L98; incl. P. allaudi Lacroix 1915 L98]

Lipsocus guizhouensis (Li & Yang 1988) L03, L02 [=Psococerastis guizhouensis L02, Cyclotus guizhouensis L03]

Longivalvus nubilus (Enderlein 1906) [=Amphigerontia nubila; incl. Psocus grandis Okamoto 1907, Psococerastis longifurcata Vishniakova 1986] M03

*Neopsocus rhenanus Kolbe 1882 [incl. Psocus heteromorphus Bertkau 1883, P. lapididetectus Lacroix 1915, Barnola lepidinus Navas 1909] L98

‘Psocus’ frontalis Harris 1869 [incl. P. striatus Walker 1853 non Zetterstedt 1840, Clematostigma striatum, Hyalopsocus striatus] M93

‘Psocus’ gregarius Walker 1853 [incl. P. gossypii Ashmead 1894, P. magnus Walker 1853, Psocus venosus Burmeister 1839 non Stephens 1836, Cerastipsocus venosus, Cerastis venosa] M93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B55] Badonnel, A. 1955. Psocoptères de l'Angola. Diamang Publicações Culturais 26: 11–267.

[B86] Badonnel, A. 1986. Psocoptères de Colombie (Insecta, Psocoptera). Spixiana 9 (2): 179–223.

[G74] Günther, K. K. 1974. Staubläuse, Psocoptera. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 61: 1–315.

[L02] Li F. 2002. Psocoptera of China vol. 2. Science Press: Beijing.

[L98] Lienhard, C. 1998. Faune de France. France et Régions Limitrophes. 83. Psocoptères Euro-Méditerranéens. Fédération Française des Sociétés de Sciences Naturelles: Paris.

[L03] Lienhard, C. 2003. Nomenclatural amendments concerning Chinese Psocoptera (Insecta), with remarks on species richness. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 110 (4): 695–721.

[M74] Mockford, E. L. 1974. Records and descriptions of Cuban Psocoptera. Entomologica Americana 48 (2): 103–215.

[M93] Mockford, E. L. 1993. North American Psocoptera (Insecta). Sandhill Crane Press, Inc.

[M03] Mockford, E. L. 2003. New species and records of Psocoptera from the Kuril Islands. Mitt. Mus. Nat.kd. Berl., Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 50 (2): 191–230.

[NL07] New, T. R., & C. Lienhard. 2007. The Psocoptera of Tropical South-east Asia. Brill: Leiden.

[S95] Smithers, C. N. 1995. Psocoptera (Insecta) of Christmas Island. Invertebrate Taxonomy 9: 529–561.

[YL15] Yoshizawa, K., & C. Lienhard. 2015. Synonymy of Cryptopsocus Li with Trichadenotecnum Enderlein (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocidae) and description of three new species. Zootaxa 3957 (4): 480–488.

Last updated: 22 August 2020.

Coeliadinae

Brown awl Badamia exclamationis, photographed by Raju Kasambe.

Belongs within: Hesperioidea.

The Coeliadinae are a group of fairly large skippers, the brightly coloured larvae of which feed on dicotyledons (Nielsen & Common 1991).

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991): Fairly large with short antennae, apical segment of labial palps long and slender and directed forwards, hind wing distinctly lobed, tornus sometimes produced, M₂ tubular and arising nearer M₁ than M₃; male sometimes with sex-brand on fore wing.

<==Coeliadinae
    |--Allora J03
    |--Choaspes J03
    |--Hasora PP02
    |    |--H. chromus PP02
    |    |    |--H. c. chromus PP02
    |    |    `--H. c. bilunata PP02
    |    `--H. khoda PP02
    `--Badamia PP02
         |--B. atrox PP02
         |    |--B. a. atrox PP02
         |    `--B. a. subflava PP02
         `--B. exclamationis PP02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[J03] Jong, R. de. 2003. Are there butterflies with Gondwanan ancestry in the Australian region? Invertebrate Systematics 17: 143-156.

Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia, 2nd ed., vol. 2, pp. 817-915. Melbourne University Press.

[PP02] Patrick, B., & H. Patrick. 2002. Butterflies of Fiji. Weta 24: 5-12.