Panephemeroptera

Nymph of Mesogenesia petersae, from Staniczek et al. (2011); scale bar = 2 mm.

Belongs within: Palaeoptera.
Contains: Permoplectoptera, Furcatergalia, Pisciformia.

The Panephemeroptera are the clade of insects including the modern Ephemeroptera, mayflies, and their fossil relatives. Mayflies spend the greater part of their life cycle as aquatic nymphs (called naiads), with the emergent stage of their life-cycle (including two instars, the sub-adult subimago and the fully mature imago) being non-feeding and short-lived.

<==Panephemeroptera SBG11
    |--Syntonopteroidea SBG11
    |    |--Miracopteron [Miracopteridae] SBG11
    |    |    `--M. mirabile R02
    |    `--Syntonopteridae GE05
    |         |--Syntonoptera schucherti RJ93
    |         |--Gallolithoneura SBG11
    |         |--Anglolithoneura SBG11
    |         `--Lithoneura GE05
    |              |--L. lameerei GE05
    |              `--L. mirifica R02
    `--Ephemerida [Ephemeropteroidea, Plectoptera, Protereismatina, Reticulata] SBG11
         |  i. s.: Turphanella Demoulin 1954 KS02
         |         Siphoplecton KS02
         |         Geisfeldiella KS02
         |         Aphelophlebodes KS02
         |         Siphangarus S02
         |         Bolbonyx ludibriosus S02
         |         Mesopalingea lerida S02
         |         Cratoligoneuriella S02
         |         Stenonema interpunctatum M47
         |           |--S. i. interpunctatum M47
         |           |--S. i. canadense M47
         |           |--S. i. frontale M47
         |           `--S. i. heterotarsale M47
         |         Siphlonisca aerodromia MH96
         |         Campylocia anceps D70
         |         Dolania americana K-P83
         |         Ephoron virgo (Olivier 1791) M86
         |         Parameletus K03
         |           |--P. chelifer Bengtsson 1908 K03
         |           `--P. columbiae PC91
         |         Tintorina Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 KL01 [Tintoriniidae GE05]
         |           `--*T. meridensis Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 (see below for synonymy) KL01
         |--Permoplectoptera SBG11
         `--Heptabranchia SBG11
              |--Mickoleitiidae [Coxoplectoptera] SBG11
              |    |--Mickoleitia Staniczek, Bechly & Godunko 2011 SBG11
              |    |    `--*M. longimanus Staniczek, Bechly & Godunko 2011 SBG11
              |    `--Mesogenesia Tshernova 1977 SBG11, KS02 [incl. Archaeobehningia Tshernova 1977 SBG11]
              |         |--‘Archaeobehningia’ edmundsi RJ93
              |         `--M. petersae Tshernova 1977 SBG11
              `--Ephemeroptera [Euephemeroptera, Euplectoptera] SBG11
                   |  i. s.: Chironetes albimanicatus RD77
                   |--Ephemerina [Anteriotorna, Bidentiseta, Schistonota] KS02
                   |    |--Furcatergalia GE05
                   |    `--Pisciformia GE05
                   `--Baetiscina [Posteritorna, Prosopistomatoidea] KS02
                        |--Baetisca [Baetiscidae, Baetiscoidea, Carapacea] PC91
                        `--Prosopistomatidae KS02
                             |--Myanmarella rossi KS02
                             `--Prosopistoma PC91

*Tintorina meridensis Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 [=T. triassica Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 (n. n.)] KL01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D70] Demoulin, G. 1970. Contribution a la connaisance de ephemeropteres du Miocene. I. Siphlurites explanatus Cockerell. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (5): 1–4.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K03] Kluge, N. J. 2003. About evolution and homology of genital appendages of insects. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshestva [Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society] 74: 3–16.

[KS02] Kluge, N. Yu., & N. D. Sinitshenkova. 2002. Order Ephemerida Latreille, 1810. The true mayflies (=Ephemeroptera Hyatt et Arms, 1891 (s. l.); =Euephemeroptera Kluge, 2000. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 89–97. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[KL01] Krzeminski, W., & C. Lombardo. 2001. New fossil Ephemeroptera and Coleoptera from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) of Canton Ticino (Switzerland). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 107 (1): 69–78.

[K-P83] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1983. Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 1618–1669.

[M86] Marten, M. 1986. Drei für Deutschland neue und weitere, selten gefundene Eintagsfliegen aus der Fulda (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Spixiana 9 (2): 169–173.

[M47] Mayr, E. 1947. Ecological factors in speciation. Evolution 1: 263–288.

[MH96] Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[PC91] Peters, W. L., & I. C. Campbell. 1991. Ephemeroptera (mayflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 279–293. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Cohors Libelluliformes Laicharting, 1781 (=Subulicornes Latreille, 1807, =Hydropalaeoptera Rohdendorf, 1968). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 85–89. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[SBG11] Staniczek, A. H., G. Bechly & R. J. Godunko. 2011. Coxoplectoptera, a new fossil order of Palaeoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta), with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Insect Systematics and Evolution 42: 101–138.