Siphlonuroidea

Interpretive diagram of holotype abdomen of Siberiogenites mongolicus, from Sinitshenkova (2002).

Belongs within: Pisciformia.

The Siphlonuroidea are a group of mayflies whose members are united by symplesiomorphies only, with unmodified wings and nymphs usually with a plesiomorphic swimming mode (Kluge & Sinitshenkova 2002). They include the Jurassic and Cretaceous Hexagenitidae which are among the most abundant mayflies in deposits of the latter period.

Characters (from Kluge & Sinitshenkova 2002): Wings anteritornal. Nymphs usually with legs able to be pressed to body being stretched posteriorly, abdomen capable of undulating dorsoventral swimming movement, cerci and paracercus much shorter than in imago, with swimming setae (each cercus with row of setae on inner side only, paracercus with pair of such rows on lateral sides), so cerci and paracercus functioning as horizontal caudal flipper.

<==Siphlonuroidea
    |  i. s.: Cretoneta zherichini KS02, P92
    |         Promirara KS02
    |         Australurus KS02
    |         Dulcimanna KS02
    |         Siphlurites explanatus D70c
    |--Acanthametropodidae [Acanthametropodinae] ZP03
    |    |--Acanthametropus [incl. Metreturus Burks 1953] EK72
    |    |    |--A. nikolskyi Tshernova 1948 EK72
    |    |    `--A. pecatonica (Burks 1953) [=*Metreturus pecatonica] EK72
    |    `--Analetris Edmunds in Edmunds & Koss 1972 EK72
    |         `--*A. eximia Edmunds in Edmunds & Koss 1972 EK72
    |--Ameletus TYM08 [Ameletidae ZP03]
    |    |--A. camtshaticus Ulmer 1923 K03
    |    `--A. punctatus Takahashi 1931 TYM08
    |--Nesameletidae ZP03
    |    |--Nesameletus ornatus PC66
    |    |--Ameletoides lacusalbinae ZP03, PC91
    |    `--Metamonius ZP03
    |--Siphluriscidae ZP03
    |    |--Siphluriscus Ulmer 1920 ZP03
    |    |    `--S. chinensis Ulmer 1920 ZP03
    |    `--Stackelbergisca Tshernova 1967 ZP03
    |         |--*S. sibirica Tshernova 1967 ZP03
    |         `--S. shaburensis ZP03
    |--Ametropodidae KS02
    |    |--Ametropodinae D68
    |    |    |--Ametropus fragilis Albarda 1878 K03
    |    |    `--Brevitibia Demoulin 1968 D68
    |    |         `--*B. intricans Demoulin 1968 D68
    |    `--Metretopodinae [Metretopodidae] D68
    |         |--Siphloplecton Clemens 1915 D70a
    |         |    |--S. jaegeri Demoulin 1968 D70a
    |         |    `--S. macrops (Pictet 1856) [=Palingenia macrops] D68
    |         `--Metretopus Eaton 1901 D68
    |              |--M. henningseni D68
    |              `--M. trinervis Demoulin 1968 D68
    |--Siphlonuridae [Siphlonurinae, Siphlonurini] D70b
    |    |--Proameletus caudatus KS02
    |    |--Mesobaetis mandalensis S02a
    |    |--Mogzonurella S02a
    |    |--Mogzonurus elevatus RJ93
    |    |--Albisca tracheata S02b
    |    |--Olgisca Demoulin 1970 D70b
    |    |    `--*O. schwertschlageri (Handlirsch 1908) [=Paedephemera schwertschlageri] D70b
    |    |--Baltameletus Demoulin 1968 D68
    |    |    `--*B. oligocaenicus Demoulin 1968 D68
    |    `--Siphlonurus Eaton 1968 D68
    |         |--S. davidi (Navás 1932) [=Siphluriscus davidi] ZP03
    |         `--S. dubiosus Demoulin 1968 D68
    `--Hexagenitidae [Paedephemeridea, Stenodicranidae] D70b
         |--Mongologenites laqueatus S02a
         |--Hexameropsis selini S02a
         |--Cratogenites corradiniae S02a
         |--Protoligoneuria [incl. Cratogenitoides] SBG11
         |    `--P. limai S02a
         |--Hexagenites Scudder 1880 [incl. Paedephemera Handlirsch 1908; Hexagenitinae, Paedephemeridae] D70b
         |    `--H. cellulosus (Hagen 1862) (see below for synonymy) D70b
         |--Ephemeropsis [Ephemeropsidae] D70b
         |    |--E. melanurus KS02
         |    `--E. trisetalis S02a
         |--Palaeobaetodes S02a
         |    |--P. britoi S02a
         |    `--P. costalimai S02a
         `--Siberiogenites Sinitshenkova 1985 S02b
              |--S. angustatus RJ93
              |--S. medius S02b
              |--S. mongolicus Sinitshenkova 2002 S02b
              `--S. rotundatus S02b

Hexagenites cellulosus (Hagen 1862) [=Ephemera cellulosa, Mesemphera cellulosa; incl. E. mortua Hagen 1862, Paedephemera mortua, E. multinervosa Oppenheim 1888, *P. multinervosa, P. oppenheimi Handlirsch 1908, *Hexagenites weyenberghi Scudder 1880] D70b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D68] Demoulin, G. 1968. Deuxième contribution à la connaissance des ephéméroptères de l'ambre oligocène de la Baltique. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (N. F.) 15 (1–3): 233–276.

[D70a] Demoulin, G. 1970a. Troisieme contribution a la connaisance des ephemeropteres d l'ambre Oligocene de la Baltique. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (2): 1–11.

[D70b] Demoulin, G. 1970b. Contribution a l'etude morphologique, systematique et phylogenique de ephemeropteres Jurassiques d'Europe centrale. V. Hexagenitidae = Paedephemeridae (syn. nov.) Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (4): 1–8.

[D70c] Demoulin, G. 1970c. Contribution a la connaisance de ephemeropteres du Miocene. I. Siphlurites explanatus Cockerell. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (5): 1–4.

[EK72] Edmunds, G. F., Jr & R. W. Koss. 1972. A review of the Acanthametropodinae with a description of a new genus (Ephemeroptera: Siphlonuridae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (2): 136–144.

[K03] Kluge, N. J. 2003. About evolution and homology of genital appendages of insects. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshestva [Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society] 74: 3–16.

[KS02] Kluge, N. Yu., & N. D. Sinitshenkova. 2002. Order Ephemerida Latreille, 1810. The true mayflies (=Ephemeroptera Hyatt et Arms, 1891 (s. l.); =Euephemeroptera Kluge, 2000. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 89–97. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[PC66] Pendergrast, J. G., & D. R. Cowley. 1966. An Introduction to New Zealand Freshwater Insects. Collins: Auckland.

[PC91] Peters, W. L., & I. C. Campbell. 1991. Ephemeroptera (mayflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 279–293. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02a] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002a. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[S02b] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002b. New late Mesozoic mayflies from the Shar-Teeg locality, Mongolia (Insecta, Ephemerida = Ephemeroptera). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2002 (3): 43–48 (translated: Paleontological Journal 36 (3): 270–276).

[SBG11] Staniczek, A. H., G. Bechly & R. J. Godunko. 2011. Coxoplectoptera, a new fossil order of Palaeoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta), with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Insect Systematics and Evolution 42: 101–138.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[ZP03] Zhou, C.-F., & J. G. Peters. 2003. The nymph of Siphluriscus chinensis and additional imaginal description: a living mayfly with Jurassic origin (Siphluriscidae new family: Ephemeroptera). Florida Entomologist 86 (3): 345–352.

Last updated: 30 May 2022.

Heptageniomorpha

Coloburiscoides sp., copyright Jeff Webb.

Belongs within: Pisciformia.
Contains: Pentamerotarsata.

The Heptageniomorpha are a group of mayflies in which the nymphs bear filamentous gills on the sides of the abdomen. They may be divided between the Heptagenioidea, in which the nymphs bear a frontal shield above the mouthparts, and the Oligoneurioidea, in which nymphs have a peculiar filtering specialisation of the fore legs and mouthparts (Kluge & Sinitshenkova 2002).

Synapomorphies (from Kluge & Sinitshenkova 2002): Posterior arms of mesothoracic prealar bridge reduced in adults; eggs with anchors of peculiar structure; nymphal maxillae with ventral longitudinal row of setae; nymphal labial palp with segments 2 and 3 fused; nymphal tergaliae with gill filaments.

Heptageniomorpha [Branchitergaliae]
    |--Heptagenioidea [Heptagennota] KS02
    |    |--Pseudiron KS02
    |    `--Pentamerotarsata KS02
    `--Oligoneurioidea [Eusetisura] KS02
         |--Isonychiidae KS02
         |    |  i. s.: Siphlurus sanukensis Takahashi 1929 TYM08
         |    |--Rallidentinae D70b
         |    `--Isonychia [Isonychiinae] D68
         |--Oligoneuriidae KS02
         |    |  i. s.: Colocrus indivicum McCafferty 1990 RJ93
         |    |         Homoeoneuria R70
         |    |         Oligoneuriella rhenana Imhoff 1852 RD77, M86
         |    |--Chromarcys magnifica Navas 1932 KS02, K03
         |    `--Oligoneuriinae KS02
         `--Coloburiscidae [Coloburiscinae, Coloburiscini] KS02
              |--Coloburiscus humeralis PC91, PC66
              |--Murphyella needhami D70b
              |--Cronicus Eaton 1871 D70a
              |    |--*C. anomalus (Pictet 1856) [=Baetis anomala; incl. B. longipes Hagen 1856] D68
              |    `--C. major Demoulin 1968 D70a
              `--Coloburiscoides PC91
                   |--C. giganteus PC91
                   |--C. haleuticus PC91
                   `--C. munionga PC91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D68] Demoulin, G. 1968. Deuxième contribution à la connaissance des ephéméroptères de l'ambre oligocène de la Baltique. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (N. F.) 15 (1–3): 233–276.

[D70a] Demoulin, G. 1970a. Troisieme contribution a la connaisance des ephemeropteres d l'ambre Oligocene de la Baltique. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (2): 1–11.

[D70b] Demoulin, G. 1970b. Contribution a la connaisance de ephemeropteres du Miocene. I. Siphlurites explanatus Cockerell. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (5): 1–4.

[K03] Kluge, N. J. 2003. About evolution and homology of genital appendages of insects. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshestva [Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society] 74: 3–16.

[KS02] Kluge, N. Yu., & N. D. Sinitshenkova. 2002. Order Ephemerida Latreille, 1810. The true mayflies (=Ephemeroptera Hyatt et Arms, 1891 (s. l.); =Euephemeroptera Kluge, 2000. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 89–97. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[M86] Marten, M. 1986. Drei für Deutschland neue und weitere, selten gefundene Eintagsfliegen aus der Fulda (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Spixiana 9 (2): 169–173.

[PC66] Pendergrast, J. G., & D. R. Cowley. 1966. An Introduction to New Zealand Freshwater Insects. Collins: Auckland.

[PC91] Peters, W. L., & I. C. Campbell. 1991. Ephemeroptera (mayflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 279–293. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Ephemeroptera (mayflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 224–240. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

Last updated: 30 May 2022.

Euodonata

Counterpart, part and interpretive diagram of holotype of Saxonagrion minutus, from Nel et al. (1999).

Belongs within: Pandiscoidalia.
Contains: Zygoptera, Euepiproctophora, Isophlebioptera.

The Euodonata is the crown group of dragonflies and damselflies. Synapomorphies of this clade include the formation of the posterior arculus at the separation of veins RP and MA, and the presence of the subdiscoidal vein (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). The earliest record of this clade is from the Late Permian, with the stem-damselfly Saxonagrion minutus being found in the Salagou Formation of France (Nel et al. 1999).

<==Euodonata
    |--+--Zygoptera FB03
    |  `--Saxonagrion NB01 [Saxonagrionidae GE05]
    |       `--S. minutus Nel et al. 1999 NB01
    `--Epiprocta [Epiproctophora] GE05
         |  i. s.: Oreopteridae GE05
         |         Turanothemistidae GE05
         |--Euepiproctophora FB03
         `--+--Steleopteridae RP02
            `--Isophlebioptera FB03

Euodonata incertae sedis:
  Shurabiola Pritykina 1980 FN02
  Mortonagrion hirosei Asahina 1972 I92
  Rhipidolestes I92
    |--R. aculeata I92
    |    |--R. a. aculeata I92
    |    |--R. a. hiraoi I92
    |    `--R. a. yakusimensis I92
    `--R. okinawanus Asahina 1951 I92
  Boninthemis insularis (Matsumura 1913) I92
  Lyriothemis I92
    |--L. elegantissima I92
    `--L. tricolor Ris 1916 I92
  Bayadera brevicauda I92
    |--B. b. brevicauda I92
    `--B. b. ishigakiana Asahina 1964 I92
  Matrona basilaris I92
    |--M. b. basilaris I92
    |--M. b. japonica Foerster 1897 I92
    `--M. b. nigripectus I92
  Asiagomphus I92
    |--A. amamiensis (Asahina 1962) I92
    |    |--A. a. amamiensis I92
    |    `--A. a. okinawanus (Asahina 1964) I92
    `--A. yayeyamensis (Oguma 1926) I92
  Leptogomphus I92
    |--L. sauteri I92
    |    |--L. s. sauteri I92
    |    `--L. s. formosanus I92
    `--L. yayeyamensis Oguma 1926 I92
  Macromidia ishidai Asahina 1964 I92
  Cercion calamorum I92
  Boninagrion ezoin Asahina 1952 I92
  Stylogomphus I92
    |--S. ryukyuanus I92
    |    |--S. r. ryukyuanus I92
    |    `--S. r. asatoi Asahina 1972 I92
    `--S. shirozui I92
         |--S. s. shirozui I92
         `--S. s. watanabei Asahina 1984 I92
  Planaeschna I92
    |--P. ishigakiana Asahina 1951 I92
    |    |--P. i. ishigakiana I92
    |    `--P. i. nagaminei Asahina 1988 I92
    `--P. risi I92
         |--P. r. risi I92
         `--P. r. sakishimana Asahina 1964 I92
  Trapezostigma loewii TDC06
  Argiolestes minimus ASD05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ASD05] Armstrong, K. N., A. W. Storey & P. M. Davies. 2005. Effects of catchment clearing and sedimentation on macroinvertebrate communities of cobble habitat in freshwater streams of southwestern Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (1): 1-11.

[FB03] Fleck, G., G. Bechly, X. Martínez-Delclòs, E. Jarzembowski, R. Coram & A. Nel. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of the Stenophlebioptera (Odonata: Epiproctophora). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 39 (1): 55-93.

[FN02] Fleck, G., & A. Nel. 2002. The first isophlebioid dragonfly (Odonata: Isophlebioptera: Campterophlebiidae) from the Mesozoic of China. Palaeontology 45 (6): 1123-1136.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

Nel, A., G. Gand, G. Fleck, O. Bethoux, J. Lapeyrie & J. Garric. 1999. Saxonagrion minutus nov. gen. et sp., the oldest Damselfly from the Upper Permian of France (Odonatoptera, Panodonata, Saxonagrionidae nov. fam.) Geobios 32 (6): 883-888.

[NB01] Nel, A., O. Bethoux, G. Bechly, X. Martínez-Delclòs & F. Papier. 2001. The Permo-Triassic Odonatoptera of the “protodonate” grade (Insecta: Odonatoptera). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 37 (4): 501-525.

[RP02] Rasnitsyn, A. P., & L. N. Pritykina. 2002. Superorder Libellulidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Odonata Fabricius, 1792. The dragonflies. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 97-104. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[TDC06] Timms, B. V., B. Datson & M. Coleman. 2006. The wetlands of the Lake Carey catchment, northeast Goldfields of Western Australia, with special reference to large branchiopods. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (4): 175-183.

Pandiscoidalia

Holotype of Reisia gelasii, from Museum Terra Triassica.

Belongs within: Odonatoptera.
Contains: Triadophlebiomorpha, Euodonata.

The Pandiscoidalia is a clade of odonatopterans including the living damselflies and dragonflies, as well as a number of closely related stem taxa.

Synapomorphies (from Nel et al. 2001): Wings with highly developed nodus with kink in ScP; nodal furrow present; nodal and subnodal crossveins aligned; primary antenodal crossvein Ax1 present.

<==Pandiscoidalia [Triadophlebioptera]
    |--Triadotypidae [Reisiidae, Triadotypomorpha] NB01
    |    |--Triadotypus Grauvogel & Laurentiaux 1952 NB01
    |    |    |--*T. guillaumei Grauvogel & Laurentiaux 1952 [=Reisia guillaumei] NB01
    |    |    `--T. nana Bechly 1997 [=T. guillaumei var. nana] NB01
    |    `--Reisia Handlirsch 1912 NB01
    |         |--*R. gelasii (Reis 1909) [=Handlirschia gelasii] NB01
    |         `--R. sodgianus (Pritykina 1981) [=Triadotypus sodgianus, T. sodiques (l. c.)] NB01
    `--Discoidalia NB01
         |--Triadophlebiomorpha RP02
         `--Odonata [Stigmoptera] GE05
              |  i. s.: Epallagoidea PN04
              |           |--Epallage [Epallagidae] P74
              |           |--Litheuphaea carpenteri Fraser 1955 PN04
              |           |--Parazacallites aquisextana Nel 1988 PN04
              |           `--Zacallites balli Cockerell 1928 PN04
              |         Telebasis salva P74
              |--Panodonata [Anisozygoptera, Libellulina] RP02
              |    |--Euodonata RP02
              |    `--Tarsophlebioptera FB03
              |         |--Turanophlebia GE05
              |         `--Tarsophlebia FB03 [Tarsophlebiidae RP02]
              |              `--*T. eximia (Hagen 1862) FB03
              `--Protomyrmeleontoidea [Archizygoptera, Protozygoptera] RP02
                   |  i. s.: Lodevia longialata Nel et al. 1999 BN02
                   |--Kennedyidae RP02
                   |--Permolestidae RP02
                   |--Permepallage BN02 [Permepallagidae RP02]
                   |    `--P. augustissima Martynov 1938 BN02
                   |--Permagrionidae RP02
                   |--Protomyrmeleontidae RP02
                   `--Batkeniidae RP02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BN02] Béthoux, O., A. Nel, J. Lapeyrie, G. Gand & J. Galtier. 2002. Raphogla rubra gen. n., sp. n., the oldest representative of the clade of modern Ensifera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidea, Gryllidea). European Journal of Entomology 99: 111-116.

[FB03] Fleck, G., G. Bechly, X. Martínez-Delclòs, E. Jarzembowski, R. Coram & A. Nel. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of the Stenophlebioptera (Odonata: Epiproctophora). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 39 (1): 55-93.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[NB01] Nel, A., O. Bethoux, G. Bechly, X. Martínez-Delclòs & F. Papier. 2001. The Permo-Triassic Odonatoptera of the “protodonate” grade (Insecta: Odonatoptera). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 37 (4): 501-525.

[P74] Paulson, D. R. 1974. Reproductive isolation in damselflies. Systematic Zoology 23 (1): 40-49.

[PN04] Petrulevičius, J. F. & A. Nel. 2004. A new damselfly family from the Upper Palaeocene of Argentina. Palaeontology 47: 109-116.

[RP02] Rasnitsyn, A. P., & L. N. Pritykina. 2002. Superorder Libellulidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Odonata Fabricius, 1792. The dragonflies. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 97-104. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Dasyurinae

Tiger quolls Dasyurus maculatus, copyright J.-L. Klein & M.-L. Hubert.

Belongs within: Dasyuridae.

The Dasyurinae is a group of carnivorous marsupials including the quolls (marsupial cats), mulgaras and related taxa. Members of this group include the largest living carnivorous marsupials.

Dasyurinae
    |--+--Dasykaluta rosamondae CB-E04
    |  `--Parantechinus Tate 1947 CB-E04, R64
    |       `--*P. apicalis [=Phascogale apicalis] R64
    |--+--‘Pseudantechinus’ ningbing CB-E04
    |  `--Myoictis Gray 1858 CB-E04, LA02
    |       `--*M. melas (Müller 1840) LA02
    `--+--Pseudantechinus Tate 1947 CB-E04, R64
       |    |--*P. macdonnellensis [=Phascogale macdonnellensis] R64
       |    |--P. roryi CWS05
       |    `--P. woolleyae CB-E04
       |--Dasycercus Peters 1875 CB-E04, LA02
       |    |--*D. cristicauda (Krefft 1867) LA02
       |    |--D. blythi TL70
       |    |--D. byrnei CB-E04
       |    |--D. hillieri LA02
       |    `--D. worboysi Dawson, Muirhead & Wroe 1999 LA02
       `--+--‘Antechinus’ bilarni Johnson 1954 R64 [=Parantechinus bilarni CB-E04]
          `--+--+--Neophascogale lorentzi CB-E04
             |  `--Phascolosorex CB-E04
             |       |--P. doriae CB-E04
             |       `--P. dorsalis CB-E04
             `--+--Sarcophilus Cuvier 1837 CB-E04, LA02 [Sarcophilini]
                |    |--*S. laniarius (Owen 1838) LA02
                |    |--S. harrisii (Boitard 1841) K92 [incl. S. ursinus S61]
                |    `--S. moornaensis Crabb 1982 LA02
                `--Dasyurus Geoffroy 1796 CB-E04, LA02
                     |  i. s.: D. bowlingi A14
                     |--D. hallucatus CB-E04 [=Satanellus hallucatus TL70]
                     `--+--+--*D. maculatus (Kerr 1792) LA02, CB-E04, LA02 [=Viverra maculata G91]
                        |  `--D. dunmalli Bartholomai 1971 LA02
                        `--+--D. viverrinus (Shaw 1800) CB-E04, R64 (see below for synonymy)
                           `--+--D. albopunctatus CB-E04
                              `--+--D. geoffroii Gould 1841 CB-E04, BD-D09
                                 `--D. spartacus CB-E04

Dasyurinae incertae sedis:
  Dasyurops D02
  Dasyurinus D02
  Archerium Wroe & Mackness 2000 LA02
    `--*A. chinchillaensis Wroe & Mackness 2000 LA02
  Dasyuroides Spencer 1896 LA02
    |--*D. byrnei Spencer 1896 LA02
    `--D. achilpatna Archer 1982 LA02
  Ganbulanyi Wroe 1998 LA02
    `--*G. djadjinguli Wroe 1998 LA02
  Glaucodon Stirton 1957 LA02
    `--*G. ballaratensis Stirton 1957 LA02

Dasyurus viverrinus (Shaw 1800) CB-E04, R64 [=Didelphis viverrina R64; incl. Mustela quoll Zimmermann 1777 (nom. inv.) R64, Dasyurus quoll R64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A14] Anderson, W. 1914. Notes on the occurrence of the sand-rock containing bones of extinct species of marsupials (emu, kangaroo, wombat, etc.) on King Island, Bass Strait, Tasmania. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (9): 275-283.

[BD-D09] Beveridge, I. & M.-C. Durette-Desset. 2009. A new species of the nematode genus Copemania (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida), parasitic in the western quoll, Dasyurus geoffroii and short-nosed bandicoot, Isoodon obesulus from south-western Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 345-349.

[CB-E04] Cardillo, M., O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, E. Boakes & A. Purvis. 2004. A species-level phylogenetic supertree of marsupials. Journal of Zoology 264: 11-31.

[CWS05] Cooper, N. K., P. C. Withers & T. Stewart. 2005. Description of sternal glands in Western Australian Sminthopsis and Ningaui (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 45-49.

[D02] Dyck, S. van. 2002. Morphology-based revision of Murexia and Antechinus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 48: 239-330.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution, revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

[LA02] Long, J., M. Archer, T. Flannery & S. Hand. 2002. Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1-15.

[S61] Sharman, G. B. 1961. The mitotic chromosomes of marsupials and their bearing on taxonomy and phylogeny. Australian Journal of Zoology 9 (1): 38-60.

[TL70] Turnbull, W. D. & E. L. Lundelius, Jr. 1970. The Hamilton fauna: a Late Pliocene mammalian fauna from the Grange Burn, Victoria, Australia. Fieldiana Geology 19: 1-163.

Macropodini

Yellow-footed rock wallaby Petrogale xanthopus, copyright Talexbikes.

Belongs within: Macropodinae.
Contains: Macropus.

The Macropodini is a clade including the 'true' wallabies and kangaroos. Members of this clade have high-crowned molars, reflecting a change in habit to grazing.

<==Macropodini
    |  i. s.: Baringa Flannery & Hann 1984 LA02
    |           `--*B. nelsonensis Flannery & Hann 1984 LA02
    |--+--Lagorchestes CB-E04
    |  |    |--L. asomatus Finlayson 1943 R64
    |  |    |--L. conspicillatus CB-E04
    |  |    |--L. hirsutus CB-E04
    |  |    `--L. leporides CB-E04
    |  `--+--Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard 1830) CB-E04, BD-D09
    |     `--+--Onychogalea CB-E04
    |        |    |--O. unguifera CB-E04
    |        |    `--+--O. fraenata CB-E04
    |        |       `--O. lunata CB-E04
    |        `--+--Macropus CB-E04
    |           |--Kurrabi Flannery & Archer 1984 LA02
    |           |    |--*K. mahoneyi Flannery & Archer 1984 LA02
    |           |    |--K. merriwaensis Flannery & Archer 1984 LA02
    |           |    `--K. pelchenorum Flannery, Rich et al. 1992 LA02
    |           `--Wallabia Trouessart 1905 CB-E04, LA02
    |                |--*W. bicolor (Desmarest 1804) LA02 [=Protemnodon bicolor S61; incl. Macropus ualabatus S61]
    |                |--W. eugenii TL70
    |                |--W. indra (De Vis 1895) LA02
    |                `--W. kitcheneri Flannery 1989 LA02
    `--+--Thylogale Gray 1837 LA02
       |    |  i. s.: T. eugenii R64 [=Protemnodon eugenii S61]
       |    |           |--T. e. eugenii R64
       |    |           `--T. e. decres Troughton 1941 R64
       |    |--*T. billardieri (Desmarest 1822) LA02, CB-E04 [=Protemnodon billardierii S61]
       |    |--T. ignis Flannery, Rich et al. 1992 LA02
       |    |--T. christenseni Hope 1981 LA02
       |    `--+--T. brunii CB-E04
       |       `--+--T. stigmatica CB-E04
       |          `--T. thetis CB-E04
       `--Petrogale CB-E04
            |  i. s.: P. herberti Thomas 1926 CO03
            |         P. sharmani COA02
            |--+--P. brachyotis CB-E04
            |  `--+--P. burbidgei CB-E04
            |     `--P. concinna CB-E04 [=Peradorcas concinna BP87]
            `--+--P. lateralis Gould 1842 CB-E04, S11
               |--P. persephone CB-E04
               |--P. rothschildi CB-E04
               |--P. xanthopus CB-E04
               `--+--P. inornata CB-E04
                  |--P. penicillata CB-E04
                  |    |--P. p. penicillata S61
                  |    `--P. p. pearsoni S61
                  `--+--P. assimilis CB-E04
                     `--P. godmani CB-E04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD-D09] Beveridge, I. & M.-C. Durette-Desset. 2009. A new species of the nematode genus Copemania (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida), parasitic in the western quoll, Dasyurus geoffroii and short-nosed bandicoot, Isoodon obesulus from south-western Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 345-349.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[CO03] Cameron, S. L., & P. J. O’Donoghue. 2003. Trichostome ciliates from Australian marsupials. II. Polycosta gen. nov. (Litostomatea: Polycostidae fam. nov.) European Journal of Protistology 39: 83-99.

[COA02] Cameron, S. L., P. J. O’Donoghue & R. D. Adlard. 2002. Species diversity within Macropodinium (Litostomatea: Trichostomatia): endosymbiotic ciliates from Australian macropodid marsupials. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 48 (1): 49-69.

[CB-E04] Cardillo, M., O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, E. Boakes & A. Purvis. 2004. A species-level phylogenetic supertree of marsupials. Journal of Zoology 264: 11-31.

[LA02] Long, J., M. Archer, T. Flannery & S. Hand. 2002. Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1-15.

[S61] Sharman, G. B. 1961. The mitotic chromosomes of marsupials and their bearing on taxonomy and phylogeny. Australian Journal of Zoology 9 (1): 38-60.

[S11] Smales, L. R. 2011. New species and new locality records of the nematode genus Labiosimplex (Strongylida: Chabertiidae) from macropodid marsupials in Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26 (2): 183-190.

[TL70] Turnbull, W. D. & E. L. Lundelius, Jr. 1970. The Hamilton fauna: a Late Pliocene mammalian fauna from the Grange Burn, Victoria, Australia. Fieldiana Geology 19: 1-163.

Rhabditoidea

Female Rhabditis, copyright Ken Ramos.

Belongs within: Rhabditina.

The Rhabditoidea is an assemblage of free-living nematodes, though it is probably paraphyletic to parasitic groups such as the Strongyloidea. Members of the Rhabditoidea are characterised by having the phasmid in males posterior to all other bursal rays (Ley & Blaxter 2002). The bacteriovorous Caenorhabditis elegans has become a model organism in the study of embryology.

<==Rhabditoidea
    |--Diploscapter BG-M11 [Diploscapteridae LB02]
    |    `--D. coronatus BG-M11
    `--Rhabditidae LB02
         |--Cruznema H02
         |--Teratorhabditis H02
         |--Eurhabditis CH-C06
         |--Oscheius insectivora CH-C06
         |--Pellioditis marina CH-C06
         |--Rhabditella CH-C06
         |    |--R. axei V
         |    `--R. leptura RK91
         |--Caenorhabditis H02
         |    |--C. briggsae CH-C06
         |    |--C. elegans CH-C06 [=Rhabditis elegans G02]
         |    `--C. remanei G02
         |         |--C. r. remanei G02
         |         `--C. r. vulgaris G02
         `--Rhabditis CH-C06
              |--R. adenobia MM02
              |--R. blumi CH-C06
              |--R. broughtonalcocki H02
              |--R. caussani G02
              |--R. coarctata L02a
              |--R. dolichura H02
              |--R. dubius W02
              |--R. duthiersi G02
              |--R. guignardi G02
              |--R. marionis G02
              |--R. myriophila CH-C06
              |--R. pellio L02b
              |--R. regenfussi [=Poikilolaimus regenfussi] BG-M11
              |--R. schneideri G02
              |--R. terricola H02
              |--R. tokai G02
              `--R. viguieri G02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BG-M11] Borgonie, G., A. García-Moyano, D. Litthauer, W. Bert, A. Bester, E. van Heerden, C. Möller, M. Erasmus & T. C. Onstott. 2011. Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa. Nature 474: 79-82.

[CH-C06] Chilton, N. B., F. Huby-Chilton, R. B. Gasser & I. Beveridge. 2006. The evolutionary origins of nematodes within the order Strongylida are related to predilection sites within hosts. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 118-128.

[G02] Gems, D. 2002. Ageing. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 413-455. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 121-145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02a] Lee, D. L. 2002a. Life cycles. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 61-72. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02b] Lee, D. L. 2002b. Behaviour. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 369-387. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 211-232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[RK91] Royce, L. A., & G. W. Krantz. 1991. A new rearing method for nematophagous mites. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 619-622. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[W02] Wharton, D. A. 2002. Nematode survival strategies. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 389-411. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Rhabditina

Diplogaster sp., copyright Astrid Beyer.

Belongs within: Secernentea.
Contains: Rhabditoidea, Strongyloidea, Cylindrocorporidae.

The Rhabditina is a group of nematodes including both free-living and animal-parasitic forms. Possible synapomorphies of the group include the presence of a bursa with rays in the male, and a short muscular part to the stegostom, consisting of less than four muscle sets in at least the juvenile stages (Ley & Blaxter 2002).

Rhabditina
    |  i. s.: Rhabditoides LB02
    |         Rhitis inermiformis RK91
    |--Bunonematomorpha [Bunonematoidea] LB0
    |    |--Bunonema [Bunonematidae] LB02
    |    `--Pterygorhabditidae LB02
    |--Rhabditomorpha LB02
    |    |  i. s.: Carabonematidae LB02
    |    |         Agfidae LB02
    |    |--Rhabditoidea LB02
    |    |--Strongyloidea LB02
    |    `--Mesorhabditoidea LB02
    |         |--Mesorhabditis BG-M11 [Mesorhabditidae LB02]
    |         |    |--M. longespiculosa BG-M11
    |         |    `--M. miotki BG-M11
    |         `--Pelodera [Peloderidae] LB02
    |              |--P. coarctata L02b
    |              |--P. strongyloides L02b
    |              `--P. teres L02b
    `--Diplogasteromorpha [Diplogasterida] LB02
         |  i. s.: Eudiplogaster MM02
         |           |--E. aphodii MM02
         |           `--E. paramatus L02a
         |--Odontopharyngidae [Odontopharyngoidea] LB02
         `--Diplogastroidea PJ03
              |--Pseudodiplogasteroididae LB02
              |--Diplogasteroididae LB02
              |--Neodiplogasteridae LB02
              |--Mehdinematidae LB02
              |--Cephalobiidae LB02
              |--Longibucca Chitwood 1933 [Longibuccidae] PJ03
              |    |--*L. vivipara Chitwood 1933 PJ03
              |    `--L. lasiura McIntosh & Chitwood 1934 [incl. L. eptesica Elsea 1953] PJ03
              |--Cylindrocorporidae PJ03
              `--Diplogasteridae LB02
                   |--Pristionchus pacificus H02
                   `--Diplogaster H02
                        |--D. aerivora G02
                        |--D. longicauda H02
                        |--D. minor G02
                        `--D. robustus G02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BG-M11] Borgonie, G., A. García-Moyano, D. Litthauer, W. Bert, A. Bester, E. van Heerden, C. Möller, M. Erasmus & T. C. Onstott. 2011. Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa. Nature 474: 79-82.

[G02] Gems, D. 2002. Ageing. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 413-455. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 121-145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02a] Lee, D. L. 2002a. Life cycles. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 61-72. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02b] Lee, D. L. 2002b. Behaviour. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 369-387. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 211-232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[PJ03] Poinar, G. O., T. A. Jackson, N. L. Bell & M. B. Wahid. 2003. Cylindrocorpus inevectus sp. n. associated with the oil palm weevil, Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Faust) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with a synopsis of the family Cylindrocorporidae and establishment of Longibuccidae n. fam. (Diplogastroidea: Nematoda). Nematology 5 (2): 183-190.

[RK91] Royce, L. A., & G. W. Krantz. 1991. A new rearing method for nematophagous mites. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 619-622. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

Tylenchoidea

Southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, from the United States Department of Agriculture.

Belongs within: Tylenchina.
Contains: Heteroderinae.

The Tylenchoidea are a group of nematodes including free-living feeders on soil fungi and algae, and parasites (both external and internal) of plant tissues.

Characters (from Maggenti et al. 1987): Lip region generally hexaradiate and distinguished from general body contour. Labial region supported by a cuticularized skeleton that may or may not be well developed. Procorpus generally set off from metacorpus, usually slender and cylindrical. Isthmus narrow and leads to the expanded glandular region almost always wider than the metacorpus. Glandular region consists of three glands ending at the beginning of the intestine or variously overlapping this structure. Phasmids commonly adanal, on the tail or erratically on body.

<==Tylenchoidea
    |  i. s.: Meloidodera floridensis J02
    |         Ekphymatodera thomasoni J02
    |         Punctodera chalcoensis J02
    |--Belonolaimus [Belonolaimidae] LB02
    |    `--B. longicaudatus KH02
    |--Tylenchidae LB02
    |    |--Tylenchus MM02
    |    |    |--T. davainei MM02
    |    |    |--T. emarginatus Ge02
    |    |    `--T. farwicki MM02
    |    `--Ditylenchus H02
    |         |--D. destructor MM02
    |         |--D. dipsaci Wh02
    |         |--D. myceliophagus Wh02
    |         |--D. phyllobius [=Orrina phyllobius] Wh02
    |         `--D. triformis Ge02
    |--Pratylenchidae LB02
    |    |--Nacobbus [Nacobbinae] Wy02
    |    |    |--N. aberrans Wy02
    |    |    `--N. serendipiticus H02
    |    `--Pratylenchinae Wy02
    |         |--Hirschmaniella gracilis Wy02, L02a
    |         |--Radopholus similis Wy02
    |         `--Pratylenchus Wy02
    |              |--P. agilis MM02
    |              |--P. brachyurus SZA-T91
    |              |--P. coffere SZA-T91
    |              |--P. neglectus L02b
    |              |--P. penetrans Wy02
    |              |--P. scribneri J02
    |              |--P. thornei Wh02
    |              `--P. zeae KH02
    |--Meloidogyne [Meloidogynidae] LB02
    |    |  i. s.: M. acronea J02
    |    |         M. artiellia MG06
    |    |         M. carolinensis Gi02
    |    |         M. exigua Gi02
    |    |         M. graminicola J02
    |    |         M. megatyla Gi02
    |    |         M. naasi Wh02
    |    |         M. nataliei Gi02
    |    |         M. oryzae J02
    |    |         M. triticoryzae P02
    |    |--M. chitwoodi SB05
    |    `--+--M. hapla SB05
    |       `--+--M. arenaria SB05
    |          `--+--M. incognita SB05
    |             |    |--M. i. incognita J02
    |             |    `--M. i. wartellei J02
    |             `--M. javanica SB05
    `--Hoplolaimidae LB02
         |  i. s.: Tylenchorhynchus H02
         |           |--T. dubius Wy02
         |           |--T. latus SZA-T91
         |           |--T. martini SZA-T91
         |           `--T. nothus SZA-T91
         |--Heteroderinae LB02
         |--Rotylenchulus [Rotylenchulinae] Wy02
         |    |--R. macrodoratus Wy02
         |    |--R. parvus H02
         |    `--R. reniformis Wy02
         `--Hoplolaiminae Wy02
              |--Hoplolaimus galeatus Wy02
              |--Rotylenchus reniformis Wy02, L02b
              |--Helicotylenchus Wy02
              |    |--H. dihystera Wh02
              |    `--H. multicinctus J02
              `--Scutellonema Wy02
                   |--S. brachyurum Wy02
                   `--S. cavenessi Wh02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[Ge02] Gems, D. 2002. Ageing. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 413-455. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[Gi02] Gibbons, L. M. 2002. General organisation. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 31-59. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 121-145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 73-119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[KH02] Kerry, B. R., & W. M. Hominick. 2002. Biological control. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 483-509. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02a] Lee, D. L. 2002a. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 171-209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02b] Lee, D. L. 2002b. Behaviour. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 369-387. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Maggenti, A. R., M. Luc, D. J. Raski, R. Fortuner & E. Geraert. 1987. A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nemata). 2. Classification of the suborder Tylenchina (Nemata: Diplogasteria). Revue Nématol. 10 (2): 135-142.

[MG06] Mallatt, J., & G. Giribet. 2006. Further use of nearly complete 28S and 18S rRNA genes to classify Ecdysozoa: 37 more arthropods and a kinorhynch. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 772-794.

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 211-232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[SB05] Scholl, E. H., & D. M. Bird. 2005. Resolving tylenchid evolutionary relationships through multiple gene analysis derived from EST data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 536-545.

[SZA-T91] Sweelam, M. E., M. A. Zaki & S. M. Abo-Taka. 1991. Efficacy of some pesticides in field control of soil mites and nematodes infesting potato plants. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 713-717. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[Wh02] Wharton, D. A. 2002. Nematode survival strategies. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 389-411. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[Wy02] Wyss, U. 2002. Feeding behaviour of plant-parasitic nematodes. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 233-259. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Mucorales

Sporangiophores of Umbelopsis ramanniana, copyright Alena Kubátová.

Belongs within: Fungi.

The Mucorales is a clade of mesotrophic fungi supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Meyer & Gams 2003). Mucorales are among the most abundant micro-organisms in soil and other organic-rich environments, and include many of the most familiar mould species.

<==Mucorales [Chaetocladiaceae, Mycotyphaceae, Pilobolaceae, Radiomycetaceae, Thamnidiaceae]
    |--Umbelopsis Amos & Barnett 1966 (see below for synonymy) MG03
    |    |--+--U. vinacea (Dixon-Stew.) Arx 1984 (see below for synonymy) MG03
    |    |  `--+--+--*U. versiformis Amos & Barnett 1966 (see below for synonymy) MG03
    |    |     |  `--U. nana (Linnemann) Arx 1982 [=Mortierella nana Linnemann 1941] MG03
    |    |     `--+--U. isabellina (Oudem.) Gams in Meyer & Gams 2003 (see below for synonymy) MG03
    |    |        `--U. ovata (Yip) Yip 1986 MG03
    |    `--+--+--U. fusiformis Yip 1986 MG03
    |       |  `--+--U. swartii Yip 1986 MG03
    |       |     `--U. westeae Yip 1986 MG03
    |       `--+--U. gibberispora Sugiyama et al. 2003 MG03
    |          `--+--U. ramanniana (Möller) Gams 2003 (see below for synonymy) MG03
    |             `--+--U. angularis Gams & Sugiyama in Sugiyama et al. 2003 MG03
    |                `--U. autotrophica (Evans) Gams 2003 [=Mortierella ramanniana var. autotrophica Evans 1971] MG03
    `--Mucoraceae OL01
         |--+--+--*Spinellus fusiger OL01
         |  |  `--Phycomyces [Phycomycetaceae] OL01
         |  |       `--P. blakesleeanus OL01
         |  `--+--+--*Dichotomocladium elegans OL01
         |     |  `--Mycocladus OL01
         |     |       |--‘Absidia’ blakesleeana OL01
         |     |       `--M. corymbifera OL01 [=Absidia corymbifera (Cohn) Saccardo & Trotter 1912 MG03]
         |     `--+--+--*Protomycocladus faisalabadensis OL01
         |        |  `--+--*Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae OL01
         |        |     `--Rhizomucor OL01
         |        |          |--*R. pusillus (Lindt) Schipper 1978 OL01, MG03
         |        |          |--R. miehei SSW01
         |        |          |--R. racemosus SSW01
         |        |          `--R. variabilis SSW01
         |        `--+--Syncephalastrum OL01
         |           |    |--*S. racemosum OL01
         |           |    `--S. monosporum OL01
         |           |         |--S. m. var. monosporum LK04
         |           |         `--S. m. var. pluriproliferum LK04
         |           `--+--+--*Thamnostylum piriforme OL01
         |              |  `--*Fennellomyces linderi OL01
         |              `--+--*Zychaea mexicana OL01
         |                 `--+--*Phascolomyces articulosus OL01
         |                    `--*Circinella umbellata OL01
         `--+--+--*Radiomyces spectabilis OL01
            |  `--+--*Apophysomyces elegans OL01
            |     `--Saksenaea [Saksenaceae] OL01
            |          `--*S. vasiformis OL01
            `--+--+--+--*Gongronella butleri OL01
               |  |  `--*Hesseltinella vesiculosa OL01
               |  `--+--Cunninghamella [Cunninghamellaceae, Cunninghamellales] OL01
               |     |    |--*C. echinulata OL01
               |     |    |--C. bertholletiae SSW01
               |     |    |--C. elegans SSW01
               |     |    `--C. polymorpha SSW01
               |     `--+--*Halteromyces radiatus OL01
               |        `--+--*Chlamydoabsidia padenii OL01
               |           `--Absidia OL01
               |                |--*A. repens OL01
               |                |--A. coerulea SSW01
               |                `--A. glauca OL01
               `--+--+--‘Rhizopus’ oligosporus OL01 [=R. microsporus var. oligosporus LK04]
                  |  `--+--*Amylomyces rouxii OL01
                  |     `--+--*Sporodiniella umbellata OL01
                  |        `--+--*Syzygites megalocarpus OL01
                  |           `--Rhizopus OL01
                  |                |--*R. stolonifer OL01
                  |                |--R. arrhizus C-OE-PG-C91
                  |                |--R. nigricans PHK96
                  |                |--R. oryzae SSW01
                  |                `--R. thailandensis C-OE-PG-C91
                  `--+--+--*Backusella circina OL01
                     |  `--‘Mucor’ recurvus OL01
                     |       |--M. r. var. recurvus LK04
                     |       `--M. r. var. indicus LK04
                     `--+--+--*Utharomyces epallocaulus OL01
                        |  `--Pilobolus umbonatus OL01
                        `--+--+--Gilbertella [Gilbertellaceae] OL01
                           |  |    `--*G. persicaria OL01
                           |  `--Choanephoraceae OL01
                           |       |--Choanephora cucurbitarum OL01
                           |       `--+--*Blakeslea trispora OL01
                           |          `--*Poitrasia circinans OL01
                           `--+--Mycotypha OL01
                              |    |--*M. microspora OL01
                              |    `--M. africana OL01
                              `--+--*Kirkomyces cordense OL01
                                 `--+--+--*Cokeromyces recurvatus OL01
                                    |  `--*Benjaminiella poitrasii OL01
                                    `--+--+--*Actinomucor elegans OL01
                                       |  `--*Hyphomucor assamensis OL01
                                       `--+--+--*Dicranophora fulva OL01
                                          |  `--*Zygorhynchus heterogamus OL01
                                          `--+--+--*Parasitella parasitica OL01
                                             |  `--+--‘Mucor’ racemosus Fresen. 1850 OL01, MG03
                                             |     `--+--*Ellisomyces anomalus OL01
                                             |        `--+--‘Backusella’ ctenidia OL01
                                             |           `--‘Mucor’ circinelloides OL01
                                             |                |--M. c. f. circinelloides MG03
                                             |                |--M. c. f. janssenii (Lendn.) Schipper 1976 MG03
                                             |                `--M. c. f. lusitanicus OL01
                                             `--+--Chaetocladium OL01
                                                |    |--*C. jonesii OL01
                                                |    `--C. brefeldii OL01
                                                `--+--*Pilaira anomala OL01
                                                   `--+--+--*Pirella circinans OL01
                                                      |  `--+--*Helicostylum elegans OL01
                                                      |     `--*Thamnidium elegans OL01
                                                      `--Mucor OL01
                                                           |--*M. mucedo OL01
                                                           |--M. amphibiorum SSW01
                                                           |--M. hiemalis SSW01
                                                           |--M. pusillus PHK96
                                                           |--M. ramosissimus SSW01
                                                           `--M. rouxii PHK96

Umbelopsis Amos & Barnett 1966 [incl. Mortierella subg. Micromucor Gams 1977, Micromucor (Gams) von Arx 1984 non Malchevskaya 1939 (nom. inv.); Umbelopsidaceae] MG03

Umbelopsis isabellina (Oudem.) Gams in Meyer & Gams 2003 [=Mortierella isabellina Oudem. 1902, Micromucor isabellinus (Oudem.) Arx 1984] MG03

Umbelopsis ramanniana (Möller) Gams in Meyer & Gams 2003 [=Mucor ramannianus Möller 1903, *Micromucor ramannianus (Möller) Arx 1984, Mortierella ramanniana] MG03

*Umbelopsis versiformis Amos & Barnett 1966 [incl. Mortierella roseonana Gams & Gleeson 1976, U. roseonana (Gams &  Gleeson) Arx 1984] MG03

Umbelopsis vinacea (Dixon-Stew.) Arx 1984 [=Mortierella vinacea; incl. U. multispora Watanabe 1977, Micromucor ramannianus var. angulisporus Naumov ex Váňová 1991, Mortierella ramanniana var. angulispora, Mucor angulisporus Naumov 1935 (nom. inv.)] MG03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C-OE0PG-C91] Casasolas-Oliver, A., A. Estrada-Peña & J. Gonzalez-Cabo. 1991. Activity of Rhizopus thailandensis, Rhizopus arrhizus and Curvularia lunata on reproductive efficacy of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Ixodidae). In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 633-637. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446-1480.

[MG03] Meyer, W., & W. Gams. 2003. Delimitation of Umbelopsis (Mucorales, Umbelopsidaceae fam. nov.) based on ITS sequence and RFLP data. Mycological Research 107 (3): 339-350.

[OL01] O’Donnell, K., F. M. Lutzoni, T. J. Ward & G. L. Benny. 2001. Evolutionary relationships among mucoralean fungi (Zygomycota): Evidence for family polyphyly on a large scale. Mycologia 93 (2): 286-297.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology (3^rd ed.) Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[SSW01] Schüßler, A., D. Schwarzott & C. Walker. 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: Phylogeny and evolution. Mycological Research 105 (12): 1413-1421.