Coccidae

Fig wax scale Ceroplastes rusci, from here.

Belongs within: Coccoidea.
Contains: Lecanium, Coccus.

The Coccidae, soft scales, include both wax-covered and naked species, characterised by the presence in females of paired triangular or rounded plates at the base of an anal cleft. Several species are significant crop pests such as the hemispherical scale Saissetia coffeae and the soft wax scale Ceroplastes destructor.

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Female with paired triangular or rounded anal plates at the base of an anal cleft; anterior and posterior thoracic spiracles approximately the same size; spiracular and marginal setae present; tubular ducts with inner end cupped.

<==Coccidae [Lecaniidae]
    |--Lecaniinae H01b
    |    |--Lecanium G25
    |    `--Pseudokermes H01b
    |         |--P. armatus M96
    |         `--P. nitens H01b
    |--Coccinae [Coccini] A73
    |    |--Coccus L58
    |    `--Saissetia A73
    |         |--S. coffeae CGW91 [=Lecanium coffeae B88]
    |         |--S. hemisphaerica (Targioni 1867) [=Lecanium hemisphaericum] A73
    |         |--S. miranda M96
    |         |--S. neglecta M96
    |         |--S. nigra B88
    |         |--S. oleae B88
    |         `--S. tolucana M96
    `--Ceroplastes [Ceroplastinae] A73
         |--C. actiniformis Green 1896 A73
         |--C. africanus [incl. C. africanus var. cristatus Green 1899, C. egbarum Cockerell 1899] G00
         |--C. albolineatus M96
         |    |--C. a. albolineatus M96
         |    `--C. a. volcanicus M96
         |--C. amazonicus Hempel 1901 H01c
         |--C. angulatus M96
         |--C. brachyurus M96
         |--C. ceriferus B88
         |--C. chrysanthemum G17
         |--C. cirripediformis M96
         |--C. cistudiformis M96
         |--C. coloratus M96
         |--C. communis Hempel 1901 H01c
         |--C. destructor CGW91
         |--C. dugesii M96
         |--C. floridensis M96
         |--C. grandis Hempel 1901 H01c
         |--C. irregularis M96
         |--C. macgregori M96
         |--C. marmoreus M96
         |--C. minutus M96
         |--C. novaesi Hempel 1901 H01c
         |--C. purpurellus M96
         |--C. rubens CGW91
         |--C. rusci B88
         |--C. sinensis M96
         `--C. variegatus Hempel 1901 H01c

Coccidae incertae sedis:
  Parasaissetia nigra CGW91
  Phenacaspis dubia [=Chionaspis dubia] M27
  Eulecanium GE05
    |--E. coryli RD77
    |--E. patersoniae GE05
    `--E. subaustrale M96
  Symonicoccus CGW91
  Cryptes baccatus CGW91
  Pulvinaria M96
    |--P. elongata CGW91
    `--P. peninsularis M96
  Antecerococcus bryoides K08
  Brachyscelis duplex P08
  Paralecanium expansum WEE70
  Ericerus pela WEE70
  Platycoelostoma Morrison 1923 M27
    `--*P. compressa [=Coelostomidia compressa] M27
  Anoplaspis M27
    |--*A. metrosideri [=Lepidosaphes metrosideri] M27
    `--A. maskelli Morrison 1922 M27
  Ctenochiton B88
    |--C. aztecus M96
    |--C. elaeocarpi B88
    |--C. perforatus B88
    `--C. viridis B88
  Solenococcus H01a
    |--S. baccharidis Hempel 1901 H01a
    `--S. tuberculus Hempel 1901 H01a
  Stigmacoccus Hempel 1901 H01a
    `--*S. asper Hempel 1901 H01a
  Apiococcus Hempel 1901 H01a
    |--*A. gregarius Hempel 1901 H01a
    |--A. asperatus Hempel 1901 H01a
    |--A. globosus Hempel 1901 H01a
    `--A. singularis Hempel 1901 H01a
  Tectococcus Hempel 1901 H01a
    `--*T. ovatus Hempel 1901 H01a
  Akermes M96
    |--A. colimae M96
    `--A. townsendi M96
  Cardiococcus umbonatum M96
  Ceroplastodes dugesii M96
  Inglisia malvacearum M96
  Kilifia M96
    |--K. acuminata M96
    `--K. americana M96
  Megasaissetia inflata M96
  Mesolecanium M96
    |--M. impar M96
    |--M. nocturnum M96
    `--M. perditum M96
  Metapulvinaria lycii M96
  Milviscutulus mangiferae M96
  Neolecanium M96
    |--N. chilaspidis M96
    |--N. herrerae M96
    |--N. imbricatum M96
    |--N. manzanillense M96
    |--N. plebeium M96
    |--N. sallei M96
    `--N. tuberculatum M96
  Pendularia jaliscensis M96
  Philephedra M96
    |--P. colimensis M96
    |--P. crescentiae M96
    |--P. lutea M96
    |--P. mimosae M96
    |--P. parvula M96
    `--P. tuberculosa M96
  Platysaissetia castilloae M96
  Protopulvinaria pyriformis M96
  Schizochlamidia mexicana M96
  Tillanococcus M96
    |--T. mexicana M96
    `--T. tillandsiae M96
  Toumeyella M96
    |--T. cerifera M96
    |--T. mirabilis M96
    `--T. sonorensis M96
  Insulaspis pallidula CK15

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A73] Ali, S. M. 1973. Some coccids from Goa. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 669–671.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[CK15] Calvo, F. J., M. Knapp, Y. M. van Houten, H. Hoogerbrugge & J. E. Belda. 2015. Amblyseius swirskii: what made this predatory mite such a successful biocontrol agent? Experimental and Applied Acarology 65: 419–433.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. V. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 116–131).

[G25] Girault, A. A. 1925. An essay on when a fly is lovable, the ceremony of baptizing some and unlovely hate. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 187–190).

[G00] Green, E. E. 1900. Note on Ceroplastes africanus (family Coccidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 158–159.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H01a] Hempel, A. 1901a. Descriptions of Brazilian Coccidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 110–125.

[H01b] Hempel, A. 1901b. Descriptions of Brazilian Coccidae (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 206–219.

[H01c] Hempel, A. 1901c. Descriptions of Brazilian Coccidae (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 556–561.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M96] Miller, D. R. 1996. Checklist of the scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 68–86.

[M27] Myers, J. G. 1927. On the nomenclature of New Zealand Homoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 685–690.

[P08] Palmer. 1908. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 434.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

Last updated: 30 April 2022.