Crinoidea

Reconstruction of the Lower Ordovician Aethocrinus moorei, from Ubaghs (1969).

Belongs within: Echinodermata.
Contains: Stephanocrinidae, Hemistreptocrinida, Calceocrinida, Allagecrinacea, Pisocrinidae, Heterocrinidae, Myelodactylacea, Hybocrinida, Camerata, Cladida.

The Crinoidea include the sea lilies and feather stars, ancestrally sessile echinoderms with elongate arms bearing multiple pinnules (modified in many subgroups). The majority of crinoid higher lineages did not survive the Palaeozoic, with all living species belonging to the subclade Articulata. Ausich (1998) divided crinoids between six subclasses, with the Articulata and Flexibilia derived from within the paraphyletic Cladida.

The Aethocrinida are a small group known from the Lower to Middle Ordovician of western Europe that differ from other major groups of Crinoidea in possessing four circlets of plates in the calyx; all other groups possess three or less (Ausich 1998). The Disparida, known from the Lower Ordovician to the Upper Permian, had a monocyclic, commonly bilaterally symmetrical calyx (Moore et al. 1978).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978b): Crinozoa provided with true arms; pentameral symmetry well developed; theca divided into aboral cup and adoral tegmen, comprising 5 radial plates from which invariably the aboral skeleton of the arms starts; radial growth pattern concentrated on arms, which are directed away from theca; column ordinarily well developed, lost in postlarval stage in some forms.

<==Crinoidea (see below for synonymy)
    |--Disparida (see below for synonymy) A98
    |    |  i. s.: Calceocrinidae ML78
    |    |         Allagecrinacea ML78
    |    |         Pisocrinidae ML78
    |    |         Anomalocrinidae [Anomalocrinacea] ML78
    |    |           |--Geraocrinus Ulrich 1925 ML78
    |    |           |    `--*G. sculptus Ulrich 1925 ML78
    |    |           |--Glaucocrinus Parks & Alcock 1912 ML78
    |    |           |    `--*G. falconeri Parks & Alcock 1912 ML78
    |    |           `--Anomalocrinus Meek & Worthen 1865 (see below for synonymy) ML78
    |    |                |--*A. incurvus (Meek & Worthen 1865) [=Heterocrinus (Anomalocrinus) incurvus] ML78
    |    |                `--‘*Ataxiacrinus’ caponiformis Lyon 1869 [=*Ataxocrinus caponiformis] ML78
    |    |         Paradoxocrinus Wanner 1937 [Paradoxocrinidae] ML78
    |    |           `--*P. patella Wanner 1937 ML78
    |    |         Apodasmocrinus A96
    |    |           |--A. daubei A96
    |    |           `--A. punctatus A96
    |    |         Cincinnaticrinus A96
    |    |         Daedocrinus kirki A96
    |    |         Doliocrinus pustulatus A96
    |    |         Peltacrinus sculptatus A96
    |    |--+--*Inyocrinus strimplei A98
    |    |  `--*Pogonipocrinus antiquus A98
    |    `--+--+--Heterocrinidae A98
    |       |  `--+--Myelodactylacea A98
    |       |     `--Hybocrinida A98
    |       `--+--+--*Pultivocrinus fundatus A89
    |          |  `--+--Pandoracrinus Jaekel 1918 A98, ML78 [Pandoracrinidae]
    |          |     |    `--*P. pinnulatus Jaekel 1918 ML78
    |          |     `--+--*Maennilicrinus concinnus A98
    |          |        `--Vosekocrinus Jaekel 1918 A98, ML78
    |          |             `--*V. granulatus Jaekel 1918 ML78
    |          `--+--Tetragonocrinus Yeltysheva 1964 A98, J78
    |             |    `--*T. pygmaeus (Eichwald 1861) [=Goniaster pygmaeus] J78
    |             `--Eustenocrinidae ML78
    |                  |--Eustenocrinus Ulrich 1925 ML78
    |                  |    `--*E. springeri Ulrich 1925 ML78
    |                  |--Peniculocrinus Moore 1962 ML78
    |                  |    `--*P. milleri (Wetherby 1880) [=Heterocrinus milleri] ML78
    |                  |--Ramseyocrinus Bates 1968 A98, ML78
    |                  |    `--*R. cambriensis (Hicks 1873) [=Dendrocrinus cambriensis] ML78
    |                  `--Ristnacrinus Öpik 1934 ML78
    |                       `--*R. marinus Öpik 1934 ML78
    `--+--+--Camerata A98
       |  `--Cladida A98
       `--Aethocrinida [Aethocrinea] A98
            |--Aethocrinus Ubaghs 1969 [Aethocrinidae] A98
            |    |--*A. moorei Ubaghs 1969 A98
            |    `--A. murchisoni Donovan 1986 A98
            `--Perittocrinidae [Perittocrinacea, Perittocrinina] A98
                 |--Perittocrinus Jaekel 1902 A98
                 |    `--*P. radiatus (Beyrich 1879) [=Porocrinus radiatus] A98
                 `--Tetracionocrinus Ubaghs 1971 A98
                      `--*T. transitor (Jaekel 1918) [=Perittocrinus transitor] A98

Crinoidea incertae sedis:
  Pogocrinus Gagnebin 1930 (n. d.) [=Pogrocrinus (l. c.)] WR78
    `--*P. raafensis Gagnebin 1930 (n. d.) WR78
  Cryptocrinitidae U67
    |--Cryptocrinites von Buch 1840 A78 [=Cryptocrinus Geinitz 1846 non von Buch 1840 U67; Aporitidae]
    |    `--C. laevis (Pander 1830) [=Echinosphaerites laevis; incl. *C. regularis von Buch 1840] U67
    `--Lysocystites Miller 1889 (see below for synonymy) U67
         `--*L. nodosus (Hall 1864) (see below for synonymy) U67
  Cryptocrinus von Buch 1840 [Cryptocrinidae] A78
    `--C. laevis J18
  Decadactylocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1886 A78
  Dicirrocrinus Schmidt 1934 A78
    `--D. ramulosus U78
  Dimorphicrinus d’Orbigny 1850 A78
  Paralageniocrinus Wanner 1949 A78
  Cothocrinites Philippi 1876 (n. d.) [=Cothocrinus Zittel 1879] A78
  ‘Glyptaster’ Vinassa de Regny 1942 (n. d.) nec Hall 1852 nec Sladen 1885 A78
  ‘Microcrinus’ Bolkhoviminova & Markov 1926 (n. d.) non Emmons 1858 A78
  Peripterocrinus Wanner 1916 (n. d.) [=Thalassocrinus Wanner 1916 non Clark 1911] A78
  Polytrema Rafinesque 1819 (n. d.) A78
  Algabasocrinus Stukalina & Tuyutyan 1970 J78
    `--*A. obtusus Stukalina & Tuyutyan 1970 J78
  Ampholenium Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*A. apolegma Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Amsdenanteris Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*A. tennesseensis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Amurocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*A. imatschensis (Yeltysheva & Dubatolova 1961) [=Pentagonocyclicus imatschensis] J78
  Anthinocrinus Yeltysheva & Sizova ex Stukalina 1961 J78
    `--*A. ludlowicus Stukalina 1961 J78
  Apertocrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*A. apertus Yeltysheva & Stukalina in Stukalina 1968 J78
  Apiastrum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*A. candidum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Aporretocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*A. ligatus (Quenstedt 1876) [=Entrochus ligatus] J78
  Arenariocrinus Yeltysheva & Sizova in Dubatolova & Yeltysheva 1969 J78
    `--*A. arenarius (Yeltysheva & Shevchenko 1960) [=Pentagonocyclicus arenarius] J78
  Aspidocrinus Hall 1858 J78
    |--*A. scutelliformis Hall 1859 J78
    `--A. digitatus U78
  Asteromischus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*A. stellatus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Astroporites Lambe 1896 J78
    `--*A. ottawaensis Lambe 1896 J78
  Avicantus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*A. dunbari Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Babanicrinus Stukalina 1969 J78
    `--*B. tuberosus Stukalina 1969 J78
  Bakanasocrinus Stukalina & Tuyutyan 1970 J78
    `--*B. clavatus Stukalina in Stukalina & Tuyutyan 1970 J78
  Baryschyr Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*B. anosus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Bazaricrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*B. bazarensis Stukalina 1968 J78
  Beecrinus Dubatolova 1975 J78
    `--*B. amplus Dubatolova 1975 J78
  Bicostulalocrinus Dubatolova & Yeltysheva 1969 J78
    `--*B. circumvallatus (Yeltysheva in Dubatolova & Shao 1959) [=Cyclocyclicus circumvallatus] J78
  Blothronagma Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*B. cinctutum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Bornium de Gregorio 1930 J78
    `--*B. vetustum de Gregorio 1930 J78
  Bystrowicrinus Yeltysheva in Yeltysheva & Stukalina 1963 J78
    `--*B. quinquelobatus (Yeltysheva in Yeltysheva & Stukalina 1963) (see below for synonymy) J78
  Calleocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*C. granatus (Dubatolova 1964) [=Pentagonocyclicus granatus] J78
  Catagraphiocrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*C. quindecemlobatus (Yeltysheva & Stukalina 1963) [=Pentagonopentagonalis quindecemlobatus] J78
  Catholicorhachis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. multifaria Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Cionerisma Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. exile Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Clematidiscus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. denotatus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Conspeciocrinus Stukalina 1969 J78
    `--*C. conspectus Stukalina 1969 J78
  Cotylocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*C. insignis (Dubatolova 1964) [=Pentagonocyclicus insignis] J78
  Craptocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*C. inconditus (Dubatolova 1964) [=Pentagonocyclicus inconditus] J78
  Crenatames Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. amicabilis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Crossotocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*C. cortinatus (Dubatolova 1968) [=Pentagonocyclicus cortinatus] J78
  Cyclocaudex Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    |--*C. typicus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--C. plenus U78
  Cyclocaudiculus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. regularis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Cyclocharax Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. fasciatus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Cyclocion Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. distinctus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Cyclocrista Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. lineolata Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Cyclocyclicus Yeltysheva 1955 J78
    `--*C. tenuis Yeltysheva 1955 J78
  Cyclomischus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. shelbyensis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Cyclomonile Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. monile Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Cyclopagoda Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. alternata Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Cyclopentagonalis Yeltysheva 1964 J78
    `--*C. balticus Yeltysheva 1964 J78
  ‘Cycloscapus’ Moore & Jeffords 1968 non Erdös & Novicky 1951 J78
    `--*C. laevis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Cyclostelechus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*C. turritus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Cymatocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*C. undulaticostatus Dubatolova 1971 J78
  Cystocrinus Roemer 1860 [=Cysticrinus (l. c.)] J78
    `--*C. tennesseensis Roemer 1860 J78
  Decacrinus Yeltysheva 1957 [=Decarcinus (l. c.)] J78
    `--*D. pennatus Yeltysheva 1957 J78
  Dentiferocrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*D. dentiferus (Yeltysheva 1960) [=Pentagonopentagonalis dentiferus] J78
  Desidiamphidia Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*D. frondea Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Dianthicoeloma Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*D. insuetum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Dierocalipter Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*D. doter Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Dilanteris Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*D. trestes Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Dulanocrinus Stukalina & Tuyutyan 1970 J78
    `--*D. uikuntasensis Stukalina & Tuyutyan 1970 J78
  Tetragonotetragonalis Yeltysheva in Yeltysheva & Stukalina 1963 (see below for synonymy) J78
    `--*T. quadrihamatus Yeltysheva in Yeltysheva & Stukalina 1963 [=*Dwortsowaecrinus quadrihamatus] J78
  Egiasarowicrinus Shevchenko 1971 J78
    `--*E. egiasarowi (Yeltysheva 1960) [=Pentagonocyclicus egiasarowi] J78
  Elytroclon Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*E. elimatus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Entrochus Hofer 1760 J78
  Euloncherostigma Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*E. impunitum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Eurax Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    |--*E. ethas Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--E. eugenes U78
  Exaesiodiscus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*E. acutus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Exedrodiscus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*E. excussus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Fabalium Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*F. fabale Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Facetocrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*F. facetus (Stukalina 1961) [=Pentagonopentagonalis facetus] J78
  Fascicrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*F. flabellatus Yeltysheva & Stukalina 1963 J78
  Fibracrinus Stukalina & Tuyutyan 1970 J78
    `--*F. fibratus Stukalina & Tuyutyan 1970 J78
  Flexicrinus Stukalina & Tuyutyan 1970 J78
    `--*F. flexus Stukalina & Tuyutyan 1970 J78
  Floricyclus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    |--*F. hebes Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--F. granulosus U78
  Floripila Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*F. florealis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Flucticharax Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*F. undatus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Glyphidocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*G. singularis (Dubatolova 1964) [=Pentagonocyclicus singularis] J78
  Goniocion Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*G. gonimus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Goniostathmus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*G. annexus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Grammocrinus Eichwald 1860 J78
    `--*G. lineatus (Eichwald 1856) [=Cyathocrinus lineatus] J78
  Graphosterigma Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*G. scriptum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Gregariocrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*G. forus (Stukalina 1961) [=Pentagonocyclicus forus] J78
  Gurjevskocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*G. punctulatus Dubatolova 1971 J78
  Haplotetocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*H. expolitus (Dubatolova 1964) [=Pentagonocyclicus expolitus] J78
  Hattinantheris Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*H. indianensis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Heterostaurus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*H. belknapensis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Heterostelechus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*H. texanus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Hyperexochus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*H. immodicus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Idromecrinus de Gregorio 1930 J78
    `--*I. genistus de Gregorio 1930 J78
  Ilematerisma Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*I. enamma Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Jonkerocrinus Wanner 1924 J78
    `--*J. spinosus Wanner 1924 J78
  Kasachstanocrinus Yeltysheva & Sizova ex Shevchenko 1966 J78
    `--*K. asperum Shevchenko 1966 J78
  Klunnikowicrinus Shevchenko 1971 J78
    `--*K. klunnikowi (Shevchenko 1964) [=Pentagonopentagonalis klunnikowi] J78
  Kstutocrinus Shevchenko 1966 J78
    `--*K. sublatus Shevchenko 1966 J78
  Lamprosterigma Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*L. mirificum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Laudonomphalus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*L. regularis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Leptocarphium Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*L. gracile Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Leseus de Gregorio 1930 J78
    `--*L. palazzensis de Gregorio 1930 J78
  Lichenocrinus Hall 1866 [Lichenocrinoidea] J78
    |--*L. dyeri Hall 1866 J78
    |--L. milleri U78
    `--L. nodosus U78
  Lissocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*L. glaber (Yeltysheva in Yeltysheva & Dubatolova 1961) [=Pentagonocyclicus glaber] J78
  Lomalegnum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*L. hormidium Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Malovicrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*M. fragosus Yeltysheva & Stukalina in Stukalina 1968 J78
  Medinecrinus Stukalina 1965 J78
    `--*M. vitreus (Stukalina 1961) [=Pentagonopentagonalis vitreus] J78
  Mediocrinus Stukalina 1965 J78
    `--*M. medius Yeltysheva in Stukalina 1965 J78
  Mooreanteris Miller in Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*M. waylandensis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Musivocrinus Termier & Termier 1958 J78
    `--*M. arnouldi Termier & Termier 1958 J78
  Northrosterigma Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*N. merum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Obuticrinus Yeltysheva & Stukalina 1963 J78
    `--*O. bilobatus (Yeltysheva 1960) [=Pentagonopentagonalis bilobatus] J78
  Orocrinus Sieverts-Doreck 1951 J78
    `--*O. hercynicus Sieverts-Doreck 1951 J78
  Pachycrinites Eichwald 1840 [=Pachycrinus Eichwald 1860 (nom. vet.)] J78
    `--*P. compressus Eichwald 1840 J78
  Pandocrinus Stukalina 1965 J78
    `--*P. pandus Stukalina 1965 J78
  Particrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*P. partitus (Yeltysheva 1960) [=Pentagonocyclicus partitus] J78
  Pennatocrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*P. subpennatus Yeltysheva in Stukalina 1968 J78
  Pentacauliscus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. nodosus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Pentagonocyclicus Yeltysheva ex Yeltysheva & Shevchenko 1960 J78
    `--*P. haldaranensis Yeltysheva & Shevchenko 1960 J78
  Pentagonostaurus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. leptus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Pentagonostipes Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. petaloides Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Pentamerostela Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. delicatula Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Pentaridica Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. rothi Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Peribolocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*P. proximus (Dubatolova 1964) [=Cyclocyclicus proximus] J78
  Petalerisma Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. eriense Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Phragmoporella Rezak 1959 J78
    `--*P. monilis Rezak 1959 J78
  Platycion Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. mingusensis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Platyclonus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. dispar Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Platyparallelus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. parilis Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Platypateium Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. texanum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Platystela Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. proiecta Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Plummeranteris Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. sansaba Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Plussacrinus Yeltysheva 1957 J78
    `--*P. flabellum Yeltysheva 1957 J78
  Podoliocrinus Yeltysheva 1957 J78
    `--*P. nikiforovae Yeltysheva 1957 J78
  Podolithus Sardeson 1908 J78
    `--*P. schizocrinus Sardeson 1908 J78
  Polyporocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*P. octoforabilis Dubatolova 1971 J78
  Polyptychella Jaekel 1918 J78
    `--*P. esthona Jaekel 1918 J78
  Porcunicrinus Yeltysheva in Yeltysheva & Sizova 1971 J78
    `--*P. octonarius Yeltysheva in Yeltysheva & Sizova 1971 J78
  Preptopremnum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*P. rugosum Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Ramulicrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*R. multipartitus (Yeltysheva 1955) [=Pentagonopentagonalis multipartitus] J78
  Rhysocamax Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*R. cristata Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Salairocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*S. textus (Dubatolova 1964) [=Pentagonocyclicus textus] J78
  Scelidiopternix Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*S. norops Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Schyschcatocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*S. astericus (Shevchenko 1966) [=Pentagonocyclicus astericus] J78
  Scillus de Gregorio 1930 J78
    `--*S. pauper de Gregorio 1930 J78
  Sidericrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*S. depressus Stukalina 1968 J78
  Sokolovicrinus Yeltysheva 1968 J78
    `--*S. dnestrowensis Yeltysheva 1968 J78
  Sphenocrinus Eichwald 1856 J78
    `--*S. obtusus Eichwald 1856 J78
  Squameocrinus Stukalina 1968 J78
    `--*S. privus (Yeltysheva 1964) [=Pentagonopentagonalis privus] J78
  Stegocrinus Sieverts-Doreck 1962 J78
    `--*S. dohmi Sieverts-Doreck 1962 J78
  ‘Stenocrinus’ Dubatolova 1971 non Wachsmuth & Springer 1880 J78
    `--*S. bifurcatus Dubatolova 1971 J78
  Stiberostaurus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*S. aestimatus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Tebagacrinus Termier & Termier 1958 [incl. Coenocrinus Valette 1934 non Forbes 1852] J78
    `--*T. solignaci (Valette 1934) [=Coenocrinus solignaci] J78
  Tessarocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*T. fimbriatus (Dubatolova 1964) [=Tetragonocyclicus fimbriatus] J78
  Teratocrinus Wanner 1924 J78
    `--*T. spathulifer Wanner 1924 J78
  Tetragonocyclicus Yeltysheva ex Dubatolova 1964 J78
  Tetralobocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*T. perplexus (Dubatolova 1964) [=Tetragonocyclicus perplexus] J78
  Tetraptocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*T. permirus (Dubatolova 1964) [=Tetragonocyclicus permirus] J78
  Tetrastaurus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*T. nudus (Dubatolova 1964) [=Tetragonotetragonalis nudus] J78
  Tetraxonocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*T. indefinitus (Dubatolova 1967) [=Tetragonocyclicus indefinitus] J78
  Tjeecrinus Dubatolova 1975 J78
    `--*T. crassijugatus Dubatolova 1975 J78
  Tomeocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*T. observabilis (Dubatolova 1964) [=Pentagonocyclicus observabilis] J78
  Trigonocyclicus Yeltysheva in Yeltysheva & Stukalina 1963 J78
    `--*T. vajgatschensis Yeltysheva & Stukalina 1963 J78
  Trigonotrigonalis Yeltysheva ex Dubatolova & Shao 1959 J78
    `--*T. asymmetricus Dubatolova & Shao 1959 J78
  Trilobocrinus Dubatolova 1971 J78
    `--*T. acceptus (Dubatolova 1964) [=Trigonocyclicus acceptus] J78
  Trochita Hofer 1760 J78
  Trochites Bertrand 1763 J78
  Tschironocrinus Stukalina 1973 J78
    `--*T. tschironensis Stukalina 1973 J78
  Unilineatocrinus Dubatolova & Yeltysheva 1969 J78
    `--*U. unilineatus Yeltysheva & Dubatolova in Dubatolova & Yeltysheva 1969 J78
  Verticillopora Rezak 1959 J78
    `--*V. annualta Rezak 1959 J78
  Wanakastaurus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
    `--*W. delicatus Moore & Jeffords 1968 J78
  Xenobasis Faber 1929 J78
    `--*X. williamsi Faber 1929 J78
  Zeravschanocrinus Shevchenko 1966 [=Zerawschanocrinus (l. c.)] J78
    `--*Z. barbulatus Shevchenko 1966 J78
  Autunia Rusconi 1955 (n. d.) J78
  Ascarum de Gregorio 1930 (n. d.) J78
    `--*A. montanum de Gregorio 1930 J78
  Cladostoma Rafinesque 1819 (n. d.) J78
  Concretum de Gregorio 1930 (n. d.) J78
    `--*C. perplexum de Gregorio 1930 J78
  Cophinus Murchison 1839 (n. d.) J78
    `--*C. dubius Murchison 1839 J78
  Crisantum de Gregorio 1930 (n. d.) J78
    `--*C. stevensoni de Gregorio 1930 J78
  Cystoidosaccus Faber 1929 (n. d.) J78
  Encrinites Guettard 1761 (n. d.) J78
  Entrochites Titius 1767 (n. d.) J78
  Imperatoria de Gregorio 1930 (n. d.) J78
    `--*I. marconii de Gregorio 1930 J78
  Mestyrites Rafinesque 1819 (n. d.) J78
  Mirmus de Gregorio 1930 (n. d.) J78
    `--*M. ruptus de Gregorio 1930 J78
  Pentagonites Rafinesque 1819 (n. d.) J78
  Stephanocrinidae ML78
  Hemistreptocrinida ML78
  Passalocrinus Peck 1936 ML78
    `--*P. triangularis Peck 1936 ML78
  Timorocidaris sphaeracantha U78
  Hasseltides primigenius (Weyenbergh 1869) GD05
  Phialocrinus Eichwald 1856 J78
    `--*P. impressus Eichwald 1856 J78
  Colpodecrinus quadrifidus A96

Nomen nudum: Kasachstanocrinus pentamerus J78

Anomalocrinus Meek & Worthen 1865 [incl. Ataxiacrinus Lyon 1869, Ataxocrinus Bather in Lankester 1900] ML78

*Bystrowicrinus quinquelobatus (Yeltysheva in Yeltysheva & Stukalina 1963) [=Pentagonopentagonalis quinquelobatus] J78

Crinoidea [Actinoidea, Asterencrinidae, Brachiatoidea, Cionacineti, Crinozoa, Encrines, Eucrinoidea, Hyocrinites, Inadunata, Merocrinites, Palaeocrinoidea, Paleocrinoidea, Pentacrinoidea, Pinnastella, Pinnigrada, Stilastritidae, Stylasteritae, Stylastritae, Symbathrocrinites, Tessellata]

Disparida [Disparata, Haplocrinacea, Heterocrinites, Larvata, Larviformia, Monocyclica, Myelodactyloidea, Symbathrocrinites, Triacrinites, Turbata, Vosekocrinidae] A98

Lysocystites Miller 1889 [=Echinocystites Hall 1864 non Wyville Thomson 1861, Echinocystis Haeckel 1896, Lysocystis Bather 1897, Scolocystis Gregory 1897; incl. Aethocystites Miller 1892, Aethocystis Bather 1900] U67

*Lysocystites nodosus (Hall 1864) [=*Echinocystites nodosus, *Echinocystis nodosus, *Lysocystis nodosus, *Scolocystis nodosus] U67

Tetragonotetragonalis Yeltysheva in Yeltysheva & Stukalina 1963 [=Dwortsowaecrinus Stukalina in Stukalina & Tuyutyan 1967, Dworzowicrinus Stukalina 1965 (n. n.)] J78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A78] Anon. 1978. Unassigned taxa. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 3 p. T928. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[A96] Ausich, W. I. 1996. Crinoid plate circlet homologies. Journal of Paleontology 70: 955–964.

[A98] Ausich, W. I. 1998. Early phylogeny and subclass division of the Crinoidea (phylum Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology 72 (3): 499–510.

[GD05] Giribet, G., & J. A. Dunlop. 2005. First identifiable Mesozoic harvestman (Opiliones: Dyspnoi) from Cretaceous Burmese amber. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 272: 1007–1013.

[J18] Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 1–128.

[J78] Jeffords, R. M. 1978. Dissociated crinoid skeletal elements. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 3 pp. T928–T937. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[ML78] Moore, R. C., N. G. Lane, H. L. Strimple, J. Sprinkle & R. O. Fay. 1978. Inadunata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T520–T759. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U67] Ubaghs, G. 1967. Eocrinoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa—Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) vol. 2 pp. S455–S495. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Ubaghs, G. 1969. Aethocrinus moorei Ubaghs, n. gen., n. sp., le plus ancien crinoide dicyclique connu. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 38: 1–25.

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T58–T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Classification of the echinoderms. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea (R. C. Moore & C. Teichert, eds) vol. 1 p. T359-T367. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[WR78] Wienberg Rasmussen, H. 1978. Articulata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 3 pp. T813–T927. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).