Ixobrychus

Little bittern Ixobrychus minutus, copyright Luc Hoogenstein.

Belongs within: Ardeidae.

The genus Ixobrychus is generally recognised as including the smaller bitterns, relatively short-necked, stout members of the heron family. However, recent phylogenetic analyses (e.g. Jetz et al. 2012) suggest that the larger bitterns of the genus Botaurus may also be nested within the clade formed by the Ixobrychus species. The smaller bitterns are often more boldly coloured than the Botaurus species which are uniformly streaked brown.

<==Ixobrychus Billberg 1828 [=Ardetta Gray 1842; incl. Ardeola Bonaparte 1852 non Boie 1822, Nannocnus Stejneger 1887] CC10
    |  i. s.: I. novaezelandiae (Purdie 1871) [=Ardeola novaezelandiae, I. minutus novaezelandiae] CC10
    |         I. sturmii JT12
    |--I. involucris BKB15
    `--+--+--I. exilis (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CS77 [=Ardea exilis CS77, *Ardeola exilis CC10]
       |  |    |--I. e. exilis E52
       |  |    `--I. e. erythromelas E52
       |  `--Botaurus Stephens in Shaw 1819 BKB15, CC10 [Botaurini]
       |       |  i. s.: B. poiciloptilus (Wagler 1827) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |       |--*B. stellaris (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, M02 (see below for synonymy)
       |       |    |--B. s. stellaris [incl. B. stellaris orientalis Buturlin 1908] CS77
       |       |    `--B. s. capensis (Schlegel 1863) CS77
       |       `--+--B. lentiginosus Montagu 1813 BKB15, CS77 [=Ardea lentiginosa CS77]
       |          `--B. pinnatus BKB15
       `--+--I. eurhythmus (Swinhoe 1873) BKB15, CS77 [=Ardetta eurhythma CC10, *Nannocnus eurhythmus CC10]
          |--+--*I. minutus (Linnaeus 1766) CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=Ardea minuta CC10, *Ardetta minuta CC10]
          |  |    |--I. m. minutus CC10
          |  |    |--‘Ardea’ m. australis [incl. Ardeola podiceps] S66
          |  |    |--I. m. dubius Mathews 1912 (see below for synonymy) CC10
          |  |    `--I. m. payesii (Hartlaub 1858) CS77
          |  `--I. sinensis BKB15
          `--+--I. cinnamomeus BKB15
             `--I. flavicollis (Latham 1790) BKB15, CC10 [=Ardea flavicollis WS48, Dupetor flavicollis CC10]
                  |--I. f. flavicollis WS48
                  `--‘Dupetor’ f. gouldi (Bonaparte 1855) (see below for synonymy) WS48

Botaurus poiciloptilus (Wagler 1827) CC10 [=Ardea poiciloptila CC10, Ardea poeciloptera Finsch 1870 CC10, A. poiceloptera Hutton 1871 CC10, Botaurus poecilopterus CC10, B. poeciloptilus CC10, B. stellaris poiciloptilus CC10; incl. B. australis Gould 1848 CC10, B. poiciloptilus maorianus Iredale & Mathews 1926 CC10, B. poiciloptilus mathewsi Hachisuka 1931 CC10, B. melanotus Gray in Dieffenbach 1843 non Brehm 1842 CC10, B. poiciloptilus melanotus CC10, B. poiciloptilus westraliensis Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, M02 [=Ardea stellaris CC10; incl. Nycticorax fenensis Friant 1950 M02]

‘Dupetor’ flavicollis gouldi (Bonaparte 1855) [=Ardetta gouldi; incl. Ardeiralla flavicollis disneyi Mathews 1912] WS48

Ixobrychus minutus dubius Mathews 1912 [incl. I. minutus alisteri Mathews 1913, Ardea pusilla Vieillot 1817 non Statius Müller 1776, Ardetta pusilla, Ixobrychus minutus queenslandicus Mathews 1914, I. minutus victoria Mathews 1915] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[E52] Eisenmann, E. 1952. Annotated list of birds of Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117 (5): 1–62.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 1 December 2021.

Odontophoridae

Northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus, copyright Tim.

Belongs within: Phasiani.

The Odontophoridae, New World quails, are a group of smaller gamebirds found in North and South America characterised by lacking spurs on the legs and possessing a single serration or tooth on the cutting edge of the upper bill.

<==Odontophoridae [Callipeplinae, Odontophorinae, Ortyginae] JT12
    |--Cyrtonyx JT12
    |    |--C. montezumae JT12
    |    |    |--C. m. montezumae L81
    |    |    |--C. m. mearnsi L81
    |    |    `--C. m. merriami USDI77
    |    `--C. ocellatus JT12
    `--+--Oreortyx pictus (Douglas 1829) JT12, CC10 [=Ortyx picta CC10, Oregon pictus CC10, Oreortyx picta CC10]
       |    |--O. p. pictus L81
       |    |--O. p. confinis RN72
       |    |--O. p. palmeri L81
       |    `--O. p. russelli RN72
       `--+--Callipepla Wagler 1832 JT12, B94 [incl. Lophortyx Bonaparte 1838 CC10]
          |    |--C. squamata BKB15 [incl. *C. strenua CC10]
          |    |    |--C. s. squamata L81
          |    |    |--C. s. castanogastris L81
          |    |    `--C. s. pallida L81
          |    `--+--C. douglasii BKB15 [=Lophortyx douglasii RN72]
          |       |    |--C. d. douglasii RN72
          |       |    `--‘Lophortyx’ d. bensoni RN72
          |       `--+--C. californica (Shaw in Shaw & Nodder 1798) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |          |    |--C. c. californica CC10
          |          |    |--C. c. brunnescens (Ridgway 1884) [=Lophortyx californica brunnescens] CC10
          |          |    |--‘Lophortyx’ c. catalinensis L81
          |          |    `--‘Lophortyx’ c. plumbeus L81
          |          `--C. gambelii BKB15 [=Lophortyx gambelii MW04]
          `--Colinus Goldfuss 1820 JT12, B94 [incl. Ortyx Stephens 1819 B94]
               |--C. cristatus JT12
               |    |--C. c. cristatus PP62
               |    |--C. c. parvicristatus (Gould 1843) [=Ortyx parvicristatus] PP62
               |    `--C. c. sonnini PP62
               |--C. leucopogon JT12
               |--C. nigrogularis JT12
               `--C. virginianus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Tetrao virginianus, Ortyx virginanus (l. c.), O. virginiana] CC10
                    |--C. v. virginianus CC10
                    |--C. v. cubanensis L81
                    |--C. v. floridanus L81
                    |--C. v. ridgwayi L81
                    |--C. v. taylori Lincoln 1915 CC10
                    `--C. v. texanus L81

Odontophoridae incertae sedis:
  Odontophorus Vieillot 1816 B94
    |--O. atrifrons JT12
    |--O. balliviani JT12
    |--O. capueira JT12
    |--O. columbianus JT12
    |--O. dialeucos JT12
    |--O. erythrops JT12
    |--O. gujanensis JT12
    |    |--O. g. gujanensis S18
    |    `--O. g. marmoratus S18
    |--O. guttatus JT12
    |--O. hyperythrus JT12
    |--O. leucolaemus JT12
    |--O. melanonotus JT12
    |--O. melanotis JT12
    |--O. speciosus JT12
    |--O. stellatus JT12
    `--O. strophium JT12
  Philortyx fasciatus JT12
  Rhynchortyx cinctus JT12
  Dendrortyx JT12
    |--D. barbatus JT12
    |--D. leucophrys JT12
    `--D. macroura JT12
  Dactylortyx thoracicus JT12
  Nanortyx inexpectatus Weigel 1963 M09

Callipepla californica (Shaw in Shaw & Nodder 1798) BKB15, CC10 [=Tetrao californicus CC10, *Lophortyx californica CC10, Ortyx californica CC10, O. californicus CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[MW04] Mayr, G., & I. Weidig. 2004. The Early Eocene bird Gallinuloides wyomingensis—a stem group representative of Galliformes. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2): 211–217.

[PP62] Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. 1962. Two new subspecies of birds from Venezuela, the rufous phase of Pauxi pauxi, and other notes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 199–204.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. Blandford Press: London.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

Mergini

Male (facing left) and female red-breasted mergansers Mergus serrator, copyright Mykola Swarnyk.

Belongs within: Anatinae.

The Mergini are a group of ducks primarily found in marine habitats. They are mostly found in temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere with the exception of the Brazilian merganser Mergus octosetaceus and the recently extinct New Zealand merganser M. australis. The mergansers of the genus Mergus have long, slender bills with a hooked tip and serrated edges, adapted for catching fish. The eiders of the genera Polysticta and Somateria, sometimes treated as a distinct tribe Somateriini, are found around the Arctic Ocean and are known for the dense down (eiderdown) they use for lining their nests.

<==Mergini [Merganserinae, Mergidia, Merginae]
    |  i. s.: Camptorhynchus labradorius CS77, CG99
    |--+--Clangula Leach 1819 BKB15, M02 [incl. Harelda Stephens 1824 B94; Clangulinae, Hareldinae]
    |  |    |--‘Harelda’ glacialis D56
    |  |    `--C. hyemalis (Linnaeus 1758) [=Anas hyemalis] CS77
    |  `--+--+--Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CS77 (see below for synonymy)
    |     |  `--Thambetochenini PJ02
    |     |       |--Chelychelynechen quassus PJ02
    |     |       |--Ptaiochen pau SC99
    |     |       `--Thambetochen BKB15
    |     |            |--T. chauliodous BKB15
    |     |            `--T. xanion SC99
    |     `--Somateriini [Somateriinae] CS77
    |          |--Polysticta Eyton 1836 BKB15, B94 [incl. Macropodus Nuttall 1834 B94]
    |          |    `--P. stelleri (Pallas 1769) [=Anas stelleri] CS77
    |          `--Somateria Leach 1819 BKB15, M02
    |               |  i. s.: S. stelleri RN72
    |               |--S. fischeri (Brandt 1847) BKB15, CS77 [=Fuligula fischeri CS77]
    |               `--+--S. mollissima (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, M02 (see below for synonymy)
    |                  |    |--S. m. mollissima CS77
    |                  |    |--S. m. borealis (Brehm 1824) CS77
    |                  |    |--S. m. dresseri Sharpe 1871 CS77
    |                  |    |--S. m. faeroeensis Brehm 1831 CS77
    |                  |    |--S. m. sedentaria Snyder 1941 CS77
    |                  |    `--S. m. v-nigrum Bonaparte 1855 CS77
    |                  `--S. spectabilis (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CS77 [=Anas spectabilis CS77]
    `--+--Melanitta Boie 1822 BKB15, M02 [incl. Oidemia Flemming 1822 B94; Melanittinae, Oidemiinae]
       |    |--M. nigra (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, M02 [=Anas nigra M02]
       |    |    |--M. n. nigra CS77
       |    |    `--M. n. americana (Swainson 1832) CS77
       |    `--+--M. fusca (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CS77 [=Anas fusca CS77, Oedemia fusca J63]
       |       |    |--M. f. fusca CS77
       |       |    |--M. f. deglandi (Bonaparte 1850) CS77
       |       |    |--M. f. dixoni RN72
       |       |    `--M. f. stejnegeri (Ridgway 1887) CS77
       |       `--M. perspicillata (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CS77 [=Anas perspicillata CS77]
       `--+--Bucephala Baird 1858 BKB15, M02 [incl. Glaucionetta Stejneger 1885 B94; Glaucionettinae]
          |    |  i. s.: B. cereti Boeuf & Mourer-Chauviré 1992 M02
          |    |         B. ossivallis FP64
          |    |--B. albeola (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CS77 [=Anas albeola CS77]
          |    `--+--B. clangula (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, M02 (see below for synonymy)
          |       |    |--B. c. clangula CS77
          |       |    `--B. c. americana (Bonaparte 1838) CS77
          |       `--B. islandica (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CS77 [=Anas islandica CS77]
          `--+--Mergellus Selby 1840 BKB15, M02
             |    `--M. albellus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Mergus albellus] M02
             `--+--Lophodytes cucullatus BKB15
                `--Mergus Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                     |  i. s.: M. australis Hombron & Jacquinot 1841 [=Merganser australis, *Promergus australis] CC10
                     |         M. connectens Jánossy 1972 M02
                     |         M. cucullatus Linnaeus 1758 CS77
                     |         M. minutus Linnaeus 1758 L58
                     |         M. octosetaceus JT12
                     |--M. serrator Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, M02 (see below for synonymy)
                     `--+--M. merganser Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, M02
                        |    |--M. m. merganser CS77
                        |    |--M. m. americanus Cassin 1852 CS77
                        |    `--M. m. comatus (Salvadori 1895) CS77
                        `--M. squamatus Gould 1864 BKB15, I92

Bucephala clangula (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, M02 [=Anas clangula M02, Glaucionetta clangula D56; incl. B. angustipes Jánossy 1965 M02]

Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CS77 [=Anas histrionica CS77; incl. H. histrionicus pacificus Brooks 1915 CS77]

Mergus Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 [=Merganser Brisson 1760 CC10; incl. Promergus Mathews & Iredale 1913 CC10]

Mergus serrator Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, M02 [incl. *Mergus castor CC10, *Merganser castor CC10, Mergus serrator schioleri CS77]

Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, M02 [=Anas mollissima M02; incl. S. gravipes Harrison 1979 M02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CG99] Carlton, J. T., J. B. Geller, M. L. Reaka-Kudla & E. A. Norse. 1999. Historical extinctions in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 315–338.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[J63] Jánossy, D. 1963. Letztinterglaziale Vertebraten-Fauna aus der Kálmán Lambrecht-Höhle (Bükk-Gebirge, nordost-Ungarn) I. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 9 (3–4): 293–331.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[PJ02] Paxinos, E. E., H. F. James, S. L. Olson, M. D. Sorenson, J. Jackson & R. C. Fleischer. 2002. mtDNA from fossils reveals a radiation of Hawaiian geese recently derived from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99: 1399–1404.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. Blandford Press: London.

[SC99] Sorenson, M. D., A. Cooper, E. E. Paxinos, T. W. Quinn, H. F. James, S. L. Olson & R. C. Fleischer. 1999. Relationships of the extinct moa-nalos, flightless Hawaiian waterfowl, based on ancient DNA. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 266: 2187–2193.

Last updated: 27 November 2021.

Galliformes

Orange-footed scrubfowls Megapodius reinwardt, copyright Andrea Arbogast.

Belongs within: Galloanseres.
Contains: Cracidae, Phasiani.

The Galliformes, gamebirds, are a cosmopolitan group of heavy-bodied, largely terrestrial birds with short, rounded wings adapted for rapid bursts of flight; walking is commonly the preferred means of locomotion. Members of the galliform crown group are united by possession of a shallow cotyla scapularis on the coracoid (Mayr & Weidig 2004).

Galliformes [Craci, Cracoidea, Galli]
    |--Sylviornis [Sylviornithes, Sylviornithidae] WD17
    |    `--S. neocaledoniae Poplin 1980 WD17
    `--+--Megavitiornis Worthy 2000 WD17, W00
       |    `--*M. altirostris Worthy 2000 W00
       `--+--+--Cracidae MW04
          |  `--Phasiani MW04
          `--Megapodiidae MW04
               |  i. s.: Chosornis praeteritus FP64
               |         Progura gallinacea De Vis 1889 W00, U93 [incl. P. naracoortensis van Tets 1974 W00]
               |         Ngawupodius minya Boles & Ivison 1999 M09
               |         Mwalau WD17
               |--+--Talegalla Lesson 1828 WD17, B94 [Talegallidae]
               |  |    |--T. cuvieri JT12
               |  |    |--T. fuscirostris W00
               |  |    `--T. jobiensis W00
               |  `--+--Leipoa Gould 1840 WD17, B94 [Leipoidae]
               |     |    `--L. ocellata Gould 1840 WS48
               |     `--+--Aepypodius BKB15
               |        |    |--A. arfakianus W00
               |        |    `--A. bruijnii JT12
               |        `--Alectura Latham 1824 WD17, B94 (see below for synonymy)
               |             `--A. lathami Gray 1831 [=Catheturus lathami, Tallegallus lathami] CC10
               |                  |--A. l. lathami PT03
               |                  `--A. l. purpureicollis PT03
               `--+--Macrocephalon Müller 1846 WD17, B94 [Macrocephalidae]
                  |    `--M. maleo W00
                  `--+--Eulipoa wallacei WD17
                     `--Megapodius Gaimard 1823 WD17, B94
                          |  i. s.: M. alimentum Steadman 1989 W00
                          |         M. amissus Worthy 2000 W00
                          |         M. bernsteinii JT12
                          |         M. geelvinkianus JT12
                          |         M. laperouse W00
                          |           |--M. l. laperouse FP64
                          |           `--M. l. senex FP64
                          |         M. molistructor W00
                          |         M. nicobariensis JT12
                          |--M. wallacei BKB15
                          `--+--+--M. cumingii JT12
                             |  |    |--M. c. cumingii R02
                             |  |    `--M. c. sanghirensis R02
                             |  `--M. tenimberensis JT12
                             `--+--+--M. layardi JT12
                                |  `--M. pritchardii JT12
                                `--+--+--M. eremita BKB15
                                   |  `--M. reinwardt BKB15
                                   `--+--M. affinis BKB15
                                      `--+--M. forstenii BKB15
                                         `--M. freycinet Gaimard 1823 BKB15, C04
                                              |--M. f. freycinet WS48
                                              `--M. f. tumulus Gould 1842 WS48

Alectura Latham 1824 WD17, B94 [incl. Catheturus Swainson 1837 B94; Alecturidae, Catheturidae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[C04] Clarke, J. A. 2004. Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of Ichthyornis and Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 286: 1–179.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[MW04] Mayr, G., & I. Weidig. 2004. The Early Eocene bird Gallinuloides wyomingensis—a stem group representative of Galliformes. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2): 211–217.

[PT03] Prum, R. O., & R. Torres. 2003. Structural colouration of avian skin: Convergent evolution of coherently scattering dermal collagen arrays. Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 2409–2429.

[R02] Riley, J. 2002. Population sizes and the status of endemic and restricted-range bird species on Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Bird Conservation International 12: 53–78.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[W00] Worthy, T. H. 2000. The fossil megapodes (Aves: Megapodiidae) of Fiji with descriptions of a new genus and two new species. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 30 (4): 337–364.

[WD17] Worthy, T. H., F. J. Degrange, W. D. Handley & M. S. Y. Lee. 2017. The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres). Royal Society Open Science 4: 170975.

Meleagridinae

Female common turkey Meleagris gallopavo with chicks, copyright Kevin Cole.

Belongs within: Phasianidae.

The Meleagridinae, turkeys, are a small group of North American gamebirds with featherless heads and necks and a metallic gloss over much of the plumage. The common turkey Meleagris gallopavo is widely farmed as a source of meat.

<==Meleagridinae [Galloparinae, Gallopavoninae, Meleagrididae, Meleagridoidea] CC10
    |--Agriocharis ocellata L81
    |--Parapavo californicus FP64
    `--Meleagris Linnaeus 1758 CC10 [=Galloparus Chenu & des Murs 1854 B94, Gallopavo Brisson 1760 B94]
         |--*M. gallopavo Linnaeus 1758 CC10
         |    |--M. g. gallopavo L81
         |    |--M. g. intermedia L81
         |    |--M. g. merriami L81
         |    |--M. g. mexicana L81
         |    |--M. g. onusta RN72
         |    |--M. g. osceola RN72
         |    `--M. g. silvestris L81
         |--M. cristata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--M. leopoldi FP64
         |--M. ocellata ZJM03
         `--M. satyra Linnaeus 1758 L58

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461–484.

Lagopus

Willow grouse Lagopus lagopus, from the US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Belongs within: Tetraoninae.

Lagopus, the ptarmigans, is a genus of grouse found in boreal regions of Eurasia and North America, species of which change colour between grey or brown plumage in summer and largely white plumage in winter.

<==Lagopus Brisson 1760 [Lagopodinae] M02
    |  i. s.: L. atavus Janossy 1974 P04 [=L. lagopus atavus M02]
    |         L. scoticus (Latham 1789) CC10 [=Tetrao scoticus CC10, L. lagopus scoticus L81]
    |--L. leucura JT12
    `--+--L. lagopus (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, M02 (see below for synonymy)
       |    |--L. l. lagopus L81
       |    `--L. l. rossicus L81
       `--L. muta (Montin 1781) JT12, M02 [=Tetrao mutus M02; incl. L. mutus correzensis Mourer-Chauviré 1975 M02]
            |--L. m. muta WH02
            |--L. m. helveticus WH02
            `--L. m. japonicus Clark 1907 I92

Lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, M02 [=Tetrao lagopus M02; incl. L. medius Woldřich 1893 M02, L. lagopus noaillensis Mourer-Chauviré 1975 M02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica, 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403–491.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Mentha

Spear mint Mentha spicata, copyright Burschik.

Belongs within: Lamiaceae.

Mentha, the mints, is a primarily Holarctic genus of aromatic herbs, a number of which are cultivated for culinary use.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial from rhizomes, glabrous to hairy. Stems generally ascending to erect, generally branched. Leaf petioled to sessile, elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, toothed to lobed. Inflorescences axillary, each head-like and subtended by leaves, or collectively spike- or panicle-like and by bracts. Flower with calyx more or less radial, generally ten-veined, lobes equal or unequal; corolla more or less two-lipped, lips generally equal, upper lip notched, lower lip three-lobed; stamens 4, more or less equal, generally exserted; style lobes unequal.

<==Mentha Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--M. aquatica BR65
    |--M. arvensis [incl. M. arvensis var. villosa] H93
    |--M. australis BR65
    |--M. canadensis C55b
    |--M. cunninghamii Benth. in DC. 1848 [=Micromeria cunninghamii Benth. 1832; incl. Me. consimilis Colenso 1886] A61
    |--M. gracilis [incl. M. serpyllifolia] BR65
    |--M. × piperita [M. aquatica × M. spicata] BR65
    |--M. pulegium BR65
    |--M. rotundifolia [=M. spicata var. rotundifolia; incl. M. citrata] H93
    |--M. saturejoides BR65
    |--M. spicata HE80 [incl. M. viridis Linnaeus 1763 BR65]
    |    |--M. s. var. spicata H93
    |    |--M. s. var. longifolia H93
    |    `--M. ‘longifolia’ ssp. typhoides AGF98
    |--M. suaveolens H93
    `--M. sylvestris C55a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

Lophura

Swinhoe's pheasant Lophura swinhoii, copyright Nick Athanas.

Belongs within: Phasianidae.

Lophura is a genus of pheasants found in eastern Asia, males of which are strikingly coloured with long tails and extensive patches of bright, bare skin around the eyes.

<==Lophura
    |  i. s.: L. hoogerwerfi JT12
    |         L. imperialis USDI77
    |--+--L. erythrophthalma BKB15
    |  |    |--L. e. erythrophthalma RN72
    |  |    `--L. e. pyronota RN72
    |  `--+--L. diardi BKB15
    |     `--L. ignita BKB15
    |          |--L. i. ignita RN72
    |          |--L. i. macartneyisumatrana RN72
    |          |--L. i. nobilis RN72
    |          `--L. i. rufa RN72
    `--+--L. inornata BKB15
       `--+--L. bulweri BKB15 [=Lobiophasis bulweri RN72]
          `--+--+--L. leucomelanos JT12
             |  |    |--L. l. leucomelanos L81
             |  |    |--L. l. hamiltonii L81
             |  |    |--L. l. lathami RN72
             |  |    |--L. l. lineata RN72
             |  |    `--L. l. melanota RN72
             |  `--L. nycthemera (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |       |--L. n. nycthemera RN72
             |       |--L. n. annamensis RN72
             |       |--L. n. beaulieui RN72
             |       |--L. n. beli RN72
             |       |--L. n. berliozi RN72
             |       |--L. n. engelbachi RN72
             |       |--L. n. fokiensis RN72
             |       |--L. n. jonesi RN72
             |       |--L. n. lewisi RN72
             |       |--L. n. ripponi RN72
             |       |--L. n. rufipes RN72
             |       `--L. n. whiteheadi RN72
             `--+--L. swinhoii JT12
                `--+--L. edwardsi JT12
                   `--L. hatinhensis JT12

Lophura nycthemera (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CC10 [=Phasianus nycthemerus CC10, Gallophasis nycthemerus CC10, Gennaeus nycthemerus CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

Nepeta

Catnip Nepeta cataria, copyright Stefan Lefnaer.

Belongs within: Lamiaceae.

Nepeta, the catmints and catnips, is a Palaearctic genus of aromatic herbs and subshrubs whose vernacular names refer to the euphoric effect of some species on cats.

Characters (from Flora of China): Subshrubs or perennial or annual herbs, usually aromatic, occasionally gynomonoecious or gynodioecious. Verticillasters in spikes or opposite cymes in racemes or panicles; floral leaves bractlike; bracts narrow, shorter than to longer than flowers. Calyx (13-)15(-17)-veined, tubular or campanulate, slightly curved or straight, throat oblique or regular; limb 2-lipped or not; teeth 5, equal or unequal, subulate or narrowly lanceolate to oblong-triangular, apex acuminate to spiny-acuminate. Corolla 2-lipped; tube basally narrow, ± abruptly dilated into an ample throat; upper lip ± flat or concave, 2-lobed or emarginate; lower lip large, 3-lobed, with middle lobe larger, concave or ± flat, margin undulate or dentate; lateral lobes small, straight or reflexed, ovate to semicircular. Stamens 4, nearly parallel, glabrous, ascending under upper lip of corolla, posterior 2 longer than anterior, included or exserted, fertile; stamens of pistillate flowers rudimentary, included; anther cells 2, ellipsoid, divaricate, apex not confluent. Style exserted, apex subequally 2-cleft. Nutlets oblong-ovoid, ellipsoid, ovoid, or obovoid, adaxially slightly ribbed, smooth or warty.

<==Nepeta Linnaeus 1753 [incl. Pitardia Batt. ex Pit. 1918] HPR03
    |--‘Pitardia’ caerulescens HPR03
    |--N. cataria C55b
    |--N. ciliaris O88
    |--N. coerulescens O88
    |--N. discolor O88
    |--N. glechoma C55b
    |--‘Pitardia’ gracilis HPR03
    |--N. grandiflora V09
    |--N. graveolens C55a
    |--N. laevigata O88
    |--N. lamiopsis O88
    |--N. multifida Linnaeus 1753 DSA04
    |--N. nepetella C55a
    |--N. nepetoides (Batt.) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=*Pitardia nepetoides Batt. ex Pit. 1918] HPR03
    `--N. staintonii O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[DSA04] Dayrat, B., C. Schander & K. A. Angielczyk. 2004. Suggestions for a new species nomenclature. Taxon 53 (2): 485–491.

[HPR03] Harley, R. M., A. J. Paton & O. Ryding. 2003. New synonymy and taxonomic changes in the Labiatae. Kew Bulletin 58: 485–489.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Thymus

Common thyme Thymus vulgaris, copyright Henry Brisse.

Belongs within: Lamiaceae.

Thymus is a genus of aromatic subshrubs found in temperate regions of Eurasia and Africa, including the common thyme T. vulgaris and related species.

Characters (from Flora of China): Subshrubs with slender branches arising from usually short, sometimes stout, woody stems. Leaves entire or 1-3-serrulate. Verticillasters in dense capitula or spikes. Flowers pedicellate. Calyx tubular-campanulate to narrowly campanulate, 10-13-veined, 2-lipped, throat white hairy annulate; upper lip spreading or straight, 3-toothed, teeth triangular to lanceolate; lower lip 2-toothed, teeth subulate. Corolla tube included or exserted, 2-lipped; upper lip straight, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, lobes subequal or middle lobe longer. Stamens 4, separate; anterior 2 longer, exserted or included; anther cells 2, parallel or divaricate. Style apex 2-cleft; lobes subulate, equal or subequal. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth.

<==Thymus PL04
    |--T. angustifolius C55a
    |--T. atticus Čelak. 1882 PL04
    |--T. capitatus R-CT01
    |--T. ciliatus D95
    |--T. dalmaticus B28
    |--T. linearis O88
    |--T. mastichina F05
    |--T. pulegioides WH02
    |--T. serpyllum C55b
    |--T. teucrioides Boissier & Spruner 1844 PL04
    `--T. vulgaris C74

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[D95] Damerdji, A. 1995. Bio-écologie du peuplement des orthoptères de la région de Ghazaouet (Tlemcen, Algérie). Mésogée 54: 73–80.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[WH02] Wolfert, H. P., P. W. F. M. Hommel, A. H. Prins & M. H. Stern. 2002. The formation of natural levees as a disturbance process significant to the conservation of riverine pastures. Landscape Ecology 17 (Suppl. 1): 47–57.

Teucrium

Sticky germander Teucrium viscidum, copyright Hong Kong Herbarium.

Belongs within: Lamiaceae.

Teucrium, germanders, is a cosmopolitan genus of labiate herbs with a single lower corolla lip, the upper lip of most Lamiaceae being absent.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial, glabrous to short-hairy. Stems ascending to erect, branched or not. Leaves petioled, crenate to deeply lobed, lobes oblong. Flower with calyx more or less radial, ten-veined, five-lobed, lobes subequal; corolla one-lipped, tube split above, lip five-lobed, more or less flat, distal lobe much larger than lateral lobes, tip rounded, lateral lobe tips acute to obtuse; stamens 4, lower pair generally larger than upper; style lobes generally equal.

<==Teucrium
    `--T. sect. Isotriodon subsect. Pycnobotrys SP08
         |--T. japonicum SP08
         |--T. quadrifarium SP08
         |--T. scabrum Suddee & Paton 2008 SP08
         `--T. viscidum SP08

Teucrium incertae sedis:
  T. botrys C55b
  T. brevifolium PT98
  T. chamaedrys C55b
  T. corymbosum BR65
  T. cubense H93
    |--T. c. ssp. cubense H93
    `--T. c. ssp. depressum H93
  T. decaisnei AGF98
  T. divaricatum PT98
  T. fruticans P01
  T. glandulosum H93
  T. grandiusculum BR65
  T. integrifolium BR65
  T. marum BR65
  T. montanum C55a
  T. polium Linnaeus 1753 PL04
  T. racemosum BR65
    |--T. r. var. racemosum BR65
    |--T. r. var. triflorum BR65
    `--T. r. var. tripartitum BR65
  T. sessiliflorum BR65
  T. shanicum SP08
  T. tomentosum SP08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P01] Pennisi, E. 2001. Linnaeus’s last stand? Science 291: 2304–2307.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[SP08] Suddee, S., & A. Paton. 2008. Teucrium scabrum (Lamiaceae), a new species from Thailand. Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 675–678.

Orobanche

Branched broomrape Orobanche ramosa, copyright Gail Hampshire.

Belongs within: Orobanchaceae.
Contains: Orobanche section Orobanche.

Orobanche, broomrapes, is a diverse genus of holoparasitic plants found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere though some species have become widely distributed as pasture weeds.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial, generally glandular-puberulent above; root attachment sometimes tuber-like. Stem simple or branched. Inflorescence generally more or less spike-like (lower flowers often short-pedicelled or on short branches), generally dense; flowers generally >20; bracts generally lanceolate to deltate (wider on peduncle); bractlets 0 or 2. Flower with calyx lobes generally 4–5; corolla glandular-puberulent (hairs short and tack-shaped or long-stalked), generally lacking ring of hairs at stamen bases, upper lip erect to reflexed, generally two-lobed, lower lip three-lobed, spreading, yellow-lined; anthers glabrous to hairy; stigma lobes 2, spreading or peltate. Fruit two-valved; placentas generally 2 or 4, often lobed. Seed <0.7 mm.

<==Orobanche [Orobanchoideae]
    |  i. s.: O. australiana [=O. cernua var. australiana] BR65
    |         O. hydrocotylei Colenso 1889 A61
    |         O. oxyloba PT98
    |--+--O. sect. Orobanche SP04
    |  `--Diphelypaea SP04
    |       |--D. coccinea SP04
    |       `--D. tournefortii SP04
    `--+--O. sect. Trionychon [=Phelipanche] SP04
       |    |--O. aegyptiaca [incl. O. indica] SP04
       |    |--O. arenaria SP04
       |    |--O. bungeana SP04
       |    |--O. caesia [=Phelipanche caesia] SP04
       |    |--O. coelestis SP04
       |    |--O. graciosa SP04
       |    |--O. lavandulacea SP04
       |    |--O. mutelii [=O. ramosa ssp. mutelii] SP04
       |    |--O. nana [=O. ramosa ssp. nana] SP04
       |    |--O. nowackiana SP04
       |    |--O. olbiensis SP04
       |    |--O. pulchella SP04
       |    |--O. purpurea [=Phelipanche purpurea] SP04
       |    |    |--O. p. var. purpurea SP04 [=O. uniflora var. purpurea H93]
       |    |    `--O. p. var. bohemica SP04
       |    |--O. ramosa SP04
       |    |--O. rosmarina SP04
       |    `--O. tunetana SP04
       `--+--O. sect. Gymnocaulis [=Aphyllon] SP04
          |    |--O. fasciculata SP04 [=Thalesia fasciculata SP04; incl. O. fasciculata var. franciscana H93]
          |    `--O. uniflora SP04 [incl. O. uniflora var. minuta H93, O. uniflora var. sedi H93]
          |         |--O. u. ssp. uniflora SP04
          |         `--O. u. ssp. occidentalis SP04
          `--O. sect. Myzorrhiza SP04 [incl. O. sect. Nothaphyllon H93]
               |--O. bulbosa SP04
               |--O. californica SP04
               |    |--O. c. ssp. californica [incl. O. grayana var. nelsonii, O. grayana var. violacea] H93
               |    |--O. c. ssp. condensa SP04
               |    |--O. c. ssp. feudgei [=O. grayana var. feudgei] H93
               |    |--O. c. ssp. grandis SP04
               |    |--O. c. ssp. grayana SP04
               |    `--O. c. ssp. jepsonii [=O. grayana var. jepsonii] H93
               |--O. cooperi SP04 (see below for synonymy)
               |--O. corymbosa [=O. californica var. corymbosa] H93
               |    |--O. c. ssp. corymbosa SP04
               |    `--O. c. ssp. mutabilis Heckard in Taylor & MacBryde 1978 SP04
               |--O. ludoviciana [=Myzorrhiza ludoviciana] SP04
               |--O. parishii SP04
               |    |--O. p. ssp. parishii [=O. californica var. parishii] SP04
               |    `--O. p. ssp. brachyloba SP04
               |--O. pinorum SP04
               |--O. valida SP04
               |    |--O. v. ssp. valida SP04
               |    `--O. v. ssp. howellii SP04
               `--O. vallicola SP04

Orobanche cooperi SP04 [=O. ludoviciana var. cooperi SP04; incl. O. ludoviciana var. latiloba H93, O. multicaulis SP04]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: Flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[SP04] Schneeweiss, G. M., T. Palomeque, A. l. E. Colwell & H. Weiss-Schneeweiss. 2004. Chromosome numbers and karyotype evolution in holoparasitic Orobanche (Orobanchaceae) and related genera. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 439–448.

Orobanche section Orobanche

Orobanche minor, photographed by Thorogoodchris.

Belongs within: Orobanche.

The section Orobanche of the genus Orobanche is a group of broomrapes found in the Old World, members of which have a basic chromosome number of 19 (Schneeweiss et al. 2004).

<==Orobanche sect. Orobanche
    |  i. s.: O. alsatica SP04
    |           |--O. a. ssp. alsatica SP04
    |           |--O. a. ssp. libanotidis SP04
    |           `--O. a. ssp. mayeri SP04
    |         O. foetida SP04
    |         O. kashmirica SP04
    |         O. laserpitii-sileris SP04
    |         O. maritima SP04
    |         O. santolinae SP04
    |--O. macrolepis SP04
    `--+--+--O. anatolica SP04
       |  `--O. colorata SP04
       `--+--O. cernua SP04
          |    |--O. c. var. cernua SP04
          |    |--O. c. var. cumana SP04
          |    `--O. c. var. desertorum SP04
          `--+--O. coerulescens [incl. O. ammophila] SP04
             `--+--+--O. caryophyllacea SP04
                |  `--O. teucrii SP04
                `--+--O. lutea SP04 [=O. fasciculata var. lutea H93]
                   |--O. rapum-genistae SP04
                   |    |--O. r. ssp. rapum-genistae SP04
                   |    `--O. r. ssp. benthamii SP04
                   |--+--+--O. austrohispanica SP04
                   |  |  `--O. gracilis SP04
                   |  `--+--O. crinita SP04
                   |     `--O. densiflora SP04
                   `--+--+--O. raddeana SP04
                      |  `--+--O. grossheimii SP04
                      |     |--O. reticulata SP04
                      |     |    |--O. r. ssp. reticulata SP04
                      |     |    `--O. r. ssp. pallidiflora SP04
                      |     `--+--O. alba SP04
                      |        `--+--O. flava SP04
                      |           `--+--O. haenseleri SP04
                      |              `--+--O. lucorum SP04
                      |                 `--O. salviae SP04
                      `--+--O. bartlingii SP04
                         |--O. elatior SP04
                         `--+--O. sintenisii SP04
                            `--+--+--O. amethystea SP04
                               |  `--O. hederae SP04
                               `--+--O. artemisiae-campestris SP04
                                  |--O. crenata SP04
                                  |--O. minor Sutt. 1798 SP04, C06
                                  |--O. owerinii SP04
                                  |--O. picridis SP04
                                  |--O. pubescens SP04
                                  `--O. transcaucasica SP04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[SP04] Schneeweiss, G. M., T. Palomeque, A. l. E. Colwell & H. Weiss-Schneeweiss. 2004. Chromosome numbers and karyotype evolution in holoparasitic Orobanche (Orobanchaceae) and related genera. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 439–448.