Travunioidea

Sclerobunus nondimorphicus, copyright Marshal Hedin.

Belongs within: Laniatores.
Contains: Cladonychiidae, Metanonychus.

The Travunioidea are a group of Holarctic laniatorean harvestmen characterised by male genitalia in which the expansive muscles tend to be restricted to the base of the truncus, often associated with a simplification of the glans (Derkarabetian et al. 2018).

Travunioidea [Travunoidea]
    |--Travuniidae [Travuniinae] DS18
    |    |--Dinaria Roewer 1935 KM07
    |    |    `--*D. vjetrenicae (Hadži 1932) [=Travunia vjetrenicae] KM07
    |    |--Trojanella Karaman 2005 DS18
    |    |    `--T. serbica Karaman 2005 KMS14
    |    `--Travunia Absolon 1920 [=Absolonia Roewer 1915 non Börner 1901, Abasola Strand 1928] KM07
    |         |--T. troglodytes (Roewer 1915) KMS14 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--T. borisi (Hadži 1973) KMS14 [=Abasola borisi K07]
    |         |--T. hofferi (Šilhavý 1937) KMS14 [=Abasola hofferi KM07]
    |         `--T. jandai Kratochvíl 1937 KMS14
    `--+--Yuria Suzuki 1964 DS18, KM07
       |    `--Y. pulcra Suzuki 1964 KMS14
       |         |--Y. p. pulcra KMS14
       |         `--Y. p. briggsi Suzuki 1975 KMS14
       |--Cladonychiidae DS18
       `--+--Cryptomastridae DS18
          |    |--Cryptomaster Briggs 1969 UD05
          |    |    |--*C. leviathan Briggs 1969 K03
          |    |    `--C. behemoth Starrett & Derkarabetian 2016 DS18
          |    `--Speleomaster Briggs 1974 DS18
          |         |--*S. lexi Briggs 1974 K03
          |         `--S. pecki Briggs 1974 KMS14
          `--Paranonychidae (see below for synonymy) DS18
               |--Paranonychus Briggs 1971 DS18, K03
               |    |--*P. brunneus (Banks 1893) K03 (see below for synonymy)
               |    |--P. concolor Briggs 1971 K03
               |    `--P. fuscus (Suzuki 1976) [=Mutsunonychus fuscus] DS18
               `--+--+--Metanonychus DS18
                  |  `--Sclerobunus Banks 1893 DS18, K03 (see below for synonymy)
                  |       |  i. s.: S. jemez Derkarabetian & Hedin 2014 KMS14
                  |       |--+--S. idahoensis Briggs 1971 [=S. robustus idahoensis] DH14
                  |       |  `--S. nondimorphicus Briggs 1971 DH14
                  |       `--+--+--S. cavicolens (Banks 1905) (see below for synonymy) DH14
                  |          |  `--+--S. madhousensis (Briggs 1971) (see below for synonymy) DH14
                  |          |     `--S. ungulatus (Briggs 1971) [=Cyptobunus ungulatus] DH14
                  |          `--+--+--S. speoventus Derkarabetian & Hedin 2014 DH14
                  |             |  `--S. steinmanni Derkarabetian & Hedin 2014 DH14
                  |             `--+--*S. robustus (Packard 1877) (see below for synonymy) DH14
                  |                `--+--S. skywalkeri Derkarabetian & Hedin 2014 DH14
                  |                   `--+--S. glorietus Briggs 1971 [=S. robustus glorietus] DH14
                  |                      `--S. klomax Derkarabetian & Hedin 2014 DH14
                  `--+--+--Kaolinonychus Suzuki 1975 DS18, S75
                     |  |    `--*K. coreanus (Suzuki 1966) [=Peltonychia coreana] S75
                     |  |         |--K. c. coreanus S75
                     |  |         `--K. c. longipes (Suzuki 1966) [=Peltonychia coreana longipes] S75
                     |  `--Metanippononychus Suzuki 1975 DS18, S75
                     |       |  i. s.: M. daisenensis Suzuki 1975 S75
                     |       |         M. iyanus Suzuki 1975 S75
                     |       |--M. iriei Suzuki 1975 DS18, S75
                     |       |    |--M. i. iriei S75
                     |       |    `--M. i. yakuensis Suzuki 1975 S75
                     |       `--+--*M. tomishimai Suzuki 1975 S75, DS18, S75
                     |          |    |--M. t. tomishimai S75
                     |          |    `--M. t. awanus Suzuki 1975 S75
                     |          `--Nippononychus Suzuki 1975 DS18, S75
                     |               `--*N. japonicus (Miyoshi 1957) S75, KMS14 [=Peltonychia japonica S75]
                     `--+--Zuma Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 DS18, K03
                        |    |--*Z. acuta Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 [=Z. acuba (l. c.)] K03
                        |    `--Z. tioga Briggs 1971 K03
                        `--+--Kainonychus Suzuki 1975 DS18, S75
                           |    `--*K. akamai (Suzuki 1972) [=Peltonychia akamai] S75
                           |         |--K. a. akamai S75
                           |         `--K. a. esoensis Suzuki 1975 S75
                            `--Izunonychus Suzuki 1975 DS18, S75
                                 `--*I. ohruii Suzuki 1975 S75

Paranonychidae [Kaolinonychinae, Nippononychidae, Nippononychinae, Paranonychinae, Paranychinae, Sclerobunidae, Sclerobuninae] DS18

*Paranonychus brunneus (Banks 1893) K03 [=Sclerobunus brunneus K03; incl. S. parvus Roewer 1931 BH09]

Sclerobunus Banks 1893 DS18, K03 [incl. Cyptobunus Banks 1905 K03, Cryptobunus (l. c.) non Lawrence 1931 K03]

Sclerobunus cavicolens (Banks 1905) [=*Cyptobunus cavicolus, Cyp. cavicolens, Cytobunus (l. c.) cavicolens] DH14

Sclerobunus madhousensis (Briggs 1971) [=Cyptobunus ungulatus madhousensis, Cryptobunus (l. c.) ungulatus madhousensis, Cytobunus (l. c.) ungulatus madhousensis] DH14

*Sclerobunus robustus (Packard 1877) [=Scotolemon robustum, Phalangodes robusta, P. robustus] DH14

Travunia troglodytes (Roewer 1915) KMS14 [=*Absolonia troglodytes KM07, *Abasola troglodytes KM07, Scotolemon anophthalmum Absolon 1916 (n. n.) KM07, *Travunia anophthalma Absolon 1920 KM07]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BH09] Bragg, P. D., & R. G. Holmberg. 2009. The harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) of British Columbia. J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 106: 29–37.

[DH14] Derkarabetian, S., & M. Hedin. 2014. Integrative taxonomy and species delimitation in harvestmen: a revision of the western North American genus Sclerobunus (Opiliones: Laniatores: Travunioidea). PLoS One 9 (8): e104982.

[DS18] Derkarabetian, S., J. Starrett, N. Tsurusaki, D. Ubick, S. Castillo & M. Hedin. 2018. A stable phylogenomic classification of Travunioidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores) based on sequence capture of ultraconserved elements. ZooKeys 760: 1–36.

[K03] Kury, A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, volumen especial monográfico 1: 1–337.

[K07] Kury, A. B. 2007. Travuniidae Absolon and Kratochvíl, 1932. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 237–239. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[KM07] Kury, A. B., & A. C. Mendes. 2007. Taxonomic status of the European genera of Travuniidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Munis Entomology & Zoology 2 (1): 1–14.

[KMS14] Kury, A. B., A. C. Mendes & D. R. Souza. 2014. World checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 1: Laniatores—Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea. Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e4094.

[S75] Suzuki, S. 1975. The harvestmen of family Triaenonychidae in Japan and Korea (Travunoidea, Opiliones, Arachnida). Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology) 26: 65–101.

[UD05] Ubick, D., & J. A. Dunlop. 2005. On the placement of the Baltic amber harvestman Gonyleptes nemastomoides Koch & Berendt, 1854, with notes on the phylogeny of Cladonychiidae (Opiliones, Laniatores, Travunioidea). Mitteilungen Museum für Naturkunde, Geowissenschaftlichen Reihe 8: 75–82.