Scyphozoa

Helmet jelly Periphylla periphylla, copyright Erling Svensen.

Belongs within: Medusozoa.
Contains: Ulmaridae.

The Scyphozoa are a group of cnidarians including the typical jellyfish and related taxa, united by the presence of polydisc strobilation in metamorphosing polyps (further modified in some rhizostomes), rhopalia and ephyrae. Most scyphozoans have a life-cycle alternating between a sexually reproducing planktonic medusa and an asexually reproducing benthic polyp (Daly et al. 2007).

Scyphozoa
    |  i. s.: Stylocoronella Salvini-Plawen 1966 CS-P86
    |           |--S. riedli Salvini-Plawen 1966 CS-P86
    |           `--S. variabilis Salvini-Plawen 1984 CS-P86
    |         Phacellophora ornata B26
    |         Dactylometra quinquecirrha B26
    |         Brachina Wade 1972 G79
    |           `--*B. delicata Wade 1972 G79
    |--Coronatae [Cannostomae] W79
    |    |  i. s.: Palephyra primigenia H04
    |    |         Zonephyra zonaria H04
    |    |         Strobila Sars 1829 H04, BR05
    |    |           `--S. monodisca H04
    |    |         Nauphanta challengeri H04
    |    |--Linuchidae W79
    |    |    |--Linuche unguiculata (Schwartz 1788) [incl. Stephanoscyphus komaii Leloup 1937] W79
    |    |    `--Linantha lunulata DB07, H04
    |    |--Nausithoidae W79
    |    |    |--Nausithoe W79
    |    |    |    |--N. punctata Kölliker 1853 [incl. Stephanoscyphus mirabilis Allman 1874] W79
    |    |    |    `--N. sorbei Jarms, Tiemann & Prados 2003 F05
    |    |    `--Stephanoscyphus Allman 1874 W79
    |    |         |--S. allmani Kirkpatrick 1890 W79
    |    |         |--S. corniformis Komai 1936 W79
    |    |         |--S. racemosus Komai 1936 W79
    |    |         `--S. simplex Kirkpatrick 1890 [incl. S. bianconis, S. sibogae, S. striatus] W79
    |    |--Atolla H04 [Atollidae DB07]
    |    |    |--A. vanhoeffeni DM01
    |    |    `--A. wyvillei DM01
    |    |--Atorellidae DB07
    |    |--Paraphyllinidae DB07
    |    `--Periphylla DM01 [Periphyllidae DB07, Peromedusae]
    |         |--*P. periphylla DM01
    |         |--P. hyacinthina [=Charybdea hyacinthina] B26
    |         |--P. mirabilis H04
    |         `--P. peronii H04
    `--Discomedusae DB07
         |--Rhizostomeae W79
         |    |  i. s.: Pilema giltschii H04
         |    |         Brachiolophus collaris H04
         |    |         Cannorrhiza connexa H04
         |    |         Rhopilema H04
         |    |           |--R. frida H04
         |    |           `--R. hispidum BK77
         |    |         Toreuma H04
         |    |           |--T. bellagemma H04
         |    |           `--T. thamnostoma H04
         |    |--Kolpophorae DB07
         |    |    |--Cassiopea W79 [Cassiopeidae DB07]
         |    |    |    |--C. andromeda W79
         |    |    |    `--C. cyclobalia H04
         |    |    |--Mastigias MH96 [Mastigiidae DB07]
         |    |    |    `--M. quinquecirrha MH96
         |    |    |--Thysanostomatidae DB07
         |    |    `--Versurigidae DB07
         |    `--Daktyliophorae DB07
         |         |--Lychnorhizidae DB07
         |         |--Catostylus G75 [Catostylidae DB07]
         |         |    `--C. mosaicus G75
         |         |--Lobonematidae DB07
         |         |--Rhizostomatidae DB07
         |         `--Stomolophus DM01 [Stomolophidae DB07]
         |              `--S. meleagris DM01
         `--Semaeostomeae RM04
              |  i. s.: Desmonema annasethe H04
              |         Floscula promethea H04
              |         Chrysaora H04
              |           |--C. mediterranea H04
              |           `--C. quinquecirrha CH97
              |         Floresca parthenia H04
              |         Drymonema victoria H04
              |         Procyanea protosema H04
              |--Ulmaridae RM04
              |--Cyanea DM01 [Cyaneidae DB07]
              |    `--C. capillata DM01 (see below for synonymy)
              `--Pelagia H04 [Pelagiidae DB07]
                   |--P. cyanella B26
                   |--P. noctiluca (Forsskål 1775) P79
                   `--P. perla H04

Cyanea capillata DM01 [incl. C. capillata var. arctica B26, C. capillata var. fulva B26, C. versicolor B26]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1–509.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[CH97] Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology 2^nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[CS-P86] Clausen, C., & L. v. Salvini-Plawen. 1986. Cnidaria. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 33–42. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[DB07] Daly, M., M. R. Brugler, P. Cartwright, A. G. Collins, M. N. Dawson, D. G. Fautin, S. C. France, C. S. McFadden, D. M. Opresko, E. Rodriguez, S. L. Romano & J. L. Stake. 2007. The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa 1668: 127–182.

[DM01] Dawson, M. N., & L. E. Martin. 2001. Geographic variation and ecological adaptation in Aurelia (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae): some implications from molecular phylogenetics. Hydrobiologia 451: 259–273.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[G79] Glaessner, M. F. 1979. Precambrian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A79–A118. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[G75] Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General's Department: Brisbane (Australia).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[MH96] Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology (3rd ed.) Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[P79] Petersen, K. W. 1979. Development of coloniality in Hydrozoa. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 105–139. Academic Press: London.

[RM04] Raskoff, K. A., & G. I. Matsumoto. 2004. Stellamedusa ventana, a new mesopelagic scyphomedusa from the eastern Pacific representing a new subfamily, the Stellamedusinae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84: 37–42.

[W79] Werner, B. 1979. Coloniality in the Scyphozoa: Cnidaria. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 81–103. Academic Press: London.