Dytiscinae

Megadytes latus, photographed by Wolfgang Walz Hillermann.

Belongs within: Dytiscidae.
Contains: Hydaticus, Aciliini.

The Dytiscinae are a large clade of diving beetles. With the exception of the basal Cybistrini, males of the Dytiscinae have the pro- and mesotarsomeres broadly expanded with ventral sucker-like setae, used to grip the female during mating. In a number of subsequent lineages, females have conversely evolved ornamented elytra that may reduce the effectiveness of such gripping setae (Miller 2003). Members of the tribe Cybistrini and Dytiscus have knife-like gonocoxae that they use to insert eggs into plant tissue. Other tribes have long, blunt gonocoxae and lay eggs in cracks in wood, moss or other cryptic positions (Miller 2001).

Cybistrini and Dystiscus are much larger than most other dytiscids; Cybistrini are more wedge-shaped than the elongate-oval Dytiscus (Roughley & Larson 2001). The Cybistrini are further united by a number of features including a small apicoventral region of very stiff setae on the elytra, a dorsal series of natatory setae on the metafemur, a relatively large cluster of setae at the apicodorsal angle of the metatibia, and an anterior metatibial spur that is acuminate and distinctly broader basally than the posterior spur (Miller 2001).

Chracters (from Miller 2001): Anterolateral margin of eye evenly rounded; female genitalia of dytiscine type, with bursa absent and spermatophore placed in membranous pouch ventrad of gonocoxae; gonocoxae strongly fused dorsally; median lobe bilaterally symmetrical; larvae with fringe of fine setae along last abdominal segments.

<==Dytiscinae
    |--Cybistrini M03
    |    |  i. s.: Regimbartina pruinosa M01
    |    |--+--Spencerhydrus Sharp 1882 M03, LM87
    |    |  |    |--*S. latecinctus Sharp 1882 [incl. S. semiflavus Sharp 1882] LM87
    |    |  |    `--S. pulchellus Sharp 1882 LM87
    |    |  `--+--Austrodytes Watts 1978 M01, LM87
    |    |     |    `--*A. insularis (Hope 1842) [=Cybister insularis] LM87
    |    |     `--Onychohydrus M03
    |    |          |--O. (Onychohydrus) M01
    |    |          |    |--O. (O.) hookeri M01
    |    |          |    `--O. (O.) scutellaris M01
    |    |          `--O. (Sternhydrus) atratus M01
    |    `--+--Megadytes Sharp 1882 M03, RL01
    |       |    |  i. s.: M. aeneus Ormancey 1843 R89
    |       |    |         M. fallax R89
    |       |    |         M. puncticollis R89
    |       |    |--M. (Bifurcitus) giganteus M01
    |       |    `--+--M. (Paramegadytes) glaucus M01
    |       |       `--M. (Megadytes) M01
    |       |            |--M. (M.) fraternus M01
    |       |            |--M. (M.) laevigatus M01
    |       |            |--M. (M.) latus M01
    |       |            `--M. (M.) marginithorax M01
    |       `--Cybister Curtis 1827 M03, LM87 (see below for synonymy)
    |            |  i. s.: *C. (Cybister) virens (Müller 1776) [=Dytiscus virens] LM87
    |            |         C. cephalotes G89
    |            |         C. godeffroyi (Wehncke 1876) [=Trogus godeffroyi; incl. C. simoni Régimbart 1877] LM87
    |            |         C. loxidiscus Wilke 1919 LM87
    |            |         C. yulensis Guignot 1956 LM87
    |            |         C. (Scaphinectes Ádám in Mahunka 1993) [=Trochalus Dejean 1833 non Laporte 1832] NR97
    |            |           `--‘Dytiscus’ laterimarginalis De Geer 1774 (see below for synonymy) NR97
    |            |--C. marginicollis M01
    |            |--+--C. ellipticus M01
    |            |  `--C. fimbriolatus M01
    |            `--+--C. puncticollis M01
    |               `--C. tripunctatus (Olivier 1795) M01, LM87 (see below for synonymy)
    |                    |--C. t. tripunctatus I92
    |                    `--C. t. orientalis Gschwendtner 1931 I92
    `--+--+--Hyderodes Hope 1838 M03, LM87 [Hyderodini]
       |  |    |--*H. shuckardi Hope 1838 LM87
       |  |    `--H. crassus Sharp 1882 [incl. H. collaris Sharp 1882] LM87
       |  `--+--Hydaticini RL01
       |     |    |--Hydaticus M03
       |     |    `--Prodaticus RL01
       |     `--+--+--Aciliini M03
       |        |  `--Notaticus [Aubehydrinae, Aubehydrini] M03
       |        |       `--N. fasciatus M03
       |        `--Eretes Laporte 1833 M03, RL01 [incl. Eunectes Erichson 1832 (preoc.) RL01; Eretini]
       |             |--*E. stictus (Linnaeus 1767) [=Dytiscus stictus] LM87
       |             |--E. australis (Erichson 1842) [=Eunectes australis; incl. Eu. punctipennis Macleay 1871] LM87
       |             |--E. explicitus B14
       |             |--E. griseus M03
       |             `--E. occidentalis RL01
       `--Dytiscus Linnaeus 1758 M01 [incl. Leionotus Kirby 1837 RL01, Macrodytes Thomson 1859 RL01; Dytiscini]
            |--D. alaskanus M01
            |--D. caraboides Linnaeus 1758 L58
            |--D. circumcinctus Ahrens 1811 BW04
            |--D. cordieri M01
            |--D. dauricus M01
            |--D. delictus Zaitsev 1906 I92
            |--D. erytrocephalus Linnaeus 1758 L58
            |--D. fasciventris M03
            |--D. flavocinctus B35
            |--D. fuscipes Linnaeus 1758 L58
            |--D. fuscus Linnaeus 1758 L58
            |--D. hermanni [=Hydrachne hermanni] L02
            |--D. latissimus Linnaeus 1758 L58
            |--D. maculatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
            |--D. marginalis Linnaeus 1758 B14 [incl. D. marginalis var. conformis C01]
            |--D. marginicollis M01
            |--D. persicus B14
            |--D. piceus Linnaeus 1758 L58
            |--D. scarabaeoides Linnaeus 1758 L58
            |--D. semistriatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
            |--D. sexpustulatus L02
            |--D. sharpi Wehncke 1875 I92
            |--D. striatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
            `--D. verticalis M03

Cybister Curtis 1827 M03, LM87 [incl. Alocomerus Brinck 1945 RL01, Cybisteter Bedel 1881 RL01, Gschwendtnerhydrus Brinck 1945 RL01, Megadytoides Brinck 1945 RL01, Meganectes Brinck 1945 RL01, Nealocomerus Brinck 1945 RL01, Trogus Leach 1817 RL01]

Cybister tripunctatus (Olivier 1795) M01, LM87 [=Dytiscus tripunctatus LM87; incl. C. gayndahensis Macleay 1871 LM87, C. granulatus Blackburn 1888 LM87]

‘Dytiscus’ laterimarginalis De Geer 1774 [incl. D. roeselii Füessly 1775, *Scaphinectes roeselii] NR97

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW04] Balke, M., C. H. S. Watts, S. J. B. Cooper, W. F. Humphreys & A. P. Vogler. 2004. A highly modified stygobiont diving beetle of the genus Copelatus (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae): taxonomy and cladistic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Systematic Entomology 29: 59–67.

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso «Esploratore» dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LM87] Lawrence, J. F., B. P. Moore, J. E. Pyke & T. A. Weir. 1987. Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 4. Coleoptera: Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M01] Miller, K. B. 2001. On the phylogeny of the Dytiscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with emphasis on the morphology of the female reproductive system. Insect Systematics and Evolution 32: 45–92.

[M03] Miller, K. B. 2003. The phylogeny of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) and the evolution of sexual conflict. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 79: 359–388.

[NR97] Nilsson, A. N., & R. E. Roughley. 1997. The genus- and family-group names of the Dytiscidae—additions and corrections. Beiträge zur Entomologie 47 (2): 359–364.

[R89] Régimbart, M. 1889. Enumération des Haliplidae, Dytiscidae et Gyrinidae recueillis par M.^r le Prof. L. Balzan dans l’Amérique méridionale et description de quelques autres espèces voisines. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 256–268.

[RL01] Roughley, R. E., & D. J. Larson. 2001. Dytiscidae Leach, 1815. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia pp. 156–186. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

Last updated: 27 October 2018.

Copelatinae

Copelatus haemorrhoidalis, photographed by Gábor Keresztes.

Belongs within: Dytiscidae.

The Copelatinae is a speciose clade of diving beetles, most species of which are included in the genus Copelatus. Larvae, where known, are presumed solid feeders with serrated mandibles and a foregut including a crop.

Characters (from Miller 2001): Metacoxal lines closely approximated medially (metacoxal lines lost in Lacconectus); spermatheca strongly reduced; scutellum externally visible; metatarsal claws equal in length in both sexes.

<==Copelatinae [Copelatini]
    |  i. s.: Aglymbus M01
    |--Agaporomorphus M01
    |    |--A. knischi M01
    |    `--A. perairai M01
    `--+--Lacconectus M01
       |    |--L. formosanus M01
       |    `--L. peguensis RB02
       `--Copelatus Erichson 1832 M01
            |  i. s.: *C. posticatus (Fabricius 1801) [=Dystiscus posticatus] LM87
            |         C. ater Sharp 1882 LM87
            |         C. australiae Clark 1863 (see below for synonymy) LM87
            |         C. australis (Clark 1863) [=Celina australis; incl. Co. torcutus Guignot 1954] LM87
            |         C. bakewelli Balfour-Browne 1939 LM87
            |         C. boulevardi Watts 1978 LM87
            |         C. clarki Sharp 1882 LM87
            |         C. daemeli Sharp 1882 LM87
            |         C. distinctus M01
            |         C. divisus Balfour-Browne 1939 [=C. gentilis divisus] LM87
            |         C. elongatulus Macleay 1871 LM87
            |         C. ferrugineus Sharp 1882 [incl. C. erraticus Balfour-Browne 1939, C. lividus Sharp 1882] LM87
            |         C. gapa Watts 1978 LM87
            |         C. glyptus Guignot 1954 LM87
            |         C. gracilis Sharp 1882 LM87
            |         C. irregularis Macleay 1871 LM87
            |         C. longicornis R89
            |         C. marginatus Sharp 1882 LM87
            |         C. melanarius Sharp 1882 LM87
            |         C. nakamurai Guéorguiev 1970 I92
            |         C. nigrolineatus Sharp 1882 LM87
            |         C. nomax S86
            |         C. parvulus S62
            |         C. politus M86
            |         C. punctipennis Lea 1899 LM87
            |         C. ragazzii G89
            |         C. rasilis Lea 1899 LM87
            |         C. simplex Clark 1863 [incl. C. labratus Sharp 1882, C. victoriae Clark 1863] LM87
            |         C. strinatii Guignot 1958 S86
            |         C. subterraneus Gueorguiev 1978 S86
            |         C. tenebrosus Régimbart 1880 LM87
            |--C. haemorrhoidalis M01
            `--+--C. glyphicus M01
               `--C. kalaharii M01

Copelatus australiae Clark 1863 [incl. C. acuductus Clark 1863, C. extensus Sharp 1882, C. nigritulus Sharp 1882, C. tarsalis Balfour-Browne 1939] LM87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso «Esploratore» dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[LM87] Lawrence, J. F., B. P. Moore, J. E. Pyke & T. A. Weir. 1987. Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 4. Coleoptera: Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[M86] Macleay, W. 1886. The insects of the Fly River, New Guinea, "Coleoptera". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 136–157.

[M01] Miller, K. B. 2001. On the phylogeny of the Dytiscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with emphasis on the morphology of the female reproductive system. Insect Systematics and Evolution 32: 45–92.

[R89] Régimbart, M. 1889. Enumération des Haliplidae, Dytiscidae et Gyrinidae recueillis par M.^r le Prof. L. Balzan dans l’Amérique méridionale et description de quelques autres espèces voisines. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 256–268.

[RB02] Ribera, I., R. G. Beutel, M. Balke & A. P. Vogler. 2002. Discovery of Aspidytidae, a new family of aquatic Coleoptera. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 269: 2351–2356.

[S62] Spangler, P. J. 1962. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. XIV. Biological notes and description of the larva and pupa of Copelatus glyphicus (Say) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 19–24.

[S86] Spangler, P. J. 1986. Insecta: Coleoptera. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 622–631. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

Last updated: 30 January 2018.

Colymbetinae

Rhantus frontalis, photographed by Josef Dvořák.

Belongs within: Dytiscidae.

The Colymbetinae is a clade of diving beetles diagnosed by the presence of transverse rugae on the dorsal surface of the lateral margins of abdominal sternum two, and usually of unequal metatarsal claws in both sexes. The majority of species are included in a tribe Colymbetini, characterised by a female genital system with a separate bursa and vagina, with the bursa copulatrix long, slender and slightly twisted, and a large and broad spermathecal duct attaching near the base of the bursa. A single New Guinean species, Carabdytes upin, is included in a distinct tribe characterised by a lack of lobes on the metatarsomeres and a hydroporine-type genital system (Miller 2001).

<==Colymbetinae
    |--Anisomeria [Anisomeriini] M01
    |--Carabdytes Balke, Hendrich & Wewalka 1992 [Carabdytini] M01
    |    `--*C. upin Balke, Hendrich & Wewalka 1992 M01
    `--Colymbetini M01
         |--Meladema coriacea M01
         |--Batrachomatus Clark 1863 LM87
         |    |--*B. wingi Clark 1863 LM87
         |    `--B. daemeli (Sharp 1882) [=Matus daemeli; incl. B. burnsi Mouchamps 1964] LM87
         `--Rhantus Dejean 1833 [=Rantus] LM87
              |  i. s.: R. suturalis (Macleay 1825) LM87 (see below for synonymy)
              |         R. flavicollis G89
              |         R. impar Guignot 1956 LM87
              |         R. morneri Falkenström 1937 LM87
              |         R. simulans Régimbart 1908 LM87
              |--R. pseudopacificus M01
              `--+--R. calidus M01
                 `--+--+--R. atricolor M01
                    |  |--R. binotatus M03
                    |  |--R. frontalis M01
                    |  |--R. gutticollis Say 1834 M01, ZL74 [incl. R. hoppingi Wallis 1933 ZL74, R. mexicanus ZL74]
                    |  |--R. sericans M01
                    |  |--R. signatus M01
                    |  `--Hoperius planatus M01
                    `--+--+--R. (Nartus) M01
                       |  |    |--R. (N.) grapii M01
                       |  |    `--R. (N.) sinuatus M01, M03
                       |  `--Neoscutopterus M03
                       |       |--N. angustus M03
                       |       `--N. hornii M01
                       `--Colymbetes Clairville 1806 M03, M01
                            |--C. affinis B35
                            |--C. brunneus B35
                            |--C. decemstriatus B35
                            |--C. densus M01
                            |--C. dolabatus CS77
                            |--C. exaratus M03
                            |--C. niger B35
                            |--C. pacificus B35
                            |--C. parvulus B35
                            `--C. paykulli M03

Rhantus suturalis (Macleay 1825) LM87 [=Colymbetes suturalis LM87; incl. R. australis Aubé 1836 LM87, C. pulverosus Stephens 1828 LM87, *R. pulverosus LM87, R. suturalis var. virgulatus C01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso «Esploratore» dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[LM87] Lawrence, J. F., B. P. Moore, J. E. Pyke & T. A. Weir. 1987. Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 4. Coleoptera: Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[M01] Miller, K. B. 2001. On the phylogeny of the Dytiscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with emphasis on the morphology of the female reproductive system. Insect Systematics and Evolution 32: 45–92.

[M03] Miller, K. B. 2003. The phylogeny of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) and the evolution of sexual conflict. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 79: 359–388.

[ZL74] Zimmerman, J. R., & J. A. Ludwig. 1974. Multiple-discriminant analysis of geographical variation in the aquatic beetle, Rhantus gutticollis (Say) (Dytiscidae). Systematic Zoology 24 (1): 63–71.

Last updated: 30 January 2018.

Lecanoromycetidae

Map lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum, from fir0002.

Belongs within: Lecanoromycetes.
Contains: Psoraceae, Lecideaceae, Ectolechiaceae, Stereocaulaceae, Teloschistales, Physciaceae, Caliciaceae, Cladoniaceae, Bacidiaceae, Parmeliaceae, Lecanoraceae, Collematineae, Peltigerineae.

The Lecanoromycetidae are a large clade of mostly lichenised fungi. Most subclades form lichens in association with green algae; species that associate with cyanobacteria are found only in the clade Peltigerales (though most species of that clade are cyanobacteria-associates). Recent authors have divided the group between the orders Lecanorales, Peltigerales and Teloschistales, but the 'Lecanorales' are most likely paraphyletic with regard to the other two orders. This may lead to it being divided in the future between several subdivided orders such as the Caliciales, indicated by molecular analyses to include the families Caliciaceae and Physciaceae.

Characters (from Kirk et al. 2008): Thallus very varied. Ascomata almost always apothecial, flat to strongly cup-shaped, with or without a thalline margin, rarely mazaedial. Interascal tissue of paraphyses, usually branched and swollen at apices, often with a pigmented of J+ epithecium, rarely absent. Asci typically with single wall layer visible in light microscopy but thick-walled, almost always with conspicuous thick cap-like apical part, often with complex apical structures, often J+, rarely thin-walled and evanescent. Ascospores very varied. Mainly lichen-forming (with protococcoid green or cyanobacterial photobionts), some lichenicolous or saprobes (then especially on wood in xeric conditions).

Lecanoromycetidae [Cladoniineae, Lecanorales, Lecanorineae]
    |--Porpidiaceae ML04
    |    |--Amygdalaria EB03Outline
    |    |--Bellemerea EB03Outline
    |    |--Catarrhospora EB03Outline
    |    |--Clauzadea EB03Outline
    |    |--Farnoldia EB03Outline
    |    |--Immersaria EB03Outline
    |    |--Koerberiella EB03Outline
    |    |--Labyrintha EB03Outline
    |    |--Mycobilimbia EB03Outline
    |    |--Paraporpidia EB03Outline
    |    |--Poeltiaria EB03Outline
    |    |--Poeltidea EB03Outline
    |    |--Stephanocyclos EB03Outline
    |    |--Xenolecia EB03Outline
    |    `--Porpidia EB03Outline
    |         |--P. albocoerulescens ML04
    |         `--P. crustulata LS01
    `--+--+--Stereocaulaceae ML04
       |  `--+--Crocynia [Crocyniaceae] LK04
       |     |    |--C. lanuginosa F33
       |     |    `--C. pyxinoides LK04
       |     `--Sphaerophoraceae EB03Outline
       |          |--Austropeltum EB03Outline
       |          |--Bunodophoron EB03Outline
       |          |--Leifidium EB03Outline
       |          |--Neophyllis Wilson 1891 [=Phyllis Wilson 1889 (nom. illeg.)] WA02
       |          |    |--*N. melacarpa (Wilson) Wilson 1891 (see below for synonymy) WA02
       |          |    `--N. pachyphylla (Müller) Gotth. Schneid. 1979 [=Psora pachyphylla Müller 1887] WA02
       |          `--Sphaerophorus ML04
       |               |--S. compressus D03
       |               |--S. globosus ML04
       |               `--S. tener D03
       `--+--+--+--Teloschistales ML04
          |  |  `--Caliciales ML04
          |  |       |--Physciaceae ML04
          |  |       `--Caliciaceae ML04
          |  `--+--Sporostatia LK04
          |     |    |--S. polyspora LK04
          |     |    `--S. testudinea LK04
          |     `--Rhizocarpaceae ML04
          |          |--Catolechia EB03Outline
          |          |--Epilichen EB03Outline
          |          |--Poeltinula EB03Outline
          |          `--Rhizocarpon ML04
          |               |--R. disporum (Nägeli) Müller 1853 [=Lecidea dispora Nägeli ex Hepp 1853] FC03
          |               |--R. geminatum Körb. 1855 (see below for synonymy) FC03
          |               |--R. geographicum F33
          |               `--R. lecanorinum C74
          `--+--+--+--Cladoniaceae JK06
             |  |  `--Bacidiaceae JK06
             |  `--+--Parmeliaceae JK06
             |     `--+--Lecanoraceae JK06
             |        `--Mycoblastus [Mycoblastaceae] JK06
             |             `--M. sanguinarius JK06
             `--Peltigerales ML04
                  |  i. s.: Coccocarpiaceae ML04
                  |           |--Peltularia EB03Outline
                  |           |--Spilonema EB03Outline
                  |           |--Steinera glaucella ML04
                  |           `--Coccocarpia ML04
                  |                |--C. palmicola J87
                  |                `--C. pellita J87
                  |--Collematineae ML04
                  `--Peltigerineae ML04

Lecanoromycetidae incertae sedis:
  Anzia [Anziaceae] EB03Outline
  Arthrorhaphis [Arthroraphidaceae] EB03Outline
  Biatorella [Biatorellaceae] EB03Outline
  Dactylospora [Dactylosporaceae] EB03Outline
  Gypsoplaca [Gypsoplacaceae] EB03Outline
  Haematomma [Haematommataceae] EB03Outline
    `--H. coccineum T59
         |--H. c. var. coccineum T59
         `--H. c. var. porphyrium T59
  Loxospora [Loxosporaceae] EB03Outline
  Miltidea [Miltideaceae] EB03Outline
  Ophioparma [Ophioparmaceae] EB03Outline
  Pachyascus [Pachyascaceae] EB03Outline
  Cetradonia Wei & Ahti 2002 [Cetradoniaceae] WA02
    `--*C. linearis (Evans) Wei & Ahti 2002 (see below for synonymy) WA02
  Arctomiaceae EB03Outline
    |--Arctomia EB03Outline
    `--Wawea EB03Outline
  Megalariaceae EB03Outline
    |--Megalaria EB03Outline
    `--Tasmidella EB03Outline
  Candelariaceae EB03Outline
    |--Candelariella vitellina EB03Outline, C74
    |--Candelina EB03Outline
    |--Clarouxia EB03Outline
    `--Placomaronea EB03Outline
  Ramalinaceae EB03Outline
    |--Cenozosia EB03Outline
    |--Ramalinopsis EB03Outline
    |--Vermilacinia EB03Outline
    `--Ramalina S03
         |--R. lacera HP03
         |--R. peruviana J87
         `--R. shinanoana Kashiwadani 1986 S03
  Micareaceae EB03Outline
    |--Helocarpon EB03Outline
    |--Micarea EB03Outline
    |--Psilolechia EB03Outline
    `--Roccellinastrum EB03Outline
  Psoraceae EB03Outline
  Catillariaceae EB03Outline
    |--Austrolecia EB03Outline
    |--Halecania EB03Outline
    |--Placolecis EB03Outline
    |--Sporastatia EB03Outline
    |--Toninia EB03Outline
    |    |--T. physaroides M08
    |    `--T. sedifolia EB03Notes
    `--Xanthopsorella EB03Outline
  Pilocarpaceae EB03Outline
    |--Bapalmuia EB03Outline
    |--Felhanera EB03Outline
    |--Felhaneropsis EB03Outline
    |--Lobaca EB03Outline
    |--Byssolecania EB03Outline [incl. Dothiomyces E99]
    |    `--B. fumosonigricans [incl. *Dothiomyces xouepiae] E99
    `--Byssoloma EB03Outline [incl. Crocicreomyces E99]
         `--‘*Crocicreomyces’ guttiferae E99
  Lecideaceae EB03Outline
  Brigantiaeaceae EB03Outline
    |--Argopsis EB03Outline
    `--Brigantiaea EB03Outline
  Ectolechiaceae EB03Outline
  Psathyrophlyctis [Phlyctidaceae] EB03Outline
  Vezdaea [Vezdaeaceae] EB03Outline
  Auriculora EB03Outline
  Bartletiella EB03Outline
  Botryolepraria EB03Outline
  Bouvetiella EB03Outline
  Buelliastrum EB03Outline
  Corticifraga EB03Outline
  Corticiruptor EB03Outline
  Eschatogonia EB03Outline
  Haploloma EB03Outline
  Myxobilimbia EB03Outline
  Nimisiostella EB03Outline
  Notolecidea EB03Outline
  Piccolia EB03Outline
  Podotara EB03Outline
  Psorotichiella EB03Outline
  Ravenelula EB03Outline
  Sporacestra EB03Outline
  Stenhammarella EB03Outline
  Timdalia EB03Outline

*Cetradonia linearis (Evans) Wei & Ahti 2002 [=Cladonia linearis Evans 1947, Gymnoderma lineare (Evans) Yoshimura & Sharp 1968] WA02

*Neophyllis melacarpa (Wilson) Wilson 1891 [=Phyllis melacarpa Wilson 1891, Gymnoderma melacarpum (Wilson) Yoshimura 1973; incl. Psora dactylophylla Müller 1893, Lecidea dactylophylla (Müller) Zahlbr. 1925, Phyllopsora melanocarpa Müller 1895] WA02

Rhizocarpon geminatum Körb. 1855 [incl. Lecidea atro-alba var. concreta Acharius 1808 (nom. rej.), Catillaria concreta (Acharius) Massalongo 1852, L. confervoides var. concreta (Acharius) Schaerer 1828, Rhizocarpon concretum (Acharius) Elenkin 1904] FC03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 224 pls.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440–2755. Myconet 2: 1–41.

[EB03Notes] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, T. Laessøe & G. Rambold (eds.) 2003. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3580–3623. Myconet 9: 91–103.

[EB03Outline] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1-89.

[F33] Frey, E. 1933. Cladoniaceae (unter Ausschluss der Gattung Cladonia), Umbilicariaceae. In: Die Flechten (Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz vol. 9 sect. 4 pt 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M. B. H.: Leipzig (reprinted 1971. Johnson Reprint Corporation: New York).

[FC03] Fryday, A. M., & B. J. Coppins. 2003. (1578) Proposal to reject the name Lecidea atro-alba var. concreta Ach. (lichenized Ascomycota, Rhizocarpaceae). Taxon 52: 351.

[HP03] Hauck, M., A. Paul, S. Gross & M. Raubuch. 2003. Manganese toxicity in epiphytic lichens: chlorophyll degradation and interaction with iron and phosphorus. Environmental and Experimental Botany 49: 181–191.

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, D. W. Minter & J. A. Stalpers (eds) 2008. Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LS01] Lumbsch, H. T., I. Schmitt, H. Döring & M. Wedin. 2001. Molecular systematics supports the recognition of an additional order of Ascomycota: the Agyriales. Mycological Research 105 (1): 16–23.

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446–1480.

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[ML04] Miadlikowska, J., & F. Lutzoni. 2004. Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 449–464.

[S03] Sinha, G. P. 2003. Additions to the lichen flora of India from Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45 (1–4): 221–224.

[T59] Travé, J. 1959. Sur le genre Niphocepheus Balogh 1943. Les Niphocepheidae, famille nouvelle (acariens, oribates). Acarologia 1 (4): 475–498.

[WA02] Wei, J.-C., & T. Ahti. 2002. Cetradonia, a new genus in the new family Cetradoniaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota). Lichenologist 34 (1): 19–31.

Cladoniaceae

British soldiers Cladonia cristatella, photographed by Zen Sutherland.

Belongs within: Lecanoromycetidae.

The Cladoniaceae is a family of lichenised fungi, especially abundant in cold climates. Species of Cladonia are among the primary food sources for grazers such as reindeer in tundra regions. Ascomata are borne at the top of vertical podetia, which may also contain symbiotic algae (as in Cladonia) or not (as in Gymnoderma).

Characters (from Cannon & Kirk 2007): Thallus usually dimorphic, composed of an evanescent to persistent, crustose, foliose or squamulose primary thallus lacking rhizoids and a more or less vertical, usually branched, solid or hollow secondary thallus bearing the ascomata. Soredia sometimes present. Ascomata apothecial, entire to lobate, without a fully differentiated margin, often brightly coloured, sometimes proliferating. Interascal tissue of sparsely branched and anastomosed paraphyses. Asci cylindric-clavate, thickened at apex,with J+ apical cap and usually a J+ gelatinous outer layer. Ascospores usually aseptate and hyaline. Cephalodia sometimes present. Anamorphs coelomycetous, pycnidial, with simple more or less filiform spermatial conidia. Lichenised with green algae.

<==Cladoniaceae
    |--Pycnothelia papillaria EB03, E99
    |--Calathaspis EB03
    |--Heteromyces EB03
    |--Metus EB03
    |--Myelorrhiza EB03
    |--Ramalea EB03
    |--Sphaerophoropsis EB03
    |--Thysanothecium EB03
    |--Cladia [Cladiaceae] EB03
    |    `--C. aggregata E99
    |--Pilophorus (Tuck.) Fries 1858 [=Stereocaulon sect. Pilophoron Tuck. 1848] F33
    |    |--P. acicularis E99
    |    |--P. cereolus (Acharius) Fries 1874 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    `--P. robustus Fries 1857 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |--Gymnoderma Nylander 1860 (nom. cons.) EB03, WA02
    |    |--*G. coccocarpum Nylander 1860 (see below for synonymy) WA02
    |    |--G. insulare Yoshimura & Sharp 1968 WA02
    |    `--‘Heterodea’ madagascarea Nylander 1888 WA02
    `--Cladonia F33
         |--C. alcicornis [incl. C. foliacea] F33
         |--C. arbuscula HP03
         |    |--C. a. ssp. arbuscula HP03
         |    `--C. a. ssp. mitis HP03
         |--C. bacillaris F33
         |--C. bellidiflora E99
         |--C. caespititia F33
         |--C. caroliniana JK06
         |--C. ceratophylla J87
         |--C. cervicornis M08
         |--C. coccifera F33
         |--C. coniocraea M08
         |--C. convoluta M08
         |--C. cornucopiae H04
         |--C. cristatella PHK96
         |--C. degenerans F33
         |--C. didyma J87
         |    |--C. d. var. didyma J87
         |    `--C. d. var. vulcanica J87
         |--C. digitata F33
         |--C. endiviaefolia C74
         |--C. fimbriata H04
         |--C. floerkeana F33 [=C. macilenta ssp. floerkeana M08]
         |--C. furcata F33
         |--C. gracilis F33
         |--C. leptophylla F33
         |--C. merochlorophaea J87
         |--C. multipartita J87
         |--C. papillaria F33
         |--C. perfoliata H04
         |--C. pleurota M08
         |--C. pycnoclada D03
         |--C. pyxidata F33
         |    |--C. p. ssp. pyxidata M08
         |    |--C. p. ssp. chlorophaea M08
         |    `--C. p. ssp. pocillum M08
         |--C. ramulosa J87
         |--C. rangiformis M08
         |--C. retipora H04
         |--C. spiculata J87
         |--C. squamosa J87
         |    |--C. s. var. squamosa J87
         |    `--C. s. var. subsquamosa J87
         |--C. subcervicornis E99
         |--C. subradiata J87
         |--C. subulata M08
         |--C. symphycarpa M08
         |--C. verticillata H04
         `--C. yunnana WA02

*Gymnoderma coccocarpum Nylander 1860 [=Cladonia coccocarpa (Nylander) Evans 1860; incl. C. botryocephala Hepp in Zollinger 1854] WA02

Pilophorus cereolus (Acharius) Fries 1874 [=Lichen cereolus Acharius 1798, Pilophoron cereolus, Stereocaulon cereolus (Acharius) Acharius 1803; incl. S. cereolinum Acharius 1814, S. paschale var. cereolinum (Acharius) Schaerer 1833, S. fibula Tuck 1848] F33

Pilophorus robustus Fries 1857 [=Pilophoron robustum, Pilophorus cereolus f. robustus (Fries) Tuck. 1882; incl. Pilophoron polycarpum Tuck. 1858] F33

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cannon, P. F., & P. M. Kirk. 2007. Fungal Families of the World. CABI.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 224 pls.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440–2755. Myconet 2: 1–41.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[F33] Frey, E. 1933. Cladoniaceae (unter Ausschluss der Gattung Cladonia), Umbilicariaceae. In: Die Flechten (Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz vol. 9 sect. 4 pt 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M. B. H.: Leipzig (reprinted 1971. Johnson Reprint Corporation: New York).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[HP03] Hauck, M., A. Paul, S. Gross & M. Raubuch. 2003. Manganese toxicity in epiphytic lichens: chlorophyll degradation and interaction with iron and phosphorus. Environmental and Experimental Botany 49: 181–191.

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[WA02] Wei, J.-C., & T. Ahti. 2002. Cetradonia, a new genus in the new family Cetradoniaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota). Lichenologist 34 (1): 19–31.

Stereocaulaceae

Stereocaulon ramulosum, photographed by Andrea Ugarte.

Belongs within: Lecanoromycetidae.
Contains: Stereocaulon botryosum.

The Stereocaulaceae is a family of lichenised fungi found in temperate parts of the world. Members of the Stereocaulaceae are characterised by pseudopodetia, stem-like structures growing from vegetative granular stages of the thallus, and cephalodia containing symbiotic cyanobacteria, with green algae in the main body of the lichen (Myllys et al. 2005).

<==Stereocaulaceae
    |--Muhria EB03Outline
    |--Lepraria [incl. Leproloma] EB03Notes
    |    `--‘Lichen’ membranaceus [=Leproloma membranaceum] E99
    `--Stereocaulon Schreber 1791 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |--S. alpinum (Mudd) Laurer ex Funck 1827 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |  i. s.: S. a. f. adpressum Magnusson 1926 F33
         |    |         S. a. f. pulvinarium Sav. 1923 F33
         |    |         S. a. f. walamoense (Nylander) Frey 1933 [=S. tomentosum f. walamoense Nylander 1860] F33
         |    |--S. a. var. alpinum F33
         |    |--S. a. var. erectum Frey 1933 F33
         |    `--S. a. var. gracilentum (Fries) Magnusson 1926 [=S. paschale var. gracilentum Fries 1858] F33
         |--S. botryophorum F33
         |--S. botryosum Acharius 1810 F33
         |--S. capitellatum Magnusson 1926 F33
         |--S. carinthiacum Frey 1933 F33
         |--S. condensatum Hoffmann 1796 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |--S. c. f. condensatum F33
         |    |--S. c. f. acaulon (Nylander) Magnusson 1926 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |--S. c. f. condyloideum (Nylander) Magnusson 1926 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |--S. c. f. crustaceum F33
         |    `--S. c. f. septentrionale Magnusson 1926 F33
         |--S. condyloideum Acharius 1803 F33
         |--S. coralloides Fries 1817 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |  i. s.: S. c. f. expansum Magnusson 1926 F33
         |    |         S. c. f. pumilum Nylander ex Harmand 1907 F33
         |    |         S. c. f. subbotryosum Frey 1933 F33
         |    |--S. c. var. coralloides F33
         |    |--S. c. var. flabellatum Frey 1933 F33
         |    |--S. c. var. occidentale Magnusson 1926 F33
         |    `--S. c. var. pygmaeum Frey 1933 F33
         |--S. cornutum F33
         |--S. delisei Bory ex Duby 1830 [=S. coralloides var. delisei (Bory) Boistel 1903] F33
         |--S. denudatum Floerke 1819 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |  i. s.: S. d. f. capitatum Flot. ex Körb. 1855 F33
         |    |         S. d. f. digitatum Laurer 1831 F33
         |    |         S. d. f. tenue Laurer 1831 F33
         |    |         S. d. f. validum Laurer 1831 F33
         |    |--S. d. var. denudatum F33
         |    |--S. d. var. depressum Magnusson 1926 F33
         |    |--S. d. var. umbonatum (Wallroth) Vainio 1888 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    `--S. d. var. umbricolum Frey 1933 F33
         |--S. evolutoides (Magnusson) Frey 1933 [=S. paschale var. evolutoides Magnusson 1926] F33
         |--S. evolutum Graewe 1865 [incl. S. evolutum var. typicum Fries 1870] F33
         |    |--S. e. f. evolutum F33
         |    `--S. e. f. planum Magnusson 1926 F33
         |--S. farinaceum Magnusson 1926 F33
         |--S. glareosum (Savicz) Magnusson 1926 [=S. tomentosum f. glareosum Savicz 1914] F33
         |--S. grande (Magnusson) Frey 1933 [=S. paschale var. grande Magnusson 1926] F33
         |--S. incrustatum Flk. 1819 [=S. tomentosum var. incrustatum (Flk.) Schaerer 1833] F33
         |    |  i. s.: S. i. f. gracilis Frey 1933 F33
         |    |--S. i. var. incrustatum F33
         |    `--S. i. var. abduanum (Anzi) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |--S. leprocephalum F33
         |--S. microscopicum (Villars) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |--S. myriocarpum F33
         |--S. paschale (Linnaeus) Hoffmann 1796 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |  i. s.: S. p. f. subcrustosum Fries 1831 F33
         |    |         S. p. f. thyrsoideum (Schaerer) Rabh. 1845 [=S. thyrsoideum Schaerer 1833] F33
         |    |         S. p. f. velutinum Frey 1933 F33
         |    |--S. p. var. paschale F33
         |    |--S. p. var. conglomeratum Fries 1824 F33
         |    `--S. p. var. serpens Fries 1871 F33
         |--S. pileatum Acharius 1810 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |--S. p. f. pileatum F33
         |    |--S. p. f. macrum Magnusson 1926 F33
         |    |--S. p. f. ramificans Magnusson 1926 F33
         |    |--S. p. f. sessile Magnusson 1926 F33
         |    `--S. p. f. sorediiferum Nylander 1895 F33
         |--S. ramulosum LS01
         |    |--S. r. var. ramulosum D03
         |    `--S. r. var. implexum D03
         |--S. rivulorum Magnusson 1926 F33
         |--S. saxatile Magnusson 1926 F33
         |--S. saxonicum Bachmann 1927 F33
         |--S. spissum Nylander ex Hue 1887-1888 F33
         |    |  i. s.: S. s. f. dactylinum Frey 1933 F33
         |    |         S. s. f. granuliferum Frey 1933 F33
         |    |--S. s. var. spissum F33
         |    `--S. s. var. laxum Frey 1933 F33
         |--S. subcoralloides (Nylander) Nylander 1874 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |--S. subintricans Nylander 1875 F33
         |--S. taeniarum E99 [=S. paschale f. taeniarum Magnusson 1926 F33]
         |--S. tomentosum Fries 1824 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |  i. s.: S. t. f. incisocrenatum Schaerer 1850 F33
         |    |         S. t. f. leptothamnium Frey 1933 F33
         |    |         S. t. f. truncatum Frey 1933 F33
         |    |--S. t. var. tomentosum F33
         |    |--S. t. var. alpestre Flotow 1836 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |--S. t. var. compactum Frey 1933 F33
         |    `--S. t. var. hercynicum Frey 1933 F33
         |--S. tyroliense (Nylander) Lettau 1918 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |--S. t. var. tyroliense F33
         |    `--S. t. var. lapponum Magnusson 1926 F33
         |--S. vesuvianum E99 [=S. denudatum var. vesuvianum Laurer ex Hepp 1853 F33]
         `--S. wrightii F33

Stereocaulon Schreber 1791 [=Patellaria sect. Stereocaulon (Schreber) Wallroth 1831; incl. S. sect. Cereolus Körb. 1855, Chlorocaulon Clements 1909, S. sect. Chondrocaulon Fries 1857, S. sect. Eustereocaulon Körb. 1855, Leprocaulon Nylander ex Lamy 1878, S. sect. Phyllocaulon Tuck. 1882, S. sect. Prostereocaulon Riddle 1910, Stereocladium Nylander 1875] F33

Stereocaulon alpinum (Mudd) Laurer ex Funck 1827 [=S. paschale var. alpinum Mudd 1861; incl. S. alpinum var. botryosum (Acharius) Laurer ex Fries 1831, S. paschale f. ramuliferum Nylander 1866, S. tomentosum var. alpinum f. verrucosum Fries 1858] F33

Stereocaulon condensatum Hoffmann 1796 [=Cereolus condensatus (Hoffmann) Boistel 1903, Lichen condensatus (Hoffmann) Acharius 1798; incl. Patellaria pileata var. thamnodes Wallroth 1831] F33

Stereocaulon condensatum f. acaulon (Nylander) Magnusson 1926 [=S. acaulon Nylander 1876, S. condensatum var. acaulon (Nylander) Oliv. 1897] F33

Stereocaulon condensatum f. condyloideum (Nylander) Magnusson 1926 [=S. condensatum var. condyloideum Nylander 1861, Cereolus condensatus var. condyloides (Nylander) Boistel 1903] F33

Stereocaulon coralloides Fries 1817 [incl. S. corallinum Laurer ex Fries 1831, S. paschale var. corallinum (Laurer) Schaerer 1833, S. dactylophyllum Floerke 1819, S. coralloides var. dactylophyllum (Floerke) Fries 1858, S. paschale var. dactylophyllum (Floerke) Branth & Rostr. 1869, S. dactylophyllum f. major Sommerf. 1826, S. roesleri Hochstetter ex Frey 1933 (n. n.)] F33

Stereocaulon denudatum Floerke 1819 [=Baeomyces denudatus (Floerke) Hepp 1824, S. paschale var. denudatum (Floerke) Schaerer 1833; incl. S. denudatum var. commune Fries 1871, S. denudatum var. genuinum Fries 1870, S. denudatum var. validum Rabh. 1845] F33

Stereocaulon denudatum var. umbonatum (Wallroth) Vainio 1888 [=Patellaria paschalis var. umbonata Wallroth 1831; incl. S. denudatum f. pulvinatum (Schaerer) Magnusson 1926] F33

Stereocaulon incrustatum var. abduanum (Anzi) Frey 1933 [=S. abduanum Anzi 1864, S. tomentosum var. abduanum (Anzi) Olivier 1907] F33

Stereocaulon microscopicum (Villars) Frey 1933 [=Lichen microscopicus Villars 1789; incl. Li. nanus Acharius 1798, Baeomyces nanum (Acharius) Hepp 1824, Leprocaulon nanum (Acharius) Nylander ex Lamy 1878, Stereocaulon nanum (Acharius) Acharius 1803, Lichen quisquiliaris Leers 1775, S. quisquiliare (Leers) Hoffmann 1796] F33

Stereocaulon paschale (Linnaeus) Hoffmann 1796 [=Lichen paschalis Linnaeus 1753, Baeomyces paschalis (Linnaeus) Wahlenberg 1812, Cladonia paschalis (Linnaeus) Baumgarten 1790; incl. Stereocaulon paschale f. typicum D. R. 1926] F33

Stereocaulon pileatum Acharius 1810 [=Cereolus pileatus (Acharius) Boistel 1903, S. cereolinum var. pileatum (Acharius) Fries 1857] F33

Stereocaulon subcoralloides (Nylander) Nylander 1874 [=S. paschale f. subcoralloides Nylander 1861; incl. S. coralloides var. conglomeratum Fries 1858] F33

Stereocaulon tomentosum Fries 1824 [=S. paschale var. tomentosum (Fries) Duby 1830; incl. S. tomentosum var. campestre Körb. 1855] F33

Stereocaulon tomentosum var. alpestre Flotow 1836 [=S. alpinum var. alpestre (Flotow) Fries 1858; incl. S. tomentosum var. granulosum Schaerer 1850] F33

Stereocaulon tyroliense (Nylander) Lettau 1918 [=Stereocladium tyroliense Nylander 1875, Stereocaulon alpinum var. tyroliense (Nylander) Arnold 1877, Stereocaulon tomentosum var. tyroliense (Nylander) Olivier 1907] F33

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 1-34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440-2755. Myconet 2: 1-41.

[EB03Notes] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, T. Laessøe & G. Rambold (eds.) 2003. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3580-3623. Myconet 9: 91-103.

[EB03Outline] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota – 2003. Myconet 9: 1-89.

[F33] Frey, E. 1933. Cladoniaceae (unter Ausschluss der Gattung Cladonia), Umbilicariaceae. In Die Flechten (Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz vol. 9) sect. 4, part 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M. B. H.: Leipzig (reprinted 1971. Johnson Reprint Corporation: New York).

[LS01] Lumbsch, H. T., I. Schmitt, H. Döring & M. Wedin. 2001. Molecular systematics supports the recognition of an additional order of Ascomycota: The Agyriales. Mycological Research 105 (1): 16-23.

Myllys, L., F. Högnabba, K. Lohtander, A. Thell, S. Stenroos & J. Hyvönen. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of Stereocaulaceae based on simultaneous analysis of beta-tubulin, GAPDH and SSU rDNA sequences. Taxon 54 (3): 605-618.

Peltigerineae

Pseudocyphellaria crocata, photographed by Carl Farmer.

Belongs within: Lecanoromycetidae.
Contains: Peltigeraceae.

The Peltigerineae are a clade of lichen-forming fungi which may grow in association with either one or two varieties photosynthetic organisms. If only a single photobiont is present, it will usually be a cyanobacterium (rarely a green alga); if two are present, they will be a cyanobacterium and a green alga, with the green alga dominant and cyanobacteria restricted to internal or external cephalodia (Miadlikowska & Lutzoni 2004). A number of species in the Peltigerineae are large and conspicuous, and have been used as indicators for determining ecological health.

Characters (from Miadlikowska & Lutzoni 2004): Thalli foliose, subfructicose or granular-squamulose; rhizines or tomentum present on lower side of thalus; ascospores predominantly multiseptate, colorless or brown, formed in asci with reactive a-layer and thick c-layer; paraphyses mostly unbranched, free.

<==Peltigerineae [Peltigerales]
    |--+--Massalongia carnosa ML04
    |  `--Nephroma ML04 [incl. Nephromium M60; Nephromataceae]
    |       |  i. s.: N. analogum M60
    |       |         N. australe Rich. 1832 M60
    |       |           |--N. a. var. australe (see below for synonymy) M60
    |       |           |    |--N. a. var. a. f. australe M60
    |       |           |    `--N. a. var. a. f. homalodes (Nyl.) Murray 1960 (see below for synonymy) M60
    |       |           `--N. a. var. rigidum Murray 1960 M60
    |       |         N. cellulosum (Sm.) Ach. 1810 (see below for synonymy) M60
    |       |           |--N. c. var. cellulosum M60
    |       |           `--N. c. var. isidioferum Murray 1960 M60
    |       |         N. helveticum Ach. 1810 (see below for synonymy) M60
    |       |           |--N. h. var. helveticum [incl. N. resupinata var. papyracea Ach. of Hook. 1855] M60
    |       |           `--N. h. var. rufum (Bab.) Murray 1960 (see below for synonymy) M60
    |       |         N. lyallii M60
    |       |           |--N. l. f. lyallii Bab. apud Hooker 1855 [incl. N. javanicum Gyelnik 1931] M60
    |       |           `--N. l. f. isidiatum Murray 1960 M60
    |       |         N. parile LK04
    |       |--N. resupinatum ML04
    |       `--+--N. arcticum ML04
    |          `--N. bellum ML04
    `--+--Peltigeraceae ML04
       `--Lobariaceae [Stictaceae] ML04
            |  i. s.: Dendriscocaulon EB03
            |--‘Pseudocyphellaria’ anomala ML04
            `--+--Lobaria ML04
               |    |--*L. pulmonaria ML04
               |    |--L. ravenelii J87
               |    |--L. retigera ML04
               |    `--L. virens ML04
               `--+--‘Lobaria’ hallii ML04
                  |--+--+--‘Lobaria’ amplissima ML04
                  |  |  `--‘Lobaria’ quercizans ML04
                  |  `--+--‘Pseudocyphellaria’ rainierensis ML04
                  |     `--+--‘Lobaria’ oregana ML04
                  |        `--Lobarina ML04
                  |             `--‘Lobaria’ scrobiculata ML04
                  `--+--Sticta ML04
                     |    |  i. s.: S. caulescens D03
                     |    |         S. cyphellulata RS99
                     |    |         S. damaecornis J87
                     |    |         S. filicina D03
                     |    |         S. laciniata J87
                     |    |         S. longipes D03
                     |    |         S. tomentosa J87
                     |    |         S. weigelii J87
                     |    |--S. carolinensis ML04
                     |    `--+--S. fragilinata ML04
                     |       `--+--S. fuliginosa ML04
                     |          `--S. limbata ML04
                     `--Pseudocyphellaria ML04
                          |--P. aurata ML04
                          |--P. crocata ML04
                          |--P. divulsa ML04
                          |--P. faveolata D03
                          |    |--P. f. var. faveolata D03
                          |    `--P. f. var. cervicornis D03
                          |--P. fossulata D03
                          |--P. freycinetii D03
                          |    |--P. f. var. freycinetii D03
                          |    `--P. f. var. isidioloma D03
                          |--P. hirsuta D03
                          |--P. intricata D03
                          |    |--P. i. var. intricata D03
                          |    `--P. i. var. thouarsii D03
                          |--P. nitida D03
                          |--P. orymaea D03
                          |    |--P. o. ssp. orymaea D03
                          |    `--P. o. ssp. flavicans D03
                          |--P. perpetua ML04
                          |--P. physciospora D03
                          `--P. urvillei D03

Nephroma australe Rich. 1832 var. australe [incl. N. homanii Gyelnik 1931, N. resupinata var. pruinosa Mont. 1837-1840, N. schizocarpum Nyl. 1860 , N. antarcticum var. tenue Nyl. 1860] M60

Nephroma australe var. australe f. homalodes (Nyl.) Murray 1960 [=N. homalodes Nyl. 1888; incl. N. antarcticum Hellbom 1896, N. neozelandicum Gyelnik apud Zahlbruckner 1941, N. zelandicum f. squamicolum Gyelnik 1938, N. zelandicum Gyelnik 1938] M60

Nephroma cellulosum (Sm.) Ach. 1810 [=Lichen cellulosus Sm. apud Ach. 1803, Nephromium cellulosum Nyl. 1860] M60

Nephroma helveticum Ach. 1810 [=Nephromium helveticum Nyl. 1888; incl. N. denticulatum, N. tropicum] M60

Nephroma helveticum var. rufum (Bab.) Murray 1960 [=Nephroma resupinatum var. rufa Bab. in Hooker 1855, Nephromium helveticum var. rufum Nyl. apud Hue 1890, Nephromium laevigatum var. rufum Nyl. 1860; incl. Nephromium laevigatum Hooker 1867] M60

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES


[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 1-34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota – 2003. Myconet 9: 1-89.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446-1480.

[ML04] Miadlikowska, J., & F. Lutzoni. 2004. Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 449-464.

[M60] Murray, J. 1960. Studies on New Zealand lichens. Part III.—The family Peltigeraceae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 381-399.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1-248.