Arvicolinae

Jaw of Mimomys pliocaenicus, copyright Ghedoghedo.

Belongs within: Cricetidae.
Contains: Clethrionomys, Dicrostonyx, Myodes, Eothenomys, Microtus.

The Arvicolinae, voles and lemmings, are a Holarctic group of small rodents with a tail less than half the length of the head and body, an angular skull, and a short rostrum. The lemmings (e.g. Dicrostonyx and Lemmus) are cold-climate specialists, found in Arctic and tundra regions, whereas the voles (Microtus, etc.) are also found in more temperate regions. The lemmings have broader and more massive skulls than the voles, with the genera of lemmings being distinguished by characters of the teeth. The muskrat Ondatra zibethicus is a larger semi-aquatic, omnivorous species that is native to North America but also introduced to parts of Eurasia and South America.

<==Arvicolinae [Arvicolidae, Microtinae, Microtini]
    |--+--Neofiber alleni FS15, M87
    |  `--Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus 1766) FS15, M76 [=Castor zibethicus B75]
    |       |--O. z. zibethicus MH03
    |       |--O. z. cinnamominus B75
    |       `--O. z. idahoensis MH03
    `--+--+--+--Dicrostonyx FS15
       |  |  `--+--Phenacomys FS15
       |  |     |    |--P. intermedius M87
       |  |     |    `--P. ungava FS15
       |  |     `--Arborimus FS15
       |  |          |--A. pomo Johnson & George 1991 FS15, N10
       |  |          `--+--A. albipes FS15 [=Phenacomys albipes BP87]
       |  |             `--A. longicaudus FS15 [incl. A. silvicola J68]
       |  `--+--Synaptomys FS15
       |     |    |--S. borealis FS15
       |     |    `--S. cooperi M87
       |     |         |--S. c. cooperi B75
       |     |         `--S. c. gossii (Coues in Coues & Allen 1877) [=Arvicola (Synaptomys) gossii] B75
       |     `--+--Myopus schisticolor FS15
       |        `--Lemmus [Lemmini] FS15
       |             |--+--L. portenkoi FS15
       |             |  `--L. trimucronatus FS15
       |             `--+--L. lemmus FS15
       |                `--+--L. amurensis FS15
       |                   `--L. sibiricus FS15
       `--+--+--Hyperacrius FS15
          |  |    |--H. fertilis FS15
          |  |    `--H. wynnei FS15
          |  `--+--Myodes FS15
          |     `--+--Eothenomys FS15
          |        `--Caryomys FS15
          |             |--C. eva FS15
          |             `--C. inez FS15
          `--+--+--+--Dinaromys bogdanovi FS15
             |  |  |--Propliomys Kretzoi 1959 P04
             |  |  |    `--P. hungaricus (Kormos 1934) [=Dolomys hungaricus] P04
             |  |  `--Pliomys Méhely 1914 FS15, P04
             |  |       |--P. coronensis (Méhely 1914) P04
             |  |       |--P. episcopalis Méhely 1914 P04
             |  |       |--P. graecus De Bruijn & Van der Meulen 1975 P04
             |  |       `--P. lenki (Heller 1930) FS15, P04
             |  `--+--Promimomys Kretzoi 1955 P04
             |     |    |--P. microdon Janossy 1974 P04
             |     |    `--P. moldavicus (Kormos 1932) [=Mimomys moldavicus] P04
             |     `--+--Arvicola FS15
             |        |    |  i. s.: A. arvalis T66
             |        |    |         A. monticola T66
             |        |    |         A. mosbachensis (Schmidtgen 1911) P04
             |        |    |         A. socialis T66
             |        |    |         A. terrestris (Linnaeus 1758) K92
             |        |    |--A. sapidus Miller 1908 FS15, K92
             |        |    `--+--A. amphibius FS15
             |        |       `--A. scherman FS15
             |        `--Mimomys Forsyth Major 1902 P04
             |             |--M. davakosi Van de Weerd 1979 P04
             |             |--M. gansunicus DW04
             |             |--M. gracilis (Kretzoi 1959) P04
             |             |--M. peii HC95
             |             |--M. pliocaenicus (Forsyth Major 1889) P04
             |             |--M. polonicus Kowalski 1960 P04
             |             |--M. proseki Fejfar 1961 P04
             |             |--M. savini Hinton 1910 P04
             |             `--M. stehlini Kormos 1931 P04
             `--+--Ellobius FS15
                |    |--E. alaicus FS15
                |    |--E. fuscocapillus FS15
                |    |--E. lutescens FS15
                |    |--E. talpinus FS15
                |    `--E. tancrei FS15
                `--+--+--Lagurus FS15
                   |  |    |--L. lagurus FS15
                   |  |    `--L. luteus BP87
                   |  `--Eolagurus FS15
                   |       |--E. luteus FS15
                   |       `--E. przewalskii FS15
                   `--+--Chionomys FS15
                      |    |--C. nivalis FS15
                      |    `--+--C. gud FS15
                      |       `--C. roberti FS15
                      `--+--+--Lemmiscus Thomas 1912 FS15, M87
                         |  |    `--*L. curtatus [=Lagurus curtatus] M87
                         |  `--Proedromys FS15
                         |       |--P. bedfordi FS15
                         |       `--P. liangshanensis FS15
                         `--+--Microtus FS15
                            `--+--+--‘Microtus’ gregalis FS15 [=Mus (Stenocranius) gregalis PM61]
                               |  `--Lasiopodomys FS15
                               |       |--L. fuscus FS15
                               |       `--+--L. brandtii FS15
                               |          `--L. mandarinus FS15
                               `--+--Phaiomys leucurus FS15
                                  `--+--Volemys FS15
                                     |    |--V. clarkei IT07
                                     |    |--V. kikuchii IT07
                                     |    |--V. millicens FS15
                                     |    `--V. musseri FS15
                                     `--Neodon FS15
                                          |--N. juldaschi FS15
                                          `--+--N. sikimensis FS15
                                             `--+--N. forresti FS15
                                                `--N. irene FS15

Arvicolinae incertae sedis:
  Mictomys MH03
    |--M. kansasensis (Hibbard 1952) MH03
    |--M. landesi MH03
    |--M. meltoni MH03
    `--M. vetus MH03
  Pliophenacomys osborni MH03
  Bjornkurtenia Kowalski 1992 P04
    `--B. canterranensis (Michaux 1976) [=Trilophomys canterranensis] P04
  Baranomys Kormos 1933 P04
    `--B. longidens (Kowalski 1960) P04
  Dolomys Nehring 1898 P04
    |--*D. milleri Nehring 1898 P04
    |--D. adroveri (Fejfar, Mein & Moissenet 1990) P04
    |--D. nehringi Kretzoi 1959 P04
    `--D. occitanus (Thaler 1955) [=Mimomys occitanus; incl. M. hassiacus atavus Fejfar 1961] P04
  Aschizomys J68
    |--A. andersoni J68
    |--A. imaizumi J68
    `--A. niigatae J68
  Clethrionomys M87
  Microtoscoptini G88
    |--Microtoscoptes G88
    `--Paramicrotoscoptes G88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[HC95] Huang W., R. Ciochon, Gu Y., R. Larick, Fang Q., H. Schwarcz, C. Yonge, J. de Vos & W. Rink. 1995. Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia. Nature 378: 275–278.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[J68] Johnson, M. L. 1968. Application of blood protein electrophoretic studies to problems in mammalian taxonomy. Systematic Zoology 17 (1): 23–30.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[MH03] Martin, R. A., R. T. Hurt, J. G. Honey & P. Peláez-Campomanes. 2003. Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene rodents fom the northern Borchers Badlands (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 985–1001.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[M87] Modi, W. S. 1987. Phylogenetic analyses of chromosomal banding patterns among the Nearctic Arvicolidae (Mammalia: Rodentia). Systematic Zoology 36 (2): 109–136.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[PM61] Paradiso, J. L. & R. H. Manville. 1961. Taxonomic notes on the tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus) in Alaska. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 77–92.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403–491.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

Anguidae

Slowworm Anguis fragilis, copyright Hans Hillewaert.

Belongs within: Anguimorpha.

The Anguidae, glass lizards and allies, are a group of lizards found in Eurasia, northern Africa and the Americas that are characterised by rectangular scales, osteoderms in the ventral skin, a reduced supratemporal arch and striations on the medial face of the tooth crowns (Animal Diversity Web).

<==Anguidae
    |--Diploglossus [Diploglosseae, Diploglossinae] H81
    |    |--D. bilobatus MH11
    |    |--D. occiduus (Shaw 1802) H81
    |    `--D. pleei MH11
    |--Glyptosaurinae SH96
    |    |--Helodermoides Douglass 1903 [Glyptosaurini] SH96
    |    |    `--H. tuberculatus Douglass 1903 [incl. Glyptosaurus giganteus Gilmore 1928, G. montanus Douglass 1908] SH96
    |    `--Melanosaurini SH96
    |         |--Melanosaurus LBG12
    |         `--Peltosaurus Cope 1873 SH96
    |              `--*P. granulosus Cope 1873 (see below for synonymy) SH96
    |--Ophisaurus Daudin 1803 [incl. Dopasia Gray 1853; Ophisaureae, Ophisaurinae] RB05
    |    |--O. attenuatus JP79
    |    |--O. canadensis SH96
    |    |--O. compressus DO99
    |    |--O. formosensis Kishida 1930 TYM08
    |    |--O. harti [=Dopasia harti] SH96
    |    |--O. roqueprunensis Augé 1992 SH96
    |    `--O. ventralis AM99
    `--Anguinae SH96
         |--Parophisaurus Sullivan 1987 SH96
         |    `--*P. pawneensis (Gilmore 1928) (see below for synonymy) SH96
         `--Anguis Linnaeus 1758 [Anguieae] L58
              |--A. bipes Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--A. cephallonica [incl. A. fragilis peloponnesiacus] N10
              |--A. cerastes Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--A. colchica [=A. fragilis colchica, A. fragilis colchicus] N10
              |--A. colubrina Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--A. eryx Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--A. fragilis Linnaeus 1758 BB03
              |--A. graeca N10
              |--A. jaculus Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--A. laticauda Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--A. lumbricalis Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--A. maculata Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--A. meleagris Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--A. reticulata Linnaeus 1758 L58
              `--A. scytale Linnaeus 1758 L58

Anguidae incertae sedis:
  Odaxosaurus piger Gilmore 1928 B93 [=Pancelosaurus piger G88]
  Proxestops LBG12
  Parodaxosaurus LBG12
  Paraglyptosaurus LBG12
  Apodosauriscus LBG12
  Eodiploglossus LBG12
  Gaultia LBG12
  Gerrhonotus [Gerrhonoteae] LBG12
    |--G. liocephalus MH11
    `--G. multicarinatus GWN71
  Abronia DD61
    |--A. deppi DD61
    `--A. graminea MH11
  Barisia DD61
    |--B. gadovi DD61
    `--B. imbricata MH11
  Celestus LBG12
    |--C. enneagrammus MH11
    |--C. occiduus FS01
    `--C. sagrae F15
  Pseudopus Merrem 1820 RB05
    |--P. apodus (Pallas 1775) RB05 [=Ophisaurus apodus B89]
    |--P. laurillardi (Lartet 1851) [=Anguis laurillardi, Ophisaurus laurillardi] RB05
    |--P. moguntinus (Boettger 1875) RB05 (see below for synonymy)
    `--P. pannonicus (Kormos 1911) RB05 [=Ophisaurus pannonicus B89]
  Elgaria AS09
    |--E. coerulea MH11
    |--E. kingii MH11
    |--E. multicarinata MH11
    |--E. panamintina MH11
    `--E. paucicarinata MH11
  Ophisauriscus quadrupes SH96
  Placosaurus SH96

*Parophisaurus pawneensis (Gilmore 1928) [=Xestops pawneensis, Machaerosaurus pawneensis, Pancelosaurus pawneensis] SH96

*Peltosaurus granulosus Cope 1873 [incl. P. abbotti Gilmore 1928, P. abbottii (l. c.), P. floridanus Vanzolini 1952] SH96

Pseudopus moguntinus (Boettger 1875) RB05 [=Ophisaurus moguntinus B89; incl. Propseudopus fraasi Hilgendorf 1883 RB05]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS09] Alfaro, M. E., F. Santini, C. Brock, H. Alamillo, A. Dornburg, D. L. Rabosky, G. Carnevale & L. J. Harmon. 2009. Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (32): 13410–13414.

[AM99] Anderson, J. F., & L. A. Magnarelli. 1999. Enzootiology of Borrelia burgdorferi in the northeastern and northcentral United States. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 385–389. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[B89] Bailon, S. 1989. Les amphibiens et les reptiles du Pliocene superieur de Balaruc II (Herault, France). Palaeovertebrata 19 (1): 7–28.

[B93] Benton, M. J. 1993. Reptilia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 681–715. Chapman & Hall: London.

[BB03] Blain, H.-A., & S. Bailon. 2003. Les amphibiens et les reptiles des couches du Pléistocène supérieur ancien du gisement d’Artenac (Charente, France). Quaternaire 14 (1): 85–95.

[DD61] Davis, W. B., & J. R. Dixon. 1961. Reptiles (exclusive of snakes) of the Chilpancingo Region, Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 37–56.

[DO99] Durden, L. A., & J. H. Oliver Jr. 1999. Ecology of Ixodes scapularis and Lyme disease in coastal Georgia, USA. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 379–383. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[FS01] Flannery, T., & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World’s Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[F15] Fowler, H. W. 1915. Cold-blooded vertebrates from Florida, the West Indies, Costa Rica, and eastern Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 244–269.

[GWN71] Gorman, G. C., A. C. Wilson & M. Nakanishi. 1971. A biochemical approach towards the study of reptilian phylogeny: evolution of serum albumin and lactic dehydrogenase. Systematic Zoology 20 (2): 167–185.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H81] Honegger, R. E. 1981. List of amphibians and reptiles either known or thought to have become extinct since 1600. Biological Conservation 19: 141–158.

[JP79] Jackson, J. F., & J. A. Pounds. 1979. Comments on assessing the dedifferentiating effect of gene flow. Systematic Zoology 28 (1): 78–85.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[LBG12] Longrich, N. R., B.-A. S. Bhullar & J. A. Gauthier. 2012. Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (52): 21396–21401.

[MH11] Müller, J., C. A. Hipsley, J. J. Head, N. Kardjilov, A. Hilger, M. Wuttke & R. R. Reisz. 2011. Eocene lizard from Germany reveals amphisbaenian origins. Nature 473: 364–367.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[RB05] Rage, J.-C., & S. Bailon. 2005. Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France). Geodiversitas 27 (3): 413–441.

[SH96] Sullivan, R. M., & J. A. Holman. 1996. Squamata. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 354–372. Cambridge University Press.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

Colubridae

Collared reed snake Calamaria pavimentata, copyright Rushenb.

Belongs within: Caenophidia.
Contains: Thamnophis, Lampropeltis, Pseudorabdion, Natricinae, Xenodontinae, Colubrinae.

The Colubridae are a cosmopolitan group of snakes, including both non-venomous and rear-fanged venomous species, characterised by the presence of solid teeth on the maxilla, palatine, pterygoid and dentary, but never on the premaxilla.

Colubridae
    |--+--Natricinae VH02
    |  `--+--Pseudoxenodon karlschmidti VH02
    |     `--Xenodontinae VH02
    `--+--Grayia ornata VH02
       `--+--Colubrinae VH02
          `--Calamariinae VH02
               |--Oreocalamus hanitschi VH02
               `--Calamaria VH02
                    |--C. babia S60
                    |--C. favae de Filippi 1840 (n. d.) [=Atractus favae] S60
                    |--C. pavimentata VH02
                    |--C. pfefferi Stejneger 1901 I92
                    `--C. stahlknechti M89

Colubridae incertae sedis:
  Thamnophis VH02
  Dendrophidion dendrophis DS86
  Drymarchon corais DS86
  Drymobius rhombifer DS86
  Drymoluber dichrous DS86
  Leptophis DS86
    |--L. abaetulla DS86
    |    |--L. a. abaetulla DS86
    |    `--L. a. nigromarginatus DS86
    |--L. cupreus DS86
    `--L. mexicanus M86
  Pseustes DS86
    |--P. poecilonotus DS86
    |    |--P. p. poecilonotus DS86
    |    `--P. p. polylepis DS86
    |--P. sexcarinatus DS86
    `--P. sulphureus DS86
  Spilotes pullatus DS86
  Xenopholis scalaris DS86
  Psomophis C07
  Coronella austriaca Laurenti 1768 BB03 [=Coluber austriacus K08]
  Texasophis Holman 1977 RB05
    |--*T. fossilis Holman 1977 SH96
    |--T. bohemiacus RB05
    |--T. galbreathi Holman 1984 SH96
    `--T. meini Rage & Holman 1984 RB05
  Dromicus H81
    |--D. cursor (Lacépède 1789) [=Leimadophis cursor] H81
    `--D. ornatus Garman 1887 [=Leimadophis ornatus] H81
  Phalotris JK08
    |--P. cuyanus (Cei 1984) JK08
    |--P. lemniscatus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854) JK08
    |--P. matogrossensis Lema, D’Agostini & Cappellari 2005 JK08
    |--P. mertensi (Hoge 1955) JK08
    |--P. nasutus (Gomes 1915) JK08
    |--P. sansebastiani Jansen & Köhler 2008 JK08
    `--P. tricolor (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854) [incl. P. punctatus (Lema 1979)] JK08
  Elapomorphus JK08
    |--E. mertensi Hoge 1955 H55
    `--E. tricolor H55
  Dendrophis R13
    |--D. calligaster R13
    |--D. caudolineata M89
    `--D. picta M89
  Trimorphodon biscutatus N10
  Pituophis GWN71
    |--P. catenifer OB11
    `--P. melanoleucus GWN71
  Apostolepis G11
  Lytorhynchus diadema [incl. L. kennedyi Schmidt 1939] A-O00
  Dendrelaphis Boulenger 1890 C18
    |--D. calligastra (Günther 1867) C18
    |--D. caudolineatus VH02
    |--D. modestus B28
    |--D. pictus VH02
    `--D. punctulatus (Gray 1826) C18
  Lampropeltis G88
  Aspidura trachyprocta CD88
  Afronatrix anoscopus B06
  Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854 C18
    |--S. cucullatus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854) C18
    `--S. parvus (Meyer 1874) C18
  Tropidonophis Jan 1863 C18
    `--T. mairii (Gray 1841) C18
         |--T. m. mairii C18
         `--T. m. brongersmai C18
  Pantherophis guttata C18
  Zamenis SBM01
    |--Z. andreana SBM01
    `--Z. dipsas B28
  Ninia sebae M86
  Pseudorabdion IL61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A-O00] Al-Oran, R. M. 2000. Notable herpetological records from central and southern Jordan. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 31–36.

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

[BB03] Blain, H.-A., & S. Bailon. 2003. Les amphibiens et les reptiles des couches du Pléistocène supérieur ancien du gisement d'Artenac (Charente, France). Quaternaire 14 (1): 85–95.

[B06] Boruchowitz, D. E. 2006. Guide to Cichlids. T.F.H. Publications: Neptune City (New Jersey).

[C07] Cadle, J. E. 2007. The snake genus Sibynomorphus (Colubridae: Dipsadinae: Dipsadini) in Peru and Ecuador, with comments on the systematics of Dipsadini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 158 (5): 183–284.

[C18] Cogger, H. G. 2018. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia updated 7^th ed. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[CD88] Crusz, H., & D. M. A. K. Daundasekera. 1988. Parasites of the relict fauna of Ceylon. IX. Helminths from burrowing scincine lizards. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 63: 439–447.

[DS86] Dixon, J. R., & P. Soini. 1986. The Reptiles of the Upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos Region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum: Milwaukee.

[GWN71] Gorman, G. C., A. C. Wilson & M. Nakanishi. 1971. A biochemical approach towards the study of reptilian phylogeny: evolution of serum albumin and lactic dehydrogenase. Systematic Zoology 20 (2): 167–185.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[G11] Guadanucci, J. P. L. 2011. Cladistic analysis and biogeography of the genus Oligoxystre Vellard 1924 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 320–326.

[H55] Hoge, A. R. 1955. Eine neue Schlange der Gattung Elapomorphus aus Brasilien. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (5-6): 301–304.

[H81] Honegger, R. E. 1981. List of amphibians and reptiles either known or thought to have become extinct since 1600. Biological Conservation 19: 141–158.

[IL61] Inger, R. F., & A. E. Leviton. 1961. A new colubrid snake the genus Pseudorabdion from Sumatra. Fieldiana: Zoology 44 (5): 45–47.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JK08] Jansen, M., & G. Köhler. 2008. A new species of Phalotris from the eastern lowlands of Bolivia (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 103–110.

[K08] Korsós, Z. 2008. History of the herpetological collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 100: 37–93.

[M86] McCoy, C. J. 1986. Results of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History expeditions to Belize. I. Systematic status and geographic distribution of Sibon neilli (Reptilia, Serpentes). Annals of Carnegie Museum 55 (6): 117–123.

[M89] Modigliani, E. 1889. Materiali per la fauna erpetologica dell'isola Nias. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 113–124.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[OB11] Orenstein, R. I., & D. Brewer. 2011. Family Cardinalidae (cardinals). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 330–427. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[RB05] Rage, J.-C., & S. Bailon. 2005. Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France). Geodiversitas 27 (3): 413–441.

[R13] Roux, J. 1913. Les reptiles de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 2 pp. 79–160. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[S60] Savage, J. M. 1960. A revision of the Ecuadorian snakes of the colubrid genus Atractus. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 112: 1–86.

[SBM01] Schätti, B., I. Baran & P. Maunoir. 2001. Taxonomie, Morphologie und Verbreitung der Masken-Schlanknatter Coluber (s. l.) collaris (Müller, 1878). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 108 (1): 11–30.

[SH96] Sullivan, R. M., & J. A. Holman. 1996. Squamata. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 354–372. Cambridge University Press.

[VH02] Vidal, N., & S. B. Hedges. 2002. Higher-level relationships of caenophidian snakes inferred from four nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Comptes Rendus Biologies 325: 987–995.

Anura

Hochstetter's frog Leiopelma hochstetteri, copyright David M. Green.

Belongs within: Lepospondyli.
Contains: Alytoidea, Pipoidea, Pelobatoidea, Neobatrachia.

The Anura, frogs and toads, are a diverse group of terrestrial to aquatic vertebrates that lack an external tail at maturity and are often adapted for a hopping mode of locomotion. Larvae, if present, are aquatic and legless with a strong, finned tail.

Synapomorphies (from Frost et al. 2006): Prefrontal bone absent; prearticular bone absent; palatine absent; nine or fewer vertebrae; atlas with a single centrum; first spinal nerve exiting from spinal nerve canal via intervertebral foramen; caudal vertebral segments fused into urostyle; hindlimbs significantly longer than forelimbs, including elongation of ankle bones; radius and ulna, tibia and fibula fused; hyobranchial elements fused into hyoid plate; keratinous jaw sheaths and keratodonts present on larval mouthparts; larva with single median spiracle; skin with large subcutaneous lymph spaces; two m. protractor lentis attached to lens.

<==Anura (see below for synonymy)
    |--Bombinanura [Archaeobatrachia, Discoglossanura, Lalagobatrachia, Mesobatrachia, Ranoidei, Sokolanura] FG06
    |    |--Alytoidea FB17
    |    `--Pipanura FB17
    |         |--Pipoidea PW11
    |         `--Acosmanura FG06
    |              |  i. s.: Eurycephalella alcinae FB17
    |              |--Pelobatoidea EJK08
    |              `--Neobatrachia PW11
    `--Leiopelmatoidea FB17
         |--Ascaphus Stejneger 1899 FG06 [Ascaphidae PW11]
         |    |--A. montanus FG06
         |    `--A. truei FG06
         `--Leiopelmatidae [Amphicoela, Liopelmatina] FG06
             |--Vieraella herbstii Reig 1961 G88, M93
             |--Notobatrachus degiustoi Reig 1955 G88, M93
             `--Leiopelma Fitzinger 1861 [=Liopelma Günther 1869] FG06
                  |  i. s.: L. waitomoensis Worthy 1987 WH02
                  |--+--L. auroraensis Worthy 1987 WH02
                  |  |--L. hochstetteri Fitzinger 1861 WH02
                  |  `--L. markhami Worthy 1987 WH02
                  `--+--L. pakeka Bell, Daugherty & Hay 1998 BDH98
                     `--+--L. archeyi Turbott 1942 BDH98, WH02
                        `--L. hamiltoni McCulloch 1919 BDH98

Anura incertae sedis:
  Phractops F13
    |--P. brevipalmatus F13
    `--P. brevipes F13
  Callula baleata M89
  Notodelphys ovifera H04
  Liaobatrachus FB17
    |--L. grabaui ZBH03
    `--L. zhaoi FB17
  Enneabatrachus hechti R00
  Eobatrachus agilis Marsh 1887 (n. d.) R00
  Comobatrachus aenigmatis Hecht & Estes 1960 (n. d.) R00
  Paradiscoglossus americanus Estes & Sanchíz 1982 R00
  Theatonius lancensis Fox 1976 R00
  Gobiatidae R00
    |--Gobiatoides parvus Roček & Nessov 1993 R00
    `--Gobiates Špinar & Tatarinov 1986 R00
         |--G. asiaticus Roček & Nessov 1993 R00
         |--G. bogatchovi Roček & Nessov 1993 R00
         |--G. dzhyrakudukensis Roček & Nessov 1993 R00
         |--G. fritschi Roček & Nessov 1993 R00
         |--G. furcatus Roček & Nessov 1993 R00
         |--G. kermeentsavi Špinar & Tatarinov 1986 R00
         |--G. kizylkumensis Roček & Nessov 1993 R00
         |--G. leptocolaptus (Borsuk-Białynicka 1978) R00
         |--G. sosedkoi (Nessov 1981) [=Eopelobates sosedkoi] R00
         |--G. spinari Roček & Nessov 1993 R00
         `--G. tatarinovi Roček & Nessov 1993 R00
  Altanulia alifanovi Gubin 1993 R00
  Palaeophrynos gessneri Tschudi 1839 RR00
  Batrachus RR00
    |--B. lacustris Pomel 1853 RR00
    |--B. lemanensis Pomel 1853 RR00
    `--B. naiadum Pomel 1853 RR00
  Lutetiobatrachus gracilis RR00
  Liventsovkia jucunda RR00
  Ranavus scarabellii RR00

Anura [Acaudata, Anoura, Anuri, Anuria, Discoglossoidei, Ecaudata, Ecaudati, Heteromorpha, Leiopelmatanura, Miura, Pygomolgaei, Raniformia]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BDH98] Bell, B. D., C. H. Daugherty & J. M. Hay. 1998. Leiopelma pakeka, n. sp. (Anura: Leiopelmatidae), a cryptic species of frog from Maud Island, New Zealand, and a reassessment of the conservation status of L. hamiltoni from Stephens Island. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 28 (1): 39–54.

[EJK08] Evans, S. E., M. E. H. Jones & D. W. Krause. 2008. A giant frog with South American affinities from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105 (8): 2951–2956.

[FB17] Feng, Y.-J., D. C. Blackburn, D. Liang, D. M. Hillis, D. B. Wake, D. C. Cannatella & P. Zhang. 2017. Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 114 (29): E5864–E5870.

[FG06] Frost, D. R., T. Grant, J. Faivovich, R. H. Bain, A. Haas, C. F. B. Haddad, R. O. de Sá, A. Channing, M. Wilkinson, S. C. Donnellan, C. J. Raxworthy, J. A. Campbell, B. L. Blotto, P. Moler, R. C. Drewes, R. A. Nussbaum, J. D. Lynch, D. M. Green & W. C. Wheeler. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370.

[F13] Fry, D. B. 1913. On a Varanus and a frog from Burnett River, Queensland, and a revision of the variations in Limnodynastes dorsalis, Gray. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (2): 17–34, pls 1–3.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[M93] Milner, A. R. 1993. Amphibian-grade Tetrapoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 665–679. Chapman & Hall: London.

[M89] Modigliani, E. 1889. Materiali per la fauna erpetologica dell’isola Nias. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 113–124.

[PW11] Pyron, R. A., & J. J. Wiens. 2011. A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 543–583.

[R00] Roček, Z. 2000. Mesozoic anurans. In: Heatwole, H., & R. L. Carroll (eds) Amphibian Biology vol. 4. Palaeontology. The evolutionary history of amphibians pp. 1295–1331. Surrey Beatty & Sons.

[RR00] Roček, Z., & J.-C. Rage 2000. Tertiary Anura of Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, and Australia. In: Heatwole, H., & R. L. Carroll (eds) Amphibian Biology vol. 4. Palaeontology. The evolutionary history of amphibians pp. 1332–1387. Surrey Beatty & Sons.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

[ZBH03] Zhou, Z., P. M. Barrett & J. Hilton. 2003. An exceptionally preserved Lower Cretaceous ecosystem. Nature 421: 807–814.

Hexathelidae

Banded tunnelweb spider Hexathele hochstetteri, copyright Epitree.

Belongs within: Avicularoidea.

The Hexathelidae, funnel web spiders, are a group of medium-sized to large spiders that live in tube or funnel webs under rocks or in crevices (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Medium-sized to large mygalomorph spiders; cephalic region raised or low; eight eyes; labium provided with numerous cuspules; rastellum absent; three tarsal claws; posterior spinnerets long and slender or short with digitiform apical segment.

<==Hexathelidae
    |  i. s.: Rosamygale grauvogeli Selden & Gall 1992 S02
    |         Bymainiella R95
    |           |--B. lugubris Raven 1978 R95
    |           `--B. terraereginae (Raven 1976) R95
    |--Plesiothelinae JD-S07
    |--Macrothelinae [Macrotheleae] PVD10
    |    |--Stenygrocerus R14
    |    |--Macrothele calpeiana JD-S07
    |    |--Porrhothele Simon 1892 PVD10
    |    |    |--*P. antipodiana (Walckenaer 1837) PVD10 [=Mygale antipodiana S99; incl. M. quoyi S99]
    |    |    |--P. blanda Forster 1968 PVD10
    |    |    |--P. huttoni [=Macrothele huttoni] S99
    |    |    |--P. insignipes S99
    |    |    |--P. moana Forster 1968 PVD10
    |    |    |--P. modesta Forster 1968 PVD10
    |    |    `--P. quadrigyna Forster 1968 PVD10
    |    |--Entomothele S89
    |    |    |--*E. guianensis (Walck. 1837) [=Mygale guianensis] S89
    |    |    `--E. pusilla Simon 1889 S89
    |    |--Phyxioschema S89
    |    `--Thelecoris S89
    |--Atracinae [Atraceae] B96
    |    |--Styphlopis Rainbow 1913 R13
    |    |    `--*S. insularis Rainbow 1913 R13
    |    |--Atrax R14
    |    |    |--A. formidabilis Rainbow 1914 R14 [=Hadronyche formidabilis B96]
    |    |    |--A. modesta R14
    |    |    |--A. robustus (Cambridge 1877) B96
    |    |    `--A. versuta Rainbow 1914 R14 [=Hadronyche versutus B96]
    |    `--Hadronyche R14
    |         |--H. cerberea R14
    |         `--H. infensa FF99
    `--Hexathele Ausserer 1871 [Hexathelae, Hexathelinae] PVD10
         |--*H. hochstetteri Ausserer 1871 PVD10
         |--H. cantuaria Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. cavernicola Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. cinereopilosa S89
         |--H. exemplar Parrott 1960 PVD10
         |--H. huka Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. huttoni Hogg 1908 PVD10
         |--H. kohua Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. maitaia Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. nigra Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. otira Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. para Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. petriei Goyen 1887 PVD10
         |--H. pukea Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. putuna Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. ramsayi Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. rupicola Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. taumara Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. waipa Forster 1968 PVD10
         |--H. waita Forster 1968 PVD10
         `--H. wiltoni Forster 1968 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Brunet, B. 1996. Spiderwatch: A Guide to Australian Spiders. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[R13] Rainbow, W. J. 1913. Arachnida from the Solomon Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (1): 1–16.

[R14] Rainbow, W. J. 1914. Studies in Australian Araneidae, no. 6, the Terretelariae. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (8): 187–270.

[R95] Raven, R. J. 1995. Coxal glands of spiders of the genera Bymainiella, Atrax and Namea (Hexathelidae, Dipluridae, Mygalomorphae). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 67–71.

[S02] Selden, P. A. 2002. First British Mesozoic spider, from Cretaceous amber of the Isle of Wight, southern England. Palaeontology 45 (5): 973–983.

[S99] Simon, E. 1889. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887–Avril 1888). 4^e mémoire. Arachnides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 169–220, pls 1–3.

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

Cycloctenidae

Toxopsiella medialis, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Amaurobioidea.

The Cycloctenidae, scuttling spiders, are a group of free-living hunting spiders endemic to Australasia (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to medium-sized araneomorph spiders; eight eyes, eyes in two strongly recurved rows with posterior eyes much larger than anterior one; three tarsal claws; claw tufts and scopulae absent; ecribellate; entelegyne.

<==Cycloctenidae [Cyclocteninae]
    |--Galliena Simon 1898 JD-S07
    |--Uzakia Koçak & Kemal 2008 PVD10 [=Anaua Forster 1970 (preoc.) PVD10, JD-S07]
    |    `--*U. unica (Forster 1970) [=*Anaua unica] PVD10
    |--Plectophanes Bryant 1935 PVD10
    |    |--*P. frontalis Bryant 1935 PVD10
    |    |--P. altus Forster 1964 PVD10
    |    |--P. archeyi Forster 1964 PVD10
    |    |--P. hollowayae Forster 1964 PVD10
    |    `--P. pilgrimi Forster 1964 PVD10
    |--Cycloctenus Koch 1878 PVD10
    |    |--C. agilis Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. centralis Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. duplex Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. fiordensis Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. flaviceps Koch 1878 S99
    |    |--C. fugax Goyen 1890 PVD10
    |    |--C. lepidus Urquhart 1890 PVD10
    |    |--C. nelsonensis Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. paturau Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. pulcher Urquhart 1891 PVD10
    |    `--C. westlandicus Forster 1964 PVD10
    `--Toxopsiella Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--*T. lawrencei Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. alpina Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. australis Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. centralis Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. dugdalei Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. horningi Forster 1979 PVD10
         |--T. medialis Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. minuta Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. nelsonensis Forster 1979 PVD10
         |--T. orientalis Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. parrotti Forster 1964 PVD10
         `--T. perplexa Forster 1964 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

Mahura

Mahura hinua, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Agelenidae.

Mahura is a New Zealand genus of small, fast-moving spiders, including both cribellate and ecribellate species, that do not appear to construct a snare.

<==Mahura Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--*M. turris Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. accola Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. bainhamensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. boara Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. crypta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. detrita Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. hinua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. musca Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. rubella Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. rufula Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. scuta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. sorenseni Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. southgatei Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. spinosa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. spinosoides Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. takahea Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. tarsa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--M. vella Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Agelenidae

Tararua clara, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Amaurobioidea.
Contains: Tegenaria, Mahura, Neoramia, Orepukia, Oramia.

The Agelenidae are a cosmopolitan group of spiders that construct flat sheet-webs attached to funnel-shaped retreats (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to medium-sized araneomorph spiders; eight eyes; ecribellate; colulus paired; posterior spinnerets two-segmented, long and slender, with apical segment tapering towards tip; tarsi with trichobothria increasing in length towards tip; three tarsal claws; entelegyne.

<==Agelenidae [Agalenoidae]
    |--Ageleninae PVD10
    |    |--Tegenaria PVD10
    |    |--Malthonica Simon 1898 PVD10
    |    |    |--M. pagana (Koch 1840) PVD10
    |    |    `--M. silvestris (Koch 1872) SL14
    |    `--Agelena Walckenaer 1805 JD-S07
    |         |--A. consociata Denis 1965 A02
    |         |--A. labyrinthica (Clerck 1757) S02 [=Aranea labirinthica C01, Tegenaria labirinthica C01]
    |         |--A. limbata E95
    |         |--A. naevia CM07
    |         |--A. republicana JD-S07
    |         `--A. rhodesiae Pocock 1901 P01
    `--+--Mahura PVD10
       |--Neoramia PVD10
       |--Orepukia PVD10
       |--Oramiella Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--*O. wisei Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Neorepukia Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*N. pilama Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--N. hama Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Paramyro Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*P. apicus Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--P. parapicus Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Porotaka Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*P. detrita Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--P. florae Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Tuapoka Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*T. ovalis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--T. cavata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Ahua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*A. vulgaris Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--A. dentata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--A. insula Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--A. kaituna Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Tararua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*T. celeripes (Urquhart 1891) PVD10
       |    |--T. clara Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--T. diversa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--T. foordi Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--T. puna Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--T. ratuma Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--T. versuta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Oramia PVD10
       `--Huka Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
            |--*H. pallida Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
            |--H. alba Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
            |--H. lobata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
            |--H. minima Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
            `--H. minuta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10

Agelenidae incertae sedis:
  Hololena BS02
    |--H. adnexa E95
    `--H. nedra Chamberlin & Ivie 1942 BS02
  Olorunia ocellata Pocock 1900 JD-S07, HD-S02
  Agelescape affinis (Kulczyński 1901) [=Agelena affinis] MG03
  Textrix K55
    |--T. coarctata (Dufour 1831) K55
    `--T. denticulata E95
  Wadotes JVHN90
  Alloagelena WZ08
  Histopona Thorell 1869 MG03
    `--H. torpida (Koch 1834) SL14
  ‘Hina’ Forster 1964 non Marwick 1927 F64
    `--H. delli (Forster 1955) [=Ostearius delli] F64
  Agelenopsis BS02
    |--A. aperta BS09
    `--A. utahana (Chamberlin & Ivie 1933) PS08
  Lycosoides Lucas 1846 MG03
    |--L. algirica Lucas 1846 E12
    |--L. coarctata (Dufour 1831) MG03
    |--L. digitalis Lycas 1846 E12
    |--L. flavomaculata Lucas 1846 E12
    |--L. lehtineni Marusik & Guseinov 2003 MG03
    |--L. pallipes Lucas 1846 E12
    |--L. rufipes Lucas 1846 E12
    `--L. rufithorax Lucas 1846 E12
  Eocryphoeca S93
    |--E. distincta (Petrunkevitch 1942) S93
    |--E. fossilis (Petrunkevitch 1942) S93
    `--E. gracilipes (Koch & Berendt 1854) S93
  Mastigusa S93
    |--M. acuminata Menge 1854 S93
    `--M. modesta Menge 1854 S93
  Thyelia P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A02] Agnarsson, I. 2002. Sharing a web—on the relation of sociality and kleptoparasitism in theridiid spiders (Theridiidae, Araneae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 181–188.

[BS02] Baird, C. R., & R. L. Stoltz. 2002. Range expansion of the hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis, in the northwestern United States (Araneae, Agelenidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 201–204.

[BS09] Blackledge, T. A., N. Scharff, J. A. Coddington, T. Szüts, J. W. Wenzel, C. Y. Hayashi & I. Agnarsson. 2009. Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (13): 5229–5234.

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[E95] Elgar, M. A. 1995. The duration of copulation in spiders: comparative patterns. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 1–11.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F64] Forster, R. R. 1964. The Araneae and Opiliones of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Pacific Insects Monograph 7: 58–115.

[HD-S02] Haddad, C. R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2002. The influence of mound structure on the diversity of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting the abandoned mounds of the snouted harvester termite Trinervitermes trinervoides. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 403–408.

[JVHN90] Jennings, D. T., W. M. Vander Haegen & A. M. Narahara. 1990. A sampling of forest-floor spiders (Araneae) by expellant, Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, Maine. Journal of Arachnology 18: 173–180.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[MG03] Marusik, Yu. M., & E. F. Guseinov. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 29–46.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[PS08] Pinzón, J., & J. Spence. 2008. Performance of two arboreal pitfall trap designs in sampling cursorial spiders from tree trunks. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 280–286.

[P01] Pocock, R. I. 1901. Diagnoses of some new species of spiders from Mashonaland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 337–340.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[SL14] Samu, F., G. Lengyel, É. Szita, A. Bidló & P. Ódor. 2014. The effect of forest stand characteristics on spider diversity and species composition in deciduous-coniferous mixed forests. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 135–141.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Selden, P. A. 2002. Missing links between Argyroneta and Cybaeidae revealed by fossil spiders. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 189–200.

[WZ08] Wang, X.-P., & M.-S. Zhu. 2008. Himalmartensus, a new genus of the spider family Amaurobiidae from Nepal (Araneae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 241–250.

Orepukia

Orepukia poppelwelli, copyright James Tweed.

Belongs within: Agelenidae.

Orepukia is a New Zealand genus of spiders found mostly on the forest floor, constructing formless webs under fallen debris.

<==Orepukia Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--*O. sorenseni Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. alta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. catlinensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. dugdalei Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. egmontensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. florae Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. geophila Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. grisea Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. insula Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. nota Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. nummosa (Hogg 1909) PVD10
    |--O. orophila Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. pallida Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. poppelwelli Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. prina Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. rakiura Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. redacta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. riparia Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. sabua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. similis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. simplex Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. tanea Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. tonga Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--O. virtuta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Neoramia

Neoramia alta, copyright Steve Kerr.

Belongs within: Agelenidae.

Neoramia is a New Zealand genus of usually large spiders that construct webs as a formless sheet attached to a retreat.

<==Neoramia PVD10
    |--*N. charybdis (Hogg 1910) PVD10
    |--N. allanae PVD10
    |--N. alta PVD10
    |--N. childi Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. crucifera (Hogg 1909) PVD10
    |--N. finschi (Koch 1872) PVD10
    |--N. fiordensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. hoggi (Forster 1964) PVD10
    |--N. hokina Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. janus (Bryant 1935) PVD10 [=Ixeuticus janus FF99, Marplesia janus FF99]
    |--N. koha Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. komata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. mamoea Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. marama Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. margaretae Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. matua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. minuta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. nana Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. oroua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. otagoa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. raua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--N. setosa (Bryant 1935) PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Maniho

Maniho cantuarius, copyright Ivan Magalhaes.

Belongs within: Amphinectidae.

Maniho is a New Zealand genus of spiders that construct small sheet webs on the forest floor under fallen logs or bark.

<==Maniho Marples 1959 PVD10
    |--*M. tigris Marples 1959 PVD10
    |--M. australis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. cantuarius Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. centralis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. gracilis FF99
    |--M. insulanus Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. meridionalis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. ngaitahu Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. otagoensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. pumilio Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--M. vulgaris Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).