Atlantogenata

Southern tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla, copyright Bernard Dupont.

Belongs within: Eutheria.
Contains: Dasypodidae, Folivora, Tubulidentata, Afrosoricida, Macroscelididae, Pan-Paenungulata.

The Atlantogenata are a clade of mammals supported by molecular data uniting the clades Xenarthra and Afrotheria. Xenarthra is the order of mammals containing the anteaters, sloths and armadillos, and is primarily found in South America. The name refers to the distinctive vertebrae of members of the clade. In older references this group was commonly referred to the Edentata, meaning 'toothless', but only the anteaters (Myrmecophagidae) are truly toothless; the sloths and armadillos retain enamelless back teeth. The armadillos and their extinct relatives in the Cingulata are characterised by dorsal armour formed from osteoderms covered in keratinous scales, that may be variously fused to form plates. The sloths and anteaters retain a uniform covering of thick hair. Anteaters have elongate snouts and tongues used for feeding on social insects.

The Afrotheria is a clade of mammals united by molecular analyses, though morphological support for the clade remains elusive. Most phylogenies support division of living afrotherians between the insectivorous taxa—Afrosoricida (golden moles and tenrecs), Macroscelididae (elephant shrews) and Orycteropus afer (aardvark)—and the herbivorous Paenungulata. Possible fossil afrotherians include the Ptolemaiida, a group of insectivorous or omnivorous mammals known from the Oligocene and Miocene of Africa. At least one ptolemaiidan, Kelba quadeemae, was probably about the size of modern coyote (Cote et al. 2007).

<==Atlantogenata [Hicanodonta] HUG17
    |--Xenarthra HUG17
    |    |  i. s.: Proeutatus Ameghino 1891 BAA04
    |    |           `--P. lagena A05a
    |    |         Propaopus Ameghino 1881 BAA04
    |    |--Cingulata [Dasypoda, Dasypodoidea] DSD03
    |    |    |--Stegotheriidae A05c
    |    |    |    |--Stegotherium Ameghino 1887 M94, BAA04
    |    |    |    |    |--S. simplex [=Scotaeops simplex] A05c
    |    |    |    |    |--S. tessellatum M94
    |    |    |    |    `--S. variegatum D07
    |    |    |    |--Necrodasypus galliae Filhol 1894 [=Necromanis galliae] A05c
    |    |    |    `--Pseudostegotherium glangeaudi A05c, A05b
    |    |    |--Dasypodidae BAA04
    |    |    `--Peltephilidae [Peltateloidea] BAA04
    |    |         |--Peltephilus Ameghino 1887 BAA04
    |    |         |    `--P. ferox D07
    |    |         `--Epipeltephilus A05c
    |    `--Pilosa DSD03
    |         |--+--Folivora DSD03
    |         |  `--Pseudoglyptodon chilensis MJ11
    |         `--+--Utaetus Ameghino 1902 HUG17, BAA04
    |            |    |--U. argos A05c
    |            |    |--U. buccatus HUG17
    |            |    `--U. deustus A05c
    |            `--Myrmecophagidae [Vermilingua] DSD03
    |                 |  i. s.: Protamandua rothi OB13
    |                 |--Cyclopes Gray 1821 DSD03, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |                 |    `--*C. didactylus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |                 |         |--C. d. didactylus [incl. Myrmecophaga unicolor Geoffroy in Desmarest 1804] C57
    |                 |         |--C. d. catellus Thomas 1928 C57
    |                 |         |--C. d. dorsalis (Gray 1865) [=Cyclothurus dorsalis] C57
    |                 |         |--C. d. eva Thomas 1902 C57
    |                 |         |--C. d. ida Thomas 1900 [incl. C. didactylus codajazensis Lönnberg 1942] C57
    |                 |         |--C. d. juruanus Lönnberg 1942 C57
    |                 |         |--C. d. melini Lönnberg 1928 C57
    |                 |         `--C. d. mexicanus G69
    |                 `--Myrmecophaginae DC01
    |                      |--Myrmecophaga Linnaeus 1758 BAA04 [incl. Falcifer Rehn 1900 C57]
    |                      |    |--*M. tridactyla Linnaeus 1758 [incl. M. jubata Linné 1766, M. iubata] C57
    |                      |    |    |--M. t. tridactyla C57
    |                      |    |    `--M. t. artata Osgood 1912 [=M. t. artatus] C57
    |                      |    `--M. aculeata G96
    |                      `--Tamandua Gray 1825 DSD03, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |                           |--*T. tetradactyla (Linnaeus 1758) [=Myrmecophaga tetradactyla] C57
    |                           |    |--T. t. tetradactyla (see below for synonymy) C57
    |                           |    |--T. t. chapadensis Allen 1904 (see below for synonymy) C57
    |                           |    |--T. t. chiriquensis Allen 1904 (see below for synonymy) C57
    |                           |    |--T. t. instabilis Allen 1904 C57
    |                           |    |--T. t. punensis Allen 1916 C57
    |                           |    `--T. t. quicha Thomas 1927 C57
    |                           |--T. longicaudata (Wagner 1844) [=Myrmecophaga longicaudata] C57
    |                           |    |--T. l. longicaudata [=T. tetradactyla longicaudata] C57
    |                           |    `--T. l. mexianae Hagmann 1908 C57
    |                           `--T. mexicana WR07 [=T. tetradactyla mexicana G69]
    `--Afrotheria [Colbertia] HUG17
         |  i. s.: Ptolemaiida CW07
         |           |  i. s.: Qarunavus Simons & Gingerich 1974 CW07
         |           |           `--Q. meyeri Simons & Gingerich 1974 CW07
         |           |--Kelba Savage 1965 [Kelbidae] CW07
         |           |    `--K. quadeemae Savage 1965 [incl. Kenyalutra songhorensis, Ndamathaia kubwa] CW07
         |           `--Ptolemaiidae [Ptolemayidae] CW07
         |                |--Ptolemaia Osborn 1908 CW07
         |                |    |--*P. lyonsi Osborn 1908 CW07
         |                |    `--P. grangeri Bown & Simons 1987 CW07
         |                `--Cleopatrodon Bown & Simons 1987 CW07
         |                     |--C. ayeshae Bown & Simons 1987 CW07
         |                     `--C. robusta Bown & Simons 1987 CW07
         |         Ocepeia daouiensis HUG17
         |--Afroinsectiphilia HUG17
         |    |--+--Tubulidentata FS15
         |    |  `--Plesiorycteropus Filhol 1895 ANG03, M94 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |       |--*P. madagascariensis Filhol 1895 (see below for synonymy) M94
         |    |       `--P. germainepetterae MacPhee 1994 M94
         |    `--Afroinsectivora OB13
         |         |--Afrosoricida OB13
         |         `--+--Macroscelididae OB13
         |            |--+--Pseudictops Matthew, Granger & Simpson 1929 AM05, V67 [Pseudictopidae]
         |            |  `--Anagalidae MHL03
         |            |       |--Anagale Simpson 1931 AM05, V67
         |            |       |    `--A. gobiensis MHL03
         |            |       `--Anagalopsis Bohlin 1951 V67
         |            `--+--Dilambdogale gheerbranti HUG17
         |               `--Widanelfarasia HUG17
         |                    |--W. bowni HUG17
         |                    `--W. rasmusseni HUG17
         `--Pan-Paenungulata OB13

Cyclopes Gray 1821 DSD03, C57 [incl. Cyclothurus Lesson 1842 C57, Myrmidon Wagley 1830 C57; Cyclopedidae]

*Cyclopes didactylus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Myrmecophaga didactyla, Cyclothurus didactyla, Myrmidon didactylus] C57

Plesiorycteropus Filhol 1895 ANG03, M94 [incl. Myoryctes Forsyth Major 1908 (preoc.) M94, Majoria Thomas 1915 M94; Bibymalagasia, Plesiorycteropodidae, Plesiorycteropodinae]

*Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis Filhol 1895 [incl. Hypogeomys boulei Grandidier 1912, Myoryctes rapeto Forsyth Major 1908, Majoria rapeto] M94

Tamandua Gray 1825 DSD03, C57 [=Tamanduus Cuvier 1829 C57; incl. Dryorix Gloger 1841 C57, Uroleptes Wagner 1830 C57, Uroleptess Alston 1882 C57]

Tamandua tetradactyla chapadensis Allen 1904 [incl. T. tetradactyla kriegi Krumbiegel 1940, Myrmecophaga bivittata straminea Cope 1889 (n. d.)] C57

Tamandua tetradactyla chiriquensis Allen 1904 [=T. t. chiriquinus (l. c.); incl. T. t. tambensis Lönnberg 1937] C57

*Tamandua tetradactyla tetradactyla (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. Myrmecophaga bivittata Geoffroy in Desmarest 1804, Tamandua bivittata, M. crispa Rüppell 1845, M. myosura Pallas 1776, M. nigra Geoffroy in Desmarest 1804, Tamandua bivittata var. opistholeuca Gray 1873, T. bivittata var. opithomelas Gray 1873, M. tamandua Cuvier 1817, M. ursina Rapp 1852] C57

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A05a] Ameghino, F. 1905a. Le perforación astragaliana en Priodontes, Canis (Chrysocyon) y Typotherium. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 1–19.

[A05b] Ameghino, F. 1905b. La perforación astragaliana en el Orycteropus y el origen de los Orycteropidae. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 59–95.

[A05c] Ameghino, F. 1905c. Les édentés fossiles de France et d'Allemagne. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 175–250.

[AM05] Asher, R. J., J. Meng, J. R. Wible, M. C. McKenna, G. W. Rougier, D. Dashzeveg & M. J. Novacek. 2005. Stem Lagomorpha and the antiquity of Glires. Science 307: 1091–1094.

[ANG03] Asher, R. J., M. J. Novacek & J. H. Geisler. 2003. Relationships of endemic African mammals and their fossil relatives based on morphological and molecular evidence. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10 (1–2): 131–194.

[BAA04] Bergqvist, L. P., E. A. L. Abrantes & L. dos S. Avilla. 2004. The Xenarthra (Mammalia) of São José de Itaboraí Basin (upper Paleocene, Itaboraian), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Geodiversitas 26 (2): 323–337.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[CW07] Cote, S., L. Werdelin, E. R. Seiffert & J. C. Barry. 2007. Additional material of the enigmatic Early Miocene mammal Kelba and its relationship to the order Ptolemaiida. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (13): 5510–5515.

[DC01] Delsuc, F., F. M. Catzeflis, M. J. Stanhope & E. J. P. Douzery. 2001. The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 268: 1605–1615.

[DSD03] Delsuc, F., M. J. Stanhope & E. J. P. Douzery. 2003. Molecular systematics of armadillos (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae): contribution of maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 261–275.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[G96] Geoffroy, É. L. 1796. Extrait d'un mémoire sur le Myrmecophaga capensis, Gme. Bulletin de la Société Philomatique, a ses Correspondans 50: 1–2.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[HUG17] Halliday, T. J. D., P. Upchurch & A. Goswami. 2017. Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals. Biological Reviews 92 (1): 521–550.

[M94] MacPhee, R. D. E. 1994. Morphology, adaptations, and relationships of Plesiorycteropus, and a diagnosis of a new order of eutherian mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 220: 1–214.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[OB13] O'Leary, M. A., J. I. Bloch, J. J. Flynn, T. J. Gaudin, A. Giallombardo, N. P. Giannini, S. L. Goldberg, B. P. Kraatz, Z.-X. Luo, J. Meng, X. Ni, M. J. Novacek, F. A. Perini, Z. S. Randall, G. W. Rougier, E. J. Sargis, M. T. Silcox, N. B. Simmons, M. Spaulding, P. M. Velazco, M. Weksler, J. R. Wible & A. L. Cirranello. 2013. The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K–Pg radiation of placentals. Science 339: 662–667.

[V67] Van Valen, L. 1967. New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135 (5): 217–284.

[WR07] Wible, J. R., G. W. Rougier, M. J. Novacek & R. J. Asher. 2007. Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary. Nature 447: 1003–1006.