Ferae

Reconstruction of Chriacus, from Cox (1988).

Belongs within: Scrotifera.
Contains: Arctocyonidae, Pantodonta, Periptychidae, Pholidotamorpha, Didelphodontinae, Creodonta, Mesonychia, Carnivoramorpha.

The Ferae are a clade of mammals supported by molecular data uniting the modern Carnivora with the Pholidota (pangolins). A phylogenetic analysis of Palaeocene mammals by Halliday et al. (2017) identified a number of potential fossil members of this clade when results were constrained to correlate with modern molecular analyses but it remains to be seen whether these associations will be supported by future analyses.

<==Ferae [Ostentoria]
    |  i. s.: Triacodon Marsh 1871 V66
    |--+--+--Arctocyonidae HUG17
    |  |  `--+--+--Bisonalveus Gazin 1956 HUG17, V67
    |  |     |  |    |--B. browni HUG17
    |  |     |  |    `--B. holtzmani HUG17
    |  |     |  `--Pantodonta HUG17
    |  |     `--+--Pentacodontinae [Pentacodontidae] S78
    |  |        |    |--Coriphagus Douglass 1908 V67
    |  |        |    |    `--C. montanus Douglass 1908 S35b
    |  |        |    |--Pentacodon Scott 1892 HUG17, V67
    |  |        |    |    |--P. inversus S35b
    |  |        |    |    `--P. subtrigonus HUG17
    |  |        |    |--Aphronorus Simpson 1935 S78, S35b
    |  |        |    |    |--*A. fraudator Simpson 1935 S35b
    |  |        |    |    `--A. orieli HUG17
    |  |        |    |--Amaramnis Gazin 1962 V67
    |  |        |    |    `--A. gregoryi Gazin 1962 V67
    |  |        |    `--Protentomodon Simpson 1928 V67
    |  |        |         `--P. ursirivalis Simpson 1928 V67
    |  |        `--Periptychidae MC00
    |  `--+--Pholidotamorpha HUG17
    |     `--+--+--Oxyclaenus [Oxyclaenidae, Oxyclaeninae] HUG17
    |        |  |    |--O. antiquus [=Chriacus antiquus] V67
    |        |  |    |--O. cuspidatus V66
    |        |  |    |--O. simplex V66
    |        |  |    `--O. subbituminus HUG17
    |        |  `--+--+--Chriacus Cope 1883 HUG17, D07
    |        |     |  |    |--C. baldwini (Cope 1882) (see below for synonymy) SFY02
    |        |     |  |    |--C. calenancus D07
    |        |     |  |    |--C. gallinae V66
    |        |     |  |    |--C. katrinae D07
    |        |     |  |    |--C. metocemeti D07
    |        |     |  |    |--C. oconostotae HUG17
    |        |     |  |    |--C. pelvidens S35b
    |        |     |  |    |--C. pugnax Simpson 1935 S35b
    |        |     |  |    |--C. punitor D07
    |        |     |  |    `--C. pusillus Simpson 1935 S35b
    |        |     |  `--Thryptacodon Matthew & Granger 1915 HUG17, SFY02 [incl. Metachriacus Simpson 1935 S35b]
    |        |     |       |--T. antiquus Matthew & Granger 1915 SFY02
    |        |     |       |--T. australis Simpson 1935 SFY02
    |        |     |       |--T. orthogonius (Russell 1929) (see below for synonymy) SFY02
    |        |     |       `--T. pseudarctos S35a
    |        |     `--+--Claenodon HUG17 [incl. Neoclaenodon Gidley 1919 S35b]
    |        |        |    |--C. ferox (Cope 1883) S35b
    |        |        |    |--C. latidens (Gidley 1919) S35b
    |        |        |    |--C. montanensis (Gidley 1919) S35b
    |        |        |    |--C. procyonoides V66
    |        |        |    |--C. silberlingi (Gidley 1919) S35b
    |        |        |    `--C. vecordensis Simpson 1935 S35b
    |        |        `--Anacodon ursidens HUG17
    |        `--+--Didelphodontinae HUG17
    |           |--+--Aaptoryctes ivyi HUG17
    |           |  `--Palaeoryctidae [Palaeoryctae, Palaeoryctinae] FN03
    |           |       |--Alveugena carbonensis Eberle 1999 FN03
    |           |       |--Palaeoryctes Matthew 1913 HUG17, M58
    |           |       |    |--*P. puercensis Matthew 1913 M58
    |           |       |    |--P. cruoris D07
    |           |       |    |--P. jepseni HUG17
    |           |       |    |--P. minimus D07
    |           |       |    `--P. punctatus Van Valen 1966 V66
    |           |       `--Pararyctes Van Valen 1966 V67
    |           |            |--*P. pattersoni Van Valen 1966 V66
    |           |            `--P. rutherfordi Scott, Fox & Youzwyshyn 2002 SFY02
    |           `--Creodonta HUG17
    `--+--+--Goniacodon HUG17
       |  |    |--G. hiawathae HUG17
       |  |    `--G. levisanus HUG17
       |  `--+--Eoconodon HUG17
       |     |    |--E. copanus HUG17
       |     |    |--E. gaudrianus V66
       |     |    `--E. heilprinianus HUG17
       |     `--Triisodon O98
       |          |--T. antiquus O98
       |          `--T. quivirensis O98
       `--+--Mesonychia HUG17
          `--Carnivoramorpha HUG17

Chriacus baldwini (Cope 1882) [incl. Metachriacus provocator Simpson 1935, C. truncatus Cope 1884] SFY02

Thryptacodon orthogonius (Russell 1929) SFY02 [=Chriacus orthogonius SFY02; incl. T. belli Gazin 1956 SFY02, T. demari Gazin 1956 SFY02, *Metachriacus punitor Simpson 1935 S35b, SFY02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[E70] Emry, R. J. 1970. A North American Oligocene pangolin and other additions to the Pholidota. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 142 (6): 455–510.

[FN03] Fox, R. C., & B. G. Naylor. 2003. A Late Cretaceous taeniodont (Eutheria, Mammalia) from Alberta, Canada. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 229 (3): 393–420.

[HUG17] Halliday, T. J. D., P. Upchurch & A. Goswami. 2017. Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals. Biological Reviews 92 (1): 521–550.

[M58] McDowell, S. B., Jr. 1958. The Greater Antillean insectivores. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 115 (3): 113–214.

[MC00] Muizon, C. de, & R. L. Cifelli. 2000. The “condylarths” (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47–150.

[O98] O’Leary, M. A. 1998. Phylogenetic and morphometric reassessment of the dental evidence for a mesonychian and cetacean clade. In: Thewissen, J. G. M. (ed.) The Emergence of Whales pp. 133–161. Plenum Press: New York.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 249–267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[SFY02] Scott, C. S., R. C. Fox & G. P. Youzwyshyn. 2002. New earliest Tiffanian (late Paleocene) mammals from Cochrane 2, southwestern Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 691–704.

[S35a] Simpson, G. G. 1935a. The Tiffany fauna, Upper Paleocene. I.–Multituberculata, Marsupialia, Insectivora, and ?Chiroptera. American Museum Novitates 795: 1–19.

[S35b] Simpson, G. G. 1935b. New Paleocene mammals from the Fort Union of Montana. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 83 (2981): 221–244.

[V66] Van Valen, L. 1966. Deltatheridia, a new order of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132 (1): 1–126.

[V67] Van Valen, L. 1967. New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135 (5): 217–284.