Folivora

Brown-throated sloth Bradypus variegatus, photographed by Stefan Laube.

Belongs within: Atlantogenata.
Contains: Ortotheriinae.

The Folivora, sloths, are a group of herbivorous mammals known from Central and South America. Living members of the group are arboreal though many fossil members were terrestrial and could reach massive sizes.

<==Folivora [Gravigrada, Phyllophaga, Tardigrada] DSD03
    |--Bradypus Linnaeus 1758 C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |  i. s.: B. boliviensis Gray 1871 [=B. tridactylus boliviensis] C57
    |    |         B. infuscatus Wagler 1831 C57
    |    |           |--B. i. infuscatus (see below for synonymy) C57
    |    |           |--B. i. brasiliensis Blainville 1840 (see below for synonymy) C57
    |    |           |--B. i. ephippiger Philippi 1870 [incl. B. ignavus Goldman 1913, B. violeta Thomas 1917] C57
    |    |           |--B. i. gorgon Thomas 1926 C57
    |    |           `--B. i. marmoratus (Gray 1849) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |    |--B. torquatus Illiger 1811 FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--+--*B. tridactylus Linnaeus 1758 C57, FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |       `--+--B. pygmaeus FS15
    |          `--B. variegatus Schinz 1823 FS15, C57 [=B. (Scaeopus) variegatus C57]
    `--Megalonychidae FS15
         |  i. s.: Eucholoeops ingens S32
         |         Schismotherium S32
         |         Hapaloides S32
         |         Hapalops Ameghino 1887 S32, BAA04
         |           |--H. cadens D07
         |           |--H. elongatus OB13
         |           |--H. indifferens D07
         |           `--H. longicers D07
         |         Proschismotherium S32
         |           |--P. oppositum S32
         |           `--P. scarritti Simpson 1932 S32
         |--+--+--Nothrotheriinae MM95
         |  |  |    |--Pronothrotherium MM95
         |  |  |    `--+--Nothropus MM95
         |  |  |       `--+--+--Nothrotheriops shastense MM95, FS15
         |  |  |          |  `--Nothrotherium maquinense FS15
         |  |  |          `--Thalassocnus Muizon & McDonald 1995 MM95
         |  |  |               |--*T. natans Muizon & McDonald 1995 MM95
         |  |  |               |--T. antiquus D07
         |  |  |               |--T. carolomartini N10
         |  |  |               |--T. littoralis D07
         |  |  |               `--T. yaucensis N10
         |  |  `--+--Eremotherium laurillardi FS15
         |  |     `--Megatherium Cuvier 1796 FS15, H07 [Megatheriidae]
         |  |          |--M. americanum H07
         |  |          |--M. lundii O05
         |  |          `--M. tarijense FS15
         |  `--+--+--Paramylodon harlani FS15
         |     |  `--+--Mylodon darwinii FS15
         |     |     `--+--Lestodon armatus FS15
         |     |        `--Glossotherium Owen 1842 FS15, D07
         |     |             `--G. robustum D07
         |     `--+--Scelidotherium leptocephalum FS15
         |        `--+--Catonyx cuvieri FS15
         |           `--+--Valgipes deformis FS15
         |              `--Scelidodon chiliensis FS15
         `--+--+--Choloepus Illiger 1811 FS15, C57 [=Chaelopus Gray in Griffith 1827 C57, Cholopus Sclater 1872 C57]
            |  |    |--*C. didactylus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) C57
            |  |    `--C. hoffmanni Peters 1858 C57
            |  |         |--C. h. hoffmanni [incl. C. didactylus var. columbianus Gray 1871] C57
            |  |         |--C. h. agustinus Allen 1913 C57
            |  |         |--C. h. capitalis Allen 1913 [incl. C. andinus Allen 1913] C57
            |  |         |--C. h. florenciae Allen 1913 [incl. C. napensis Lönnberg 1922] C57
            |  |         |--C. h. juruanus Lönnberg 1942 C57
            |  |         `--C. h. pallescens Lönnberg 1928 [incl. C. h. peruvianus Menegaux 1906 (n. d.)] C57
            |  `--Ortotheriinae FS15
            `--+--Megalonyx Jefferson 1799 FS15, H07 [Megalonychidae]
               |    `--M. jeffersoni H07
               `--+--+--Diabolotherium nordenskioldi FS15
                  |  `--Acratocnus Anthony 1916 FS15, AC98
                  |       |--*A. odontrigonus Anthony 1916 AC98
                  |       `--A. ye FS15
                  `--Megalocninae PC56
                       |--Megalocnus Leidy 1868 [=Megalochnus Ameghino 1881; incl. Myomorphus Pomel 1868] PC56
                       |    |--*M. rodens Leidy 1868 PC56 (see below for synonymy)
                       |    `--M. zile FS15
                       |--Neomesocnus Arredondo 1961 AC98
                       |    `--*N. brevirrostris Arredondo 1961 AC98
                       |--Parocnus Miller 1929 AC98
                       |    |--*P. serus Miller 1929 AC98
                       |    `--P. browni FS15
                       `--Mesocnus Matthew 1931 AC98
                            |--*M. browni Matthew 1931 AC98
                            `--M. torrei Matthew 1931 AC98

Bradypus Linnaeus 1758 C57 [incl. Acheus Cuvier 1825 C57, Arctopithecus Gray 1849 non Virey 1819 C57, Eubradypus Lönnberg 1942 C57, Hemibradypus Anthony 1906 C57, Ignavus Blumenbach 1779 C57, Neobradypus Lönnberg 1942 C57, Scaeopus Peters 1864 C57; Bradypodidae DSD03]

Bradypus infuscatus brasiliensis Blainville 1840 [=B. braziliensis, B. tridactylus brasiliensis; incl. Arctopithecus blainvilli Gray 1849, B. dorsalis Fitzinger 1871, B. miritibae Lönnberg 1942, B. pallidus Wagner 1844] C57

Bradypus infuscatus infuscatus Wagler 1831 [incl. B. infuscatus var. brachydactylus Wagner 1844, B. marmoratus codajazensis Lönnberg 1942, B. macrodon Thomas 1917, B. speculiger Fitzinger 1871, B. trivittatus Cornalia in Osculati 1850] C57

Bradypus infuscatus marmoratus (Gray 1849) [=Arctopithecus marmoratus; incl. A. problematicus Gray 1849, A. flaccidus var. smithii Gray 1869, B. (Eubradypus) tocantinus Lönnberg 1942, B. unicolor Fitzinger 1871] C57

Bradypus torquatus Illiger 1811 FS15, C57 [=B. (*Scaeopus) torquatus C57; incl. B. affinis Gray 1849 C57, B. crinitus Gray 1849 C57, Hemibradypus mareyi Anthony 1906 C57]

*Bradypus tridactylus Linnaeus 1758 C57, FS15, C57 [=Arctopithecus tridactylus C57; incl. Acheus ai Lesson 1827 C57, B. ai C57, B. cristatus Temminck in Fitzinger 1871 C57, B. cuculliger Wagler 1831 C57, B. tridactylus guianensis Blainville 1940 C57, B. gularis Rüppell 1845 C57, Arctopithecus gularis C57]

*Choloepus didactylus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Bradypus didactylus, Cholopus didactylus; incl. Choloepus brasiliensis Fitzinger 1871, B. curi Link 1795, Choloepus guianensis Fitzinger 1871, B. unau Link 1795] C57

*Megalocnus rodens Leidy 1868 PC56 [incl. M. casimbae Matthew 1959 AC98, M. intermedius Mayo 1969 AC98, M. junius Matthew 1959 AC98, M. ursulus Matthew 1959 AC98]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[BAA04] Bergqvist, L. P., E. A. L. Abrantes & L. dos S. Avilla. 2004. The Xenarthra (Mammalia) of São José de Itaboraí Basin (upper Paleocene, Itaboraian), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Geodiversitas 26 (2): 323–337.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[DSD03] Delsuc, F., M. J. Stanhope & E. J. P. Douzery. 2003. Molecular systematics of armadillos (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae): contribution of maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 261–275.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[H07] Hooker, J. J. 2007. Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (3): 609–659.

[MM95] Muizon, C. de, & H. G. McDonald. 1995. An aquatic sloth from the Pliocene of Peru. Nature 375: 224–227.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[OB13] O'Leary, M. A., J. I. Bloch, J. J. Flynn, T. J. Gaudin, A. Giallombardo, N. P. Giannini, S. L. Goldberg, B. P. Kraatz, Z.-X. Luo, J. Meng, X. Ni, M. J. Novacek, F. A. Perini, Z. S. Randall, G. W. Rougier, E. J. Sargis, M. T. Silcox, N. B. Simmons, M. Spaulding, P. M. Velazco, M. Weksler, J. R. Wible & A. L. Cirranello. 2013. The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K–Pg radiation of placentals. Science 339: 662–667.

[O05] Outes, F. F. 1905. Sobre un instrumento paleolítico de Luján (Provincia de Buenos Aires). Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 169–173.

[PC56] Paula Couto, C de. 1956. On two mounted skeletons of Megalocnus rodens. Journal of Mammalogy 37 (3): 423–427.

[S32] Simpson, G. G. 1932. Some new or little-known mammals from the Colpodon beds of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 575: 1–12.