Phymosomatoida

Adoral view of Phymosoma koenigi, from the Natural History Museum.

Belongs within: Echinacea.
Contains: Thylechinus.

The Phymosomatoida are a group of echinoids known from the Lower Jurassic to the present, characterised by the possession of a stirodont lantern and imperforate primary tubercles (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Lantern stirodont. Apical system lacking large polygonal suranal plates, not simulating calyx. Primary tubercles imperforate. Ambulacral plates simple throughout, or (more usually) compounded in diadematoid manner, trigeminate or polyporous.

<==Phymosomatoida [Phymosomina]
    |  i. s.: Boletechinus Cooke 1955 FP66
    |           `--*B. macglameryae Cooke 1955 FP66
    |--Phymosomatidae [Cyphosominae] FP66
    |    |--Thylechinus FP66
    |    |--Acanthechinus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. nodulosus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Actinophyma Cotteau & Gauthier 1895 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. spectabile Cotteau & Gauthier 1895 FP66
    |    |--Aeolopneustes Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. delorioli Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Eurypneustes Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*E. grandis Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Hemithylus Arnaud 1895 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. rejaudryi (Cotteau 1894) [=Thylechinus rejaudryi] FP66
    |    |--Jacquiertia Mercier 1936 FP66
    |    |    `--*J. minuta Mortensen & Mercier 1939 FP66
    |    |--Micropsis Cotteau 1856 [incl. Micropsidia Pomel 1869] FP66
    |    |    `--*M. desori Cotteau 1856 FP66
    |    |--Narindechinus Lambert 1933 FP66
    |    |    `--*N. checchiai Lambert 1933 FP66
    |    |--Rachiosoma Pomel 1883 [incl. Miocyphosoma Pomel 1883] FP66
    |    |    `--*R. delamarrei (Deshayes 1831) [=Cyphosoma delamarrei] FP66
    |    |--Gauthieria Lambert 1888 FP66
    |    |    |--*G. radiata [=Cyphosoma radiata] FP66
    |    |    `--G. speciosa FP66
    |    |--Glyptocidaris Agassiz 1853 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--*G. crenularis Agassiz 1853 FP66
    |    |    `--‘*Heteractis’ heteroporus Lambert 1897 [=*Heteractechinus heteroporus] FP66
    |    |--Glyptocyphus Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    |--*G. difficilis [=Cyphosoma difficilis] FP66
    |    |    `--G. rotatus FP66
    |    |--Lambertechinus Cossman 1899 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--*L. lapparenti (Cotteau 1883) [=*Asteropsis lapparenti, *Actinopsis lapparenti] FP66
    |    |    `--L. arnaudi FP66
    |    |--Leptechinus Gauthier 1889 [=Peronia Duncan 1899 non Fleming 1822; incl. Prototiara Lambert 1900] FP66
    |    |    |--*L. heinzi (Peron & Gauthier 1889) [=Cyphosoma heinzi, *Peronia heinzi] FP66
    |    |    `--‘Pleurodiadema’ jutieri [=*Prototiara jutieri] FP66
    |    |--Pleurodiadema de Loriol 1870 [incl. Phalacrechinus Lambert 1900] FP66
    |    |    |--*P. stutzi de Loriol 1870 FP66
    |    |    `--P. gauthieri Cotteau 1883 [=*Phalacrechinus gauthieri] FP66
    |    |--Porosoma Cotteau 1856 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--*P. cribrum [=Cyphosoma cribrum, *Coptosoma cribrum] FP66
    |    |    |--‘Coptosoma’ lefebvrei Gauthier 1901 [=*Euporophyma lefebvrei] FP66
    |    |    `--P. rousseli FP66
    |    `--Phymosoma Haime 1853 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |         |--*P. koenigi (Mantell 1822) [=Cidaris koenigi, *Phymatosoma koenigi] FP66
    |         |--P. girumnense FP66
    |         |--P. regulare FP66
    |         |--‘Cyphosoma’ salmanni [=*Cosmocyphus salmanni] FP66
    |         |--P. subnudum FP66
    |         `--P. taeniatum FP66
    `--Stomechinidae [Stomopneustidae] FP66
         |--Stomopneustes Agassiz 1841 FP66
         |    `--*S. variolaris (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus variolaris] FP66
         |--Codechinus Desor 1856 FP66
         |    `--*C. rotundus (Gras 1848) [=Echinus rotundus] FP66
         |--Diplechinus Lambert 1931 FP66
         |    `--*D. hebbriensis Lambert 1931 FP66
         |--Diplotagma Schlüter 1870 FP66
         |    `--*D. altum Schlüter 1870 FP66
         |--Gomphechinus Pomel 1883 FP66
         |    `--*G. selim [=Leiosoma selim] FP66
         |--Phymotaxis Lambert & Thiéry 1914 [=Micropeltis Pomel 1883 nec Redtenbacher 1867 nec Kraatz 1880] FP66
         |    `--*P. tournoueri (Cotteau 1867) [=Leiosoma tournoueri, *Micropeltis tournoueri] FP66
         |--Polycyphus Agassiz & Desor 1846 [incl. Sporadocyphus Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    `--*P. normannus Agassiz & Desor 1846 FP66
         |--Pseudarbacia Lambert 1897 FP66
         |    `--*P. archiaci (Cotteau 1866) [=Leiosoma archiaci] FP66
         |--Thierychinus Lambert 1910 FP66
         |    `--*T. delaunayi Lambert 1910 FP66
         |--Tiarechinopsis Lambert 1936 FP66
         |    `--*T. besairei Lambert 1936 FP66
         |--Triadechinus Arnold & Clark 1927 FP66
         |    `--*T. multiporus Arnold & Clark 1927 FP66
         |--Jeannetia Mercier 1936 [incl. Parastomechinus Philip 1963] FP66
         |    |--*J. mortenseni Mercier 1936 FP66
         |    `--‘*Parastomechinus’ broughtoni Philip 1963 FP66
         |--Noetlingaster Vredenburg 1911 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*N. paucituberculatus (Noetling 1897) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    `--N. sanfilippoi FP66
         |--Phymechinus Desor 1856 [incl. Alternechinus Schlüter 1870] FP66
         |    |--*P. mirabilis [=Echinus mirabilis] FP66
         |    `--‘*Alternechinus’ cretaceus Schlüter 1870 FP66
         |--Echinotiara Pomel 1883 [=Echinodiadema Cotteau 1869 non Verrill 1867] FP66
         |    |--*E. bruni (Cotteau 1885) [=*Echinodiadema bruni] FP66
         |    |--E. neocomiensis FP66
         |    `--E. somaliensis FP66
         |--Psephechinus Pomel 1883 [incl. Tiarotropus Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    |--*P. michelini (Cotteau 1884) [=Stomechinus michelini] FP66
         |    |--P. hyatti FP66
         |    `--P. morierei FP66
         |--Stomechinus Desor 1856 [incl. Cretacechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1911, Sporotaxis Pomel 1883 (n. n.)] FP66
         |    |--*S. bigranularis (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus bigranularis] FP66
         |    |--S. camarensis de Loriol 1887 [=*Cretacechinus camarensis] FP66
         |    |--S. choffati FP66
         |    `--S. perlatus FP66
         |--Circopeltis Pomel 1883 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*C. meridanensis (Cotteau 1867) [=Leiosoma meridanensis] FP66
         |    |--‘*Circopeltaris’ baicheri Valette 1907 FP66
         |    |--‘*Micropsina’ baudoni Cotteau 1893 FP66
         |    `--‘*Strictechinus’ pouechi Cotteau 1893 FP66
         `--Trochalosoma Lambert 1897 (see below for synonymy) FP66
              |  i. s.: ‘Circopeltis’ gourdoni Cotteau 1889 [=*Plesiopeltis gourdoni] FP66
              |--*T. (Trochalosoma) rugosum (Cotteau 1860) [=*Leiosoma rugosum] FP66
              `--T. (Plistophyma Peron & Gauthier 1881) FP66
                   |--T. (*P.) africanum (Peron & Gauthier 1881) [=*Plistophyma africanum] FP66
                   `--T. (P.) vidali FP66

Circopeltis Pomel 1883 [incl. Circopeltaris Valette 1893, Micropsina Cotteau 1893, Strictechinus Cotteau 1893] FP66

Glyptocidaris Agassiz 1853 [incl. Heteractechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1910, Heteractis Lambert 1897 non Milne-Edwards & Haime 1853; Glyptocidaridae] FP66

Lambertechinus Cossman 1899 [=Actinopsis Lambert 1897 (preoc.), Asteropsis Cotteau 1883 non Müller & Troschel 1840; incl. Psilosoma Pomel 1883 (preoc.)] FP66

Noetlingaster Vredenburg 1911 [=Noetlingia Lambert 1898 non Hall & Clark 1893, Protechinus Noetling 1897 (preoc.)] FP66

*Noetlingaster paucituberculatus (Noetling 1897) [=*Protechinus paucituberculatus, *Noetlingia paucituberculata] FP66

Phymosoma Haime 1853 [=Phymatosoma Lambert & Thiéry 1910; incl. Cosmocyphus Pomel 1883, Cyphosoma Agassiz 1838 non Mannerheim 1837, Dixieus Cooke 1948, Pliocyphosoma Pomel 1883] FP66

Porosoma Cotteau 1856 [=Coptosoma Desor 1855 non Laporte 1833; incl. Euporophyma Gauthier 1901, Microsoma Cotteau 1886] FP66

Trochalosoma Lambert 1897 [=Leiosoma Cotteau 1860 nec Stephens 1829 nec Chevrolat 1837 nec Nicolet 1855; incl. Plesiopeltis Lambert 1897] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.