Neopilionidae

Female Megalopsalis nigricans, copyright Tony.

Belongs within: Phalangioidea.
Contains: Ballarrinae.

The Neopilionidae are a family of long-legged harvestmen found only on the southern continents, being most diverse in Australia and New Zealand.

Characters (from Taylor 2011): Dorsum of opisthosoma usually coriaceous, rarely sclerotised. Glans of penis lacking lateral setae; lateral processes often present at shaft-glans junction. Spiracle lacking entapophysis, often with occluding spines. Pedipalp small, leg-like, without large spinose setae; tarsus longer than tibia.

<==Neopilionidae T11
    |--+--Neopilio Lawrence 1931 T13b, T11 [Neopilioninae]
    |  |    |--*N. australis Lawrence 1931 C92
    |  |    `--N. inferi Lotz 2011 L11
    |  `--Ballarrinae T13b
    `--Enantiobuninae [Megalopsalidinae, Megalopsalinae, Monoscutidae] T13b
         |--+--+--Thrasychirus Simon 1884 T13b, T11 [incl. Enantiobunus Mello-Leitão 1931 T11]
         |  |  |    |--*T. dentichelis Simon 1884 C92
         |  |  |    |--T. gulosus Simon 1884 T11 [incl. *Enantiobunus spinulosus Mello-Leitão 1931 C92]
         |  |  |    `--T. modestus Simon 1902 R23
         |  |  `--Thrasychiroides Soares & Soares 1947 P-RBT14
         |  |       |--*T. brasilicus Soares & Soares 1947 C92
         |  |       |--T. moporanga Pinto-da-Rocha, Bragagnolo & Tourinho 2014 P-RBT14
         |  |       |--T. toryba Pinto-da-Rocha, Bragagnolo & Tourinho 2014 P-RBT14
         |  |       `--T. ybytyra Pinto-da-Rocha, Bragagnolo & Tourinho 2014 P-RBT14
         |  `--Hesperopilio Shear 1996 VFG14, SC06
         |       |--*H. mainae Shear 1996 SC06
         |       `--H. magnificus Shultz & Cekalovic 2006 SC06
         `--+--Australiscutum Taylor 2009 T13b, T11
            |    |--*A. hunti Taylor 2009 T09, T11
            |    `--+--A. graciliforceps Taylor 2009 T11
            |       `--A. triplodaemon Taylor 2009 T11
            `--+--+--Tercentenarium Taylor 2011 T11
               |  |    `--*T. linnaei (Taylor 2008) [=Megalopsalis linnaei] T11
               |  `--Monoscutinae T11
               |       |--Monoscutum Forster 1948 T13b, T09
               |       |    `--*M. titirangiense Forster 1948 [=M. titirangiensis] T08
               |       |--Acihasta Forster 1948 T08
               |       |    `--*A. salebrosa Forster 1948 T08
               |       `--Templar Taylor 2008 T08
               |            `--*T. incongruens Taylor 2008 T08
               `--+--Neopantopsalis Taylor & Hunt 2009 T13b
                  |    |  i. s.: N. continentalis (Roewer 1923) T11 (see below for synonymy)
                  |    |--+--*N. quasimodo Taylor & Hunt 2009 TH09, T13b
                  |    |  `--N. pentheter Taylor & Hunt 2009 T13b, TH09
                  |    `--+--N. psile Taylor & Hunt 2009 T11
                  |       `--+--N. camelus (Forster 1949) T11 [=Spinicrus camelus TH09]
                  |          `--N. thaumatopoios Taylor & Hunt 2009 T11
                  |--+--Mangatangi Taylor 2013 VFG14, FVG14
                  |  |    `--*M. parvum Taylor 2013 T13a
                  |  `--Megalopsalis Roewer 1923 (see below for synonymy) T13b
                  |       |  i. s.: M. thryptica (Hickman 1957) T13b (see below for synonymy)
                  |       |         M. triascuta Forster 1944 T11
                  |       |--M. nigricans (Hickman 1957) [=Spinicrus nigricans] T13b
                  |       `--+--+--M. suffugiens Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |          |  `--+--M. minima (Kauri 1954) [=Spinicrus minimum, S. minimus] T13b
                  |          |     `--+--M. porongorupensis (Kauri 1954) (see below for synonymy) T13b
                  |          |        `--M. walpolensis Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |          `--+--M. coronata Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |             `--+--+--M. caeruleomontium Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |                |  `--+--M. atrocidiana Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |                |     `--M. puerilis Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |                `--+--+--M. leptekes Taylor 2011 T13b
                  |                   |  `--M. tanisphyros (Taylor 2011) T13b [=*Hypomegalopsalis tanisphyros T11]
                  |                   `--+--+--M. sublucens Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |                      |  `--M. tasmanica (Hogg 1910) T13b (see below for synonymy)
                  |                      `--+--M. stewarti (Forster 1949) [=Spinicrus stewarti] T13b
                  |                         `--+--M. hoggi (Pocock 1903) [=Macropsalis hoggi] T11
                  |                            `--+--M. pilliga Taylor 2011 T11
                  |                               `--+--M. epizephyros Taylor 2011 T11
                  |                                  `--+--*M. serritarsus (Sørensen 1886) (see below for synonymy) T11
                  |                                     `--M. eremiotis Taylor 2011 T11
                  `--+--Forsteropsalis Taylor 2011 T13b, T11
                     |    |  i. s.: F. bona Taylor & Probert 2014 TP14
                     |    |         F. distincta (Forster 1964) [=Pantopsalis distincta, Megalopsalis distincta] T11
                     |    |         F. grayi (Hogg 1920) [=Pantopsalis grayi, Megalopsalis grayi] T11
                     |    |         F. photophaga Taylor & Probert 2014 TP14
                     |    |--F. grimmetti (Forster 1944) [=Megalopsalis grimmetti] T11
                     |    `--+--F. fabulosa (Phillipps & Grimmett 1932) T11 (see below for synonymy)
                     |       `--+--+--*F. chiltoni (Hogg 1910) [=Macropsalis chiltoni, Megalopsalis chiltoni] T11
                     |          |  `--F. marplesi (Forster 1944) FVG14, T11 [=Megalopsalis marplesi T11]
                     |          `--F. inconstans (Forster 1944) T11 (see below for synonymy)
                     `--+--+--‘Megalopsalis’ turneri Marples 1944 FVG14 [=Macropsalis turneri F44]
                        |  `--+--‘Forsteropsalis’ pureora Taylor 2013 FVG14 [=F. pureroa T13a]
                        |     `--‘Forsteropsalis’ wattsi (Hogg 1920) FVG14 (see below for synonymy)
                        `--Pantopsalis Simon 1879 T11
                             |  i. s.: P. albipalpis Pocock 1903 T11 (see below for synonymy)
                             |         P. coronata Pocock 1903 [incl. P. trippi Pocock 1903] T04
                             |         P. halli Hogg 1920 T04
                             |         P. johnsi Forster 1964 [incl. P. mila Forster 1964] T04
                             |         P. pococki Hogg 1920 T04
                             |         P. rennelli Forster 1964 T04
                             |--+--*P. listeri (White 1849) T13a, FVG14, T13a (see below for synonymy)
                             |  `--P. cheliferoides (Colenso 1882) FVG14 [=Phalangium (Phrynus) cheliferoides T04]
                             `--+--P. phocator Taylor 2004 FVG14
                                `--P. snaresensis Forster 1964 FVG14

Forsteropsalis fabulosa (Phillipps & Grimmett 1932) T11 [=Macropsalis fabulosa T11, Megalopsalis fabulosa T11; incl. Me. tumida Forster 1944 TP14, Forsteropsalis tumida T11]

Forsteropsalis inconstans (Forster 1944) T11 [=Megalopsalis inconstans T11; incl. M. chiltoni nigra Forster 1944 FVG14, Forsteropsalis nigra FVG14]

‘Forsteropsalis’ wattsi (Hogg 1920) FVG14, T11 [=Pantopsalis wattsi T11, Megalopsalis wattsi T11]

Megalopsalis Roewer 1923 [=Macropsalis Sørensen 1886 non Sclater 1866; incl. Hypomegalopsalis Taylor 2011, Spinicrus Forster 1949] T13b

Megalopsalis porongorupensis (Kauri 1954) [=Spinicrus porongorupense, S. porongorupensis] T13b

*Megalopsalis serritarsus (Sørensen 1886) [=*Macropsalis serritarsus] T11

Megalopsalis tasmanica (Hogg 1910) T13b [=Pantopsalis tasmanica T04, *Spinicrus tasmanicum C92, S. tasmanicus (l. c.) T04]

Megalopsalis thryptica (Hickman 1957) T13b [=Spinicrus thrypticum T13b, S. thrypticus (l. c.) T04]

Neopantopsalis continentalis (Roewer 1923) T11 [=Pantopsalis continentalis TH09, Spinicrus continentale TH09]

Pantopsalis albipalpis Pocock 1903 T11 [incl. P. jenningsi Pocock 1903 T04, P. nigripalpis Pocock 1902 T04, P. nigripalpis spiculosa Pocock 1902 T04, P. nigripalpis spinulosa (l. c.) T04]

*Pantopsalis listeri (White 1849) T13a, FVG14, T13a [=Phalangium listeri T13a; incl. Megalopsalis luna Forster 1944 T13a, Pantopsalis luna T13a]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C92] Crawford, R. L. 1992. Catalogue of the genera and type species of the harvestman superfamily Phalangioidea (Arachnida). Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History 8: 1–60.

[FVG14] Fernández, R., S. Vélez & G. Giribet. 2014. Linking genetic diversity and morphological disparity: biodiversity assessment of a highly unexplored family of harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Neopilionidae) in New Zealand. Invertebrate Systematics 28: 590–604.

[F44] Forster, R. R. 1944. The genus Megalopsalis Roewer in New Zealand with keys to the New Zealand genera of Opiliones. Records of the Dominion Museum 1 (1): 183–192.

[L11] Lotz, L. N. 2011. Three new harvestmen species from southern Africa (Arachnida: Opiliones: Caddidae, Neopilionidae, Assamiidae). Journal of Afrotropical Zoology 7: 3–8.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[SC06] Shultz, J. W., & T. Cekalovic. 2006. First species of Hesperopilio (Opiliones, Caddoidea) from South America. Journal of Arachnology 34 (1): 46–50.

[T04] Taylor, C. K. 2004. New Zealand harvestmen of the subfamily Megalopsalidinae (Opiliones: Monoscutidae)—the genus Pantopsalis. Tuhinga 15: 53–76.

[T08] Taylor, C. K. 2008. A new species of Monoscutinae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Monoscutidae) from New Zealand, with a redescription of Monoscutum titirangiense. Journal of Arachnology 36: 176–179.

[T09] Taylor, C. K. 2009. Australiscutum, a new genus of Monoscutidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) from eastern Australia, with the first record of asymmetrical chelicerae in Opiliones. Insect Systematics and Evolution 40: 319–332.

[T11] Taylor, C. K. 2011. Revision of the genus Megalopsalis (Arachnida: Opiliones: Phalangioidea) in Australia and New Zealand and implications for phalangioid classification. Zootaxa 2773: 1–65.

[T13a] Taylor, C. K. 2013a. Further notes on New Zealand Enantiobuninae (Opiliones, Neopilionidae), with the description of a new genus and two new species. ZooKeys 263: 59–73.

[T13b] Taylor, C. K. 2013b. Further revision of the genus Megalopsalis (Opiliones, Neopilionidae), with the description of seven new species. ZooKeys 328: 59–117.

[TH09] Taylor, C. K., & G. S. Hunt. 2009. New genus of Megalopsalidinae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Monoscutidae) from north-eastern Australia. Zootaxa 2130: 41–59.

[TP14] Taylor, C. K., & A. Probert. 2014. Two new species of harvestmen (Opiliones, Eupnoi, Neopilionidae) from Waitomo, New Zealand. ZooKeys 434: 37–45.

[VFG14] Vélez, S., R. Fernández & G. Giribet. 2014. A molecular phylogenetic approach to the New Zealand species of Enantiobuninae (Opiliones: Eupnoi: Neopilionidae). Invertebrate Systematics 28: 565–589.