Echinoida

Purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, copyright Kirt L. Onthank.

Belongs within: Echinacea.
Contains: Echinus.

The Echinoida are a group of echinoids with a camarodont lantern known from the Palaeocene (possibly the Upper Cretaceous) to the present (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Lantern camarodont. Test not sculptured. Gill slits shallow. Tubercles imperforate, noncrenulate. Spines solid.

<==Echinoida [Echinina]
    |  i. s.: Spaniocyphus Pomel 1883 FP66
    |           `--*S. fallax [=Echinus fallax] FP66
    |         Trochoechinus de Loriol 1909 FP66
    |           |--*T. zumoffeni (de Loriol 1902) [=Psammechinus zumoffeni] FP66
    |           `--T. tortonicus FP66
    |--Parasaleniidae [Parasaleninae] FP66
    |    |--Diplosalenia Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*D. gosseleti (Cotteau 1894) [=Parasalenia gosseleti] FP66
    |    `--Parasalenia Agassiz 1863 [=Cladosalenia Agassiz 1872] FP66
    |         |--*P. gratiosa Agassiz 1863 [=*Cladosalenia gratiosa] FP66
    |         `--P. poehli Pfeffer 1887 BM09
    |--Strongylocentrotidae FP66
    |    |--Allocentrotus Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. fragilis (Jackson 1912) [=Strongylocentrotus fragilis] FP66
    |    |--Hemicentrotus Mortensen 1942 [incl. Discaster Agassiz 1872] FP66
    |    |    `--*H. pulcherrimus (Agassiz 1863) [=Sphaerechinus pulcherrimus] FP66
    |    `--Strongylocentrotus Brandt 1835 B01 [=Euryechinus Verrill 1866 FP66]
    |         |--S. droebachiensis (Müller 1776) FP66 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--S. echinoides BK77
    |         |--S. franciscanus BK77
    |         |--S. intermedius KBC03
    |         |--S. nudus BK77
    |         |--S. polyacanthus BH95
    |         |--S. pulchellus BK77
    |         |--S. pulcherrimus HR95
    |         `--S. purpuratus (Stimpson 1857) W01
    |--Echinidae [Triplechinidae] FP66
    |    |--Echinus FP66
    |    |--Dermechinus Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*D. horridus (Agassiz 1879) [=Echinus horridus] FP66
    |    |--Paracentrotus Mortensen 1903 B01
    |    |    `--*P. lividus (Lamarck 1816) FP66 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Atactus Pomel 1883 [=Rotulechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1914] FP66
    |    |    `--*A. fischeri (Cotteau 1880) [=Psammechinus fischeri, *Rotulechinus fischeri] FP66
    |    |--Hypechinus Desor 1856 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. patagonensis (d’Orbigny 1842) [=Echinus patagonensis] FP66
    |    |--Isechinus Lambert 1903 FP66
    |    |    `--*I. praecursor (Ortmann 1904) [=Toxopneustes praecursor] FP66
    |    |--Loxechinus Desor 1856 FP66
    |    |    `--*L. albus (Molina 1782) [=Echinus albus] FP66
    |    |--Parechinus Mortensen 1903 [=Protocentrotus Döderlein 1906] FP66
    |    |    `--*P. angulosus (Leske 1778) [=Cidaris angulosa, *Protocentrotus angulosus] FP66
    |    |--Polyechinus Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*P. agulhensis (Döderlein 1905) [=Paracentrotus agulhensis] FP66
    |    |--Stirechinus Desor 1856 [=Styrechinus (l. c.)] FP66
    |    |    `--*S. scillae Desor 1856 FP66
    |    |--Sterechinus Koehler 1901 FP66
    |    |    |--*S. antarcticus Koehler 1901 FP66
    |    |    `--S. neumayeri AB01
    |    |--Psammechinus Agassiz & Desor 1846 FP66
    |    |    |--*P. miliaris (Müller 1771) FP66 [=Echinus miliaris FP66, Parechinus miliaris BK77]
    |    |    `--P. microtuberculatus [=Parechinus microtuberculatus] BK77
    |    `--Gracilechinus Fell & Pawson 1966 FP66
    |         |--*G. gracilis (Agassiz 1869) [=Echinus gracilis] FP66
    |         |--G. acutus FP66
    |         `--G. multidentatus (de Meijere 1904) MG-H11
    `--Echinometridae [Echinometradae] FP66
         |--Colobocentrotus Brandt 1835 [=Colobocentrus Gray 1840] FP66
         |    `--*C. mertensii Brandt 1835 [=*Colobocentrus mertensii] FP66
         |--Evechinus Verrill 1871 FP66
         |    `--*E. chloroticus (Valenciennes 1846) [=Echinus chloroticus] FP66
         |--Anthocidaris Lutken 1864 FP66
         |    `--*A. crassispina (Agassiz 1863) [=Toxocidaris crassispina] FP66
         |--Caenocentrotus Clark 1912 FP66
         |    `--*C. gibbosus (Agassiz & Desor 1840) [=Echinus gibbosus] FP66
         |--Pachycentrotus Clark 1912 [=Cryptopora Agassiz 1872 non Jeffreys 1869, Pachechinus Agassiz 1872] FP66
         |    `--*P. australiae (Agassiz 1872) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |--Podophora Agassiz 1840 FP66
         |    `--*P. atrata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Echinus atratus] FP66
         |--Selenechinus de Meijere in Delage & Hérouard 1903 FP66
         |    `--*S. armatus (de Meijere 1902) [=Echinus armatus] FP66
         |--Zenocentrotus Clark 1931 FP66
         |    `--*Z. kellersi Clark 1931 FP66
         |--Heterocentrotus Brandt 1835 [=Holocentronotus Gray 1855; incl. Acrocladia Agassiz & Desor 1846] FP66
         |    |--*H. mammillatus (Linnaeus 1758) FP66 [=Echinus mamillatus L58, *Holocentronotus mammillatus FP66]
         |    `--H. trigonarius (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus trigonarius, *Acrocladia trigonaria] FP66
         |--Echinostrephus Agassiz 1863 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*E. aciculatus Agassiz 1863 FP66
         |    `--E. molaris (de Blainville 1825) BM09 [=Echinus molaris FP66, *Raphidechinus molaris FP66]
         |--Heliocidaris Agassiz & Desor 1846 [incl. Toxocidaris Agassiz 1863] FP66
         |    |--*H. tuberculata (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus tuberculatus] FP66
         |    `--H. erythrogramma (Valenciennes 1846) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         `--Echinometra Gray 1825 (see below for synonymy) FP66
              |--*E. lucunter (Linnaeus 1758) [=Echinus lucunter] FP66
              |--E. mathaei (de Blainville 1825) BM09
              |--‘Echinus’ oblonga de Blainville 1825 [=*Mortensenia oblonga] FP66
              |--E. prisca Cotteau 1875 [=*Plagiechinus priscus] FP66
              `--E. vanbrunti Agassiz 1863 [incl. *Ellipsechinus macrostomus Lutken 1864] FP66

Echinometra Gray 1825 [incl. Ellipsechinus Lutken 1864, Ellipsocidaris Pomel 1869 (n. n.), Mortensenia Döderlein 1906, Plagiechinus Pomel 1883] FP66

Echinostrephus Agassiz 1863 [incl. Perinatus Agassiz 1872 (n. n.), Raphidechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1914] FP66

Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Valenciennes 1846) [=Echinus erythrogrammus; incl. Toxopneustes delalandi Agassiz & Desor 1846, *Toxocidaris delalandi] FP66

*Pachycentrotus australiae (Agassiz 1872) [=Sphaerechinus australiae, *Cryptopora australiae, *Pachechinus australiae] FP66

*Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) FP66 [=Echinus lividus BK77, Strongylocentrotus lividus BK77, Toxopneustes lividus BK77]

Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller 1776) FP66 [=Echinus droebachiensis FP66, Toxopneustes droebachiensis BK77; incl. *Strongylocentrotus chlorocentrotus Brandt 1835 FP66, *Euryechinus chlorocentrotus FP66, Echinus neglectus BK77, Ec. pictus BK77]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB01] Aronson, R. B., & D. B. Blake. 2001. Global climate change and the origin of modern benthic communities in Antarctica. American Zoologist 41: 27–39.

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B01] Boczarowski, A. 2001. Isolated sclerites of Devonian non-pelmatozoan echinoderms. Palaeontologia Polonica 59: 1–219.

[BH95] Bousfield, E. L., & E. A. Hendrycks. 1995. The amphipod family Pleustidae on the Pacific coast of North America: Part II. Subfamilies Parapleustinae, Dactylopleustinae, and Pleusirinae. Systematics and distributional ecology. Amphipacifica 2: 65–133.

[BM09] Bryce, C., & L. Marsh. 2009. Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 209–220.

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[HR95] Haya, D., & M. B. Régis. 1995. Comportement trophique de Paracentrotus lividus (Lam.) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) soumis à six régimes alimentaires dans des conditions expérimentales. Mésogée 54: 35–42.

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[W01] Williamson, D. I. 2001. Larval transfer and the origins of larvae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 111–122.