Paxillosida

Seven-armed starfish Luidia ciliaris, copyright Fiona Crouch.

Belongs within: Valvatacea.
Contains: Astropectininae.

The Paxillosida are a group of starfish associated with sandy or muddy habitats. They mostly lack a number of features found in other starfish, such as an anus, extra-oral feeding, suckered tube feet, or a brachiolaria larval stage (Matsubara et al. 2005).

<==Paxillosida [Paxillosa]
    |  i. s.: Radiasteridae [Mimasterinae] MK05
    |           |--Radiaster Perrier 1881 [incl. Mimaster Sladen 1882] SW66
    |           |    `--*R. elegans Perrier 1881 SW66
    |           `--Gephyriaster Fisher 1910 SW66
    |                `--*G. swifti (Fisher 1905) [=Mimaster swifti] SW66
    |--Astropectinidae [Diplozonina, Plutonasteridae, Primasterinae] MK05
    |    |  i. s.: Proserpinaster euryactis (Fisher 1913) MG-H11
    |    |--Astropectininae SW66
    |    `--Craspidaster Sladen 1889 [incl. Nauricia Gray 1840 (nom. dub.); Craspidasterinae] SW66
    |         `--*C. hesperus (Müller & Troschel 1840) [=Archaster hesperus] SW66
    |--Luidia Forbes 1839 BH04 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |  i. s.: L. avicularia Fisher 1913 MG-H11
    |    |         L. hardwicki (Gray 1840) MG-H11
    |    |         L. quinaria MK05
    |    |         L. sarsi Düben & Koren 1884 W01 [incl. Bipinnaria asterigera H04]
    |    |--L. (Luidia) ciliaris (Philippi 1837) [=Asterias ciliaris; incl. *L. fragilissima Forbes 1839] SW66
    |    `--L. (Platasterias Gray 1871) BK02, B02 [Platasteriidae]
    |         `--L. (*P.) latiradiata Gray 1871 BK02, SW66
    `--Cribellina SW66
         |--Goniopectinidae SW66
         |    |--Goniopectininae SW66
         |    |    |--Goniopecten Perrier 1881 SW66
         |    |    |    `--*G. demonstrans Perrier 1881 SW66
         |    |    `--Prionaster Verrill 1889 SW66
         |    |         `--*P. elegans Verrill 1889 SW66
         |    `--Ctenodiscinae [Ctenodiscidae] SW66
         |         |--Pectinidiscus Ludwig 1900 SW66
         |         |    `--*P. annae Ludwig 1900 SW66
         |         `--Ctenodiscus Müller & Troschel 1842 [incl. Anodiscus Perrier 1869] SW66
         |              |--C. crispatus (Retzius 1805) (see below for synonymy) SW66
         |              `--C. orientalis Fisher 1913 MG-H11
         `--Porcellanasteridae SW66
              |--Sidonaster Koehler 1909 SW66
              |    `--*S. vaneyi Koehler 1909 SW66
              |--Porcellanaster Wyville-Thomson 1877 (see below for synonymy) SW66
              |    `--*P. ceruleus Wyville-Thomson 1877 SW66
              |--Abyssaster Madsen 1961 SW66
              |    `--*A. tara (Wood-Mason & Alcock 1891) [=Hyphalaster tara] SW66
              |--Benthogenia Fisher 1911 SW66
              |    `--*B. cribellosa Fisher 1911 SW66
              |--Eremicaster Fisher 1905 SW66
              |    `--E. gracilis (Sladen 1883) (see below for synonymy) SW66
              |--Hyphalaster Sladen 1883 SW66
              |    `--*H. inermis Sladen 1883 SW66
              |--Lysaster Bell 1909 SW66
              |    `--*L. lorioli Bell 1909 SW66
              |--Styracaster Sladen 1883 [incl. Chunaster Ludwig 1907, Machairaster Perrier 1884 (n. n.)] SW66
              |    `--*S. horridus Sladen 1883 SW66
              `--Thoracaster Sladen 1883 SW66
                   `--*T. cylindratus Sladen 1883 SW66

Ctenodiscus crispatus (Retzius 1805) [=Asterias crispata; incl. A. polaris Sabine 1821, *Ctenodiscus polaris] SW66

Eremicaster gracilis (Sladen 1883) [=Porcellanaster gracilis; incl. P. tenebrarius Fisher 1905, *Eremicaster tenebrarius] SW66

Luidia Forbes 1839 BH04 [=Luydia Düben & Koren 1847 SW66; incl. Alternaster Döderlein 1920 SW66, Armaster Döderlein 1920 SW66, Astrella Perrier 1882 SW66, Denudaster Döderlein 1920 SW66, Hemicnemis Müller & Troschel 1840 SW66, Integraster Döderlein 1920 SW66, Maculaster Döderlein 1920 SW66, Penangaster Döderlein 1920 SW66, Petalaster Gray 1840 SW66, Quinaster Döderlein 1920 SW66, Senegaster Döderlein 1920 SW66; Luidiidae MK05]

Porcellanaster Wyville-Thomson 1877 [incl. Albatrossaster Ludwig 1907, Albatrossia Ludwig 1905 non Jordan & Evermann 1898, Caulaster Perrier 1882] SW66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B02] Blake, D. B. 2002. Compsaster formosus Worthen & Miller (Asteroidea; Echinodermata): a Carboniferous homeomorph of the post-Paleozoic Asteriidae. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 76 (2): 357–367.

[BH04] Blake, D. B., & F. H. C. Hotchkiss. 2004. Recognition of the asteroid (Echinodermata) crown group: implications of the ventral skeleton. Journal of Paleontology 78: 359–370.

[BK02] Blake, D. B, & B. S. Kues. 2002. Homeomorphy in the Asteroidea (Echinodermata); a new late Cretaceous genus and species from Colorado. Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1007–1013.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[MK05] Matsubara, M., M. Komatsu, T. Araki, S. Asakawa, S. Yokobori, K. Watanabe & H. Wada. 2005. The phylogenetic status of Paxillosida (Asteroidea) based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 598–605.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[SW66] Spencer, W. K., & C. W. Wright. 1966. Asterozoans. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 1 pp. U4–U107. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[W01] Williamson, D. I. 2001. Larval transfer and the origins of larvae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 111–122.