Aphidoidea

Holotype of Oviparosiphum jakovlevi, from Żyła et al. (2015). A: body, ventral view; B: body, dorsal view; C: original reconstruction.

Belongs within: Sternorrhyncha.
Contains: Phloemyzidae, Greenideidae, Aphididae.

The Aphidoidea are a diverse group of plant-sucking bugs that often exhibit an alternation of generations between alate, sexual and apterous, parthenogenetic forms. Alate forms have wings in which the bases of veins R, M and Cu are fused into a thick longitudinal vein near the costal edge terminating in a large stigma, from which the M and Cu veins diverge basally (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). In members of the modern families Phylloxeridae and Adelgidae, both parthenogenetic and sexual generations are oviparous.

<==Aphidoidea [Aphididoidea] GE05
    |--Grimmenaphis magnifica GE05
    |--Juraphis crassipes GE05
    |--Shaposhnikoviidae RJ93
    |    |--Tinaphis sibirica Vengerek 1989 GE05, RJ93
    |    `--Shaposhnikovia electri RJ93
    `--+--Phylloxeroidea SP02
       |    |  i. s.: Palaeophylloxera seilacheri Heie & Peñalver 1999 WP02
       |    |--Phylloxeridae GE05
       |    |    |--Daktulosphaira vitifolii CGW91 [=Viteus vitifolii CGW91; incl. Phylloxera vastatrix WEE70]
       |    |    |--Phylloxerina salicis CGW91
       |    |    |--Phylloxera quercus RD77
       |    |    `--Moritziella Börner 1908 CGW91, CS91
       |    |         `--M. corticalis CGW91
       |    `--+--Mesozoicaphididae GE05
       |       |--Taymyraphididae [Tajmyraphididae] GE05
       |       |    |--Tajmyraphis beckermigdisovae RJ93
       |       |    |--Jantardakhia P92
       |       |    |--Khatangaphis P92
       |       |    `--Retinaphis P92
       |       |--Elektraphididae GE05
       |       |    |--Antonaphis brachycera RJ93
       |       |    |--Schizoneurites RJ93
       |       |    |--Tajmyrella P92
       |       |    |--Antiquaphis P92
       |       |    `--Elektraphis P92
       |       `--Adelgidae [Chermesidae] GE05
       |            |--Pineus pini CGW91
       |            `--Adelges S07
       |                 |--A. cooleyi RD77
       |                 |--A. piceae S07
       |                 |--A. pseudotsugae SS96
       |                 `--A. tsugae WP99
       `--+--Greenideidae WP02
          |--Cretamyzidae GE05
          |--Aphididae GE05
          |--Thelaxidae SP02
          |    |--Palaeothelaxes setosa RJ93
          |    `--Thelaxes P92
          |--Anoeciidae [Anoeciinae] SP02
          |    |--Berendtaphis cimicoides RJ93
          |    `--Anoecia RD77
          |--Mindaridae SP02
          |    |--Mindarus abietinus R13
          |    `--Nordaphis sukatchevae RJ93
          |--Canadaphididae GE05
          |    |--Nuuraphis gemma Vengerek 1991 RJ93
          |    |--Canadaphis carpenteri RJ93
          |    |--Alloambria P92
          |    `--Pseudambria P92
          `--Oviparosiphidae SP02
               |--Bajsaphis Shaposhnikov 1985 HW11
               |--Acanthotrichaphis Shaposhnikov & Wegierek 1989 HW11
               |--Vitimaphis Shaposhnikov & Wegierek 1989 HW11
               |--Sinoviparosiphum Ren 1995 H02
               |    `--*S. lini Ren 1995 H02
               |--Expansaphis Hong & Wang 1990 H02
               |    |--*E. ovata Hong & Wang 1990 H02
               |    `--E. laticosta Hong & Wang 1990 H02
               `--Oviparosiphum Shaposhnikov & Wegierek 1989 HW11 (see below for synonymy)
                    |--*O. jakovlevi Shaposhnikov 1979 H02
                    |--O. laturn Hong & Wang 1990 H02
                    |--O. malacum (Zhang et al. 1989) (see below for synonymy) H02
                    `--O. opimum (Zhang et al. 1989) (see below for synonymy) H02

Aphidoidea incertae sedis:
  Longistigma caryae SP02
  Casimira AY04
  Eulachnus tauricus Bozhko 1961 MF05
  Drepanochaitophorus Zhang & Hong 1999 [Drepanochaitophoridae] H02
    `--D. fushunensis Zhang & Hong 1999 H02
  Phloemyzidae H02
  Dataiaphis Lin 1995 H02
    `--*D. conferis Lin 1995 H02
  Chaitophoridae [Chaitophorinae] RD77
    |--Sipha elegans RD77, PS96
    |--Periphyllus CGW91
    |    |--P. californiensis CGW91
    |    `--P. lyropictus PS96
    `--Chaitophorus R96
         |--C. niger R96
         |--C. populeti RD77
         |--C. populicola PS96
         `--C. utahensis PS96

Oviparosiphum Shaposhnikov & Wegierek 1989 HW11 [incl. Mesoviparosiphum Zhang et al. 1989 H02, Paroviparosiphum Zhang et al. 1989 H02]

Oviparosiphum malacum (Zhang et al. 1989) [=Mesoviparosiphum malacum; incl. M. tuanwangense Zhang et al. 1989] H02

Oviparosiphum opimum (Zhang et al. 1989) [=Paroviparosiphum opimum; incl. P. camptotrophum Zhang et al. 1989] H02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AY04] Austin, A. D., D. K. Yeates, G. Cassis, M. J. Fletcher, J. La Salle, J. F. Lawrence, P. B. McQuillan, L. A. Mound, D. J. Bickel, P. J. Gullan, D. F. Hales & G. S. Taylor. 2004. Insects 'Down Under'—diversity, endemism and evolution of the Australian insect fauna: examples from select orders. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 216–234.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CS91] Colloff, M. J., & E. L. Seyd. 1991. A new species of Moritzoppia from montane sites in the British Isles, with a redescription of M. clavigera (Hammer, 1952) (Acari: Oribatida: Oppiidae). Journal of Natural History 25: 1067–1074.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HW11] Homan, A., & P. Wegierek. 2011. A new family of aphids (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha) from the Lower Cretaceous of Baissa, Transbaikalia. ZooKeys 130: 167–174.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[MF05] Monserrat, V. J., & S. de Freitas. 2005. Contribución al conocimiento de los crisópidos de Coquimbo, Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego (Argentina, Chile) (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Graellsia 61 (2): 163–179.

[PS96] Pike, K. S., P. Starý, R. Miller, D. Allison, L. Boydston, G. Graf & T. Miller. 1996. New species and host records of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from the Pacific northwest, U.S.A. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 570–591.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R96] Raspi, A. 1996. Thaumatomyia elongatula (Becker) (Chloropidae) and Leucopis annulipes Zetterstedt (Chamaemyiidae): two Diptera preying on Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Homoptera: Phloeomyzidae) in Italy. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 509–516.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815 + Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 143–157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[SS96] Simberloff, D., & P. Stilling. 1996. How risky is biological control? Ecology 77 (7): 1965–1974.

[S07] Ślipiński, A. 2007. Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Their biology and classification. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[WP02] Wegierek, P., & E. Peñalver. 2002. Fossil representatives of the family Greenideidae (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) from the Miocene of Europe. Geobios 35: 745–757.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

Last updated: 30 April 2022.

Ichneumonoidea

Homolobus infumator, copyright Chris Johnson.

Belongs within: Vespina.
Contains: Ichneumonidae, Urosigalphini, Doryctinae, Braconinae, Rogadinae, Opiinae, Alysiinae, Aphidiinae, Ichneutinae, Cheloninae, Macrocentrinae, Orgilinae, Agathidinae, Helconinae, Sigalphinae, Euphorinae.

The Ichneumonoidea are a hyperdiverse group of parasitoid wasps, most of which are more or less slender-bodied with multi-segmented antennae bearing a short scape. Living species are mostly divided between the two families Ichneumonidae and Braconidae, with members of the Braconidae having the second recurrent vein present in the fore wing, cell R in the hind wing shorter than the submarginal vein or absent, and metasomal tergites 3 and 4 rigidly joined.

Basal subfamilies within the Braconidae are ectoparasitic as larvae, with subfamilies from Rogadinae down in the tree below being endoparasitic. A number of basal braconid subfamilies (e.g. Rhyssalinae, Histeromerinae and Doryctinae) include parasites of beetles, and these may be the ancestral hosts for the family. However, the relatively small, little-known braconids of the Rhyssalinae may also parasitise Lepidoptera or Diptera (Achterberg 1993). Histeromerus is a small, rarely collected genus characterised by a very short face, with the head being nearly prognathous (Achterberg 1993). The Apozyginae are another small subfamily, known only from Chile, which retain certain wing veins usually absent in other braconids (2m-cu in the forewing and 2-CU in the hind wing), and have the second and third metasomal sternites fused into a single plate (Achterberg 1993). The cosmopolitan Hormiinae, which are idiobiont ectoparasites of Lepidoptera larvae, have the second and third tergites of the metasoma more or less membranous dorsally, generally less sclerotised than the flanking epipleura (Achterberg 1993).

<==Ichneumonoidea [Ichneumonides]
    |  i. s.: Cedria paradoxa A71
    |--Praeichneumon [Praeichneumonidae] GE05
    |    `--P. townesi RJ93
    `--+--Ichneumonidae GE05
       `--+--Eoichneumon Jell & Duncan 1986 H02 [Eoichneumonidae GE05]
          |    `--E. duncanae Jell & Duncan 1986 RJ93
          `--Braconidae [Anomalidae, Branconidae] GE05
               |  i. s.: Heterospilus BM76
               |           |--H. microstigmi BM76
               |           `--H. prosopidis N57
               |         Acampsohelconinae A02
               |           |--Urosigalphini A02
               |           |--Afrocampsis van Achterberg & Quicke 1990 [Afrocampsini] A02
               |           |    `--A. griseosetosus A02
               |           `--Acampsohelcon Tobias 1987 [Acampsohelconini] A02
               |                `--A. rasnitzini Tobias 1987 A02
               |         Pambolinae A93
               |           |--Notiopambolus depressicauda A93
               |           `--Pambolus biglumis A93
               |         Pseudobathystomus (Atlantobathystomus Belokobylskij & Koponen 2004) F05
               |           `--P. (*A.) macaronesius Belokobylskij & Koponen 2004 F05
               |         Microdus tumidulus MS01
               |         Phaenocarpa jaculans MS01
               |         Coelinius MS01
               |           |--C. gracilis MS01
               |           `--C. niger MS01
               |         Chaenon anceps MS01
               |         Wroughtonia ligator HR11
               |         Diaeretus essigellae PK17
               |         Rhetinorhyssalus morticinus PK17
               |         Fushunobracon Hong 2002 H02
               |           `--*F. orientalis Hong 2002 H02
               |         Sinobracon Hong 1974 H02
               |           `--*S. speciosus Hong 1974 H02
               |         Eobraconus inopinatus RJ93
               |         Promicrogaster D96
               |--Rhyssalinae A93
               |    |--Oncophanes [Oncophanini] A93
               |    |    `--O. minutus A93
               |    |--Acrisis [Acrisidini] A93
               |    |    `--A. minutissimus A93
               |    `--Rhyssalini A93
               |         |--Dolopsidea indagator A93
               |         `--Rhyssalus A93
               |              |--R. clavator A93
               |              `--R. kerzhneri A93
               `--+--Histeromerus [Histeromerinae] A93
                  |    |--H. canadensis A93
                  |    `--H. mystacinus A93
                  `--+--Doryctinae A93
                     `--+--Apozyx [Apozygidae, Apozyginae] A93
                        |    `--A. penyai A93
                        `--+--+--Hormiinae [Hormiini] A93
                           |  |    |--Hormius romani A93
                           |  |    `--Pseudohormius turkmenus A93
                           |  `--Lysiterminae A93
                           |       |--Pentatermini A93
                           |       `--Acanthormius [Lysitermini] A93
                           |            `--A. sumatrensis A93
                           `--+--Exothecinae A93
                              |    |--Rhysipolis [Rhysipolini] A93
                              |    |    |--R. hariolator A93
                              |    |    `--R. meditator A93
                              |    `--Exothecini A93
                              |         |--Xenarcha abnormis A93
                              |         `--Colastes A93
                              |              |--C. braconius A93
                              |              `--C. hariolator MS01
                              `--+--+--Vaepellis [Vaepellinae] A93
                                 |  |    `--V. varica A93
                                 |  `--+--Braconinae A93
                                 |     `--Telengaia [Telengaiinae] A93
                                 |          `--T. ventralis A93
                                 `--+--+--Rogadinae A93
                                    |  `--+--Betylobraconinae A93
                                    |     |    |--Mesocentrus crassipes A93
                                    |     |    `--Betylobracon waterhousei A93
                                    |     `--Mesostoa [Mesostoinae] A93
                                    |          |--M. compressa A93
                                    |          `--M. kerri A93
                                    `--+--+--Gnamptodon [Gnamptodontinae] A93
                                       |  |    |--G. molestus A93
                                       |  |    `--G. pumilio A93
                                       |  `--+--Opiinae A93
                                       |     `--Alysiinae A93
                                       `--+--Aphidiinae A93
                                          `--+--+--+--Ichneutinae A93
                                             |  |  `--Dirrhope [Dirrhopinae] A93
                                             |  |       `--D. rufa A93
                                             |  `--+--Ecnomios [Ecnomiinae] A93
                                             |     |    `--E. papuensis A93
                                             |     `--+--Cheloninae A93
                                             |        `--Adeliinae A93
                                             |             |--Adelius A93
                                             |             `--Paradelius ghesquierei A93
                                             `--+--+--Amicrocentrum [Amicrocentrinae] A93
                                                |  |    `--A. concolor A93
                                                |  `--+--Macrocentrinae A93
                                                |     `--Charmon [Charmontinae] A93
                                                |          `--C. cruentatus A93
                                                `--+--Orgilinae A93
                                                   `--+--+--Agathidinae A93
                                                      |  `--Pselaphanus [Pselaphaninae] A93
                                                      |       `--P. trogoides A93
                                                      `--+--Microtypinae A93
                                                         |    |--Microtypus wesmaelii A93
                                                         |    `--Neomicrotypus penai A93
                                                         `--+--+--Helconinae A93
                                                            |  `--Cenocoeliinae A93
                                                            |       |--Capitonius bifasciatus A93
                                                            |       `--Cenocoelius PS05
                                                            |            |--C. analis A93
                                                            |            `--C. huggerti Pitz & Sharkey 2005 PS05
                                                            `--+--+--Meteorideinae A93
                                                               |  |    |--Pronkia [Pronkiini] A93
                                                               |  |    |    `--P. antefurcalis A93
                                                               |  |    `--Meteoridea [Meteorideini] A93
                                                               |  |         `--M. hutsoni A93
                                                               |  `--Blacinae A93
                                                               |       |  i. s.: Eubadizion A71
                                                               |       |--Dyscoletini A93
                                                               |       |    |--Dyscoletes canadensis A93
                                                               |       |    `--Hellenius semiruber A93
                                                               |       `--Blacini A93
                                                               |            |--Blacus fuscitibialis A93
                                                               |            `--Blacometeorus brevicauda A93
                                                               `--+--+--Sigalphinae A93
                                                                  |  `--Trachypetinae A93
                                                                  |       |--Cercobarcon (see below for synonymy) A93
                                                                  |       |    `--C. rieki A93
                                                                  |       `--Trachypetus [Trachypetini] A93
                                                                  |            `--T. clavatus A93
                                                                  `--+--Euphorinae A93
                                                                     `--+--Xiphozele [Xiphozelinae] A93
                                                                        |    `--X. compressiventris A93
                                                                        `--Homolobinae A93
                                                                             |--Westwoodiella [Westwoodiellini] A93
                                                                             |    `--W. bicolor A93
                                                                             `--Homolobus [Homolobini] A93
                                                                                  |--H. huddlestoni A93
                                                                                  `--H. infumator A93

Cercobarcon [Cercobarconinae, Cercobarconini] A93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A93] Achterberg, C. van. 1993. Illustrated key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen 283: 1–189.

[A02] Achterberg, C. van. 2002. Revision of the genus Canalicephalus Gibson and the recognition of the Acampsohelconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as extant. Zoologische Mededelingen 76 (20): 347–370.

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[D96] Davis, D. R. 1996. Neotropical Tineidae, VI: Prosetomorpha falcata, a new genus and species of Setomorphinae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea) from Colombia associated with curculionid galleries in stems of Solanum. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 173–187.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[N57] Nicholson, A. J. 1957. The self-adjustment of populations to change. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 22: 153–172.

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[PS05] Pitz, K. M., & M. J. Sharkey. 2005. Cenocoelius huggerti, the first record of the subfamily Cenocoeliinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Africa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 92–95.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

Sukunahikonini

Scymnomorphus fulvus, from CSIRO.

Belongs within: Coccinellidae.

The Sukunahikonini are a circumtropical group of minute ladybird beetles with long, geniculate maxillary palps (Ślipiński 2007).

Characters (from Ślipiński 2007): Body minute (1–3 mm), moderately to strongly convex with head in repose deflexed and fitting closely under prosternum; dorsum usually with apparent dorsal vestiture. Head transverse, ventrally flattened, often with clypeal and frontal regions prominent anteriorly; clypeus emarginate around exposed antennal insertions, ventral side with short antennal groove accomodating scape and pedicel along inner margin of eye. Mandible small, triangular with single apical tooth and no mola; maxillary palp long, geniculate; terminal palpomere elongate and conical; labial palps slender, narrowly separated at base, inserted on distal end of prementum. Antenna 8- to 10-segmented with 1–3-segmented club. Pronotum almost always with line or ridge separating anterior corners from pronotal disc, often extending along lateral edge. Prosternum strongly reduced and narrow; prosternal process reduced to short triangular piece or narrow carina. Winged or wingless; wing with reduced venation, never with anal lobe. Elytral punctures sometimes in apparent rows; epipleuron narrow, usually incomplete apically, without cavities; lateral part of elytron often with carina parallel to lateral margin. Abdomen with five or six ventrites; ventrite 1 distinctly longer than 2. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete, usually with associated oblique dividing line, pits and pores. Tegmen asymmetrical, parameres short to reduced with one or more setae apically. Ovipositor triangular, elongate, lightly sclerotised bearing short styli; spermatheca small and well sclerotised, multi-cameral.

<==Sukunahikonini S07
    |--Hikonasukuna Sasaji 1967 S07
    |--Orculus S07
    |--Pharellus Sicard 1928 S07
    |    |--*P. minutissimus Sicard 1928 S07
    |    |--P. glabratus Ślipiński & Tomaszewska 2005 S07
    |    `--P. popei Ślipiński & Tomaszewska 2005 S07
    |--Paraphellus Chazeau 1981 S07
    |    |--*P. pacificus Chazeau 1981 S07
    |    |--P. magnopunctatus Ślipiński & Tomaszewska 2005 S07
    |    `--P. rostratus (Lea 1929) [=Scymnus rostratus] S07
    `--Scymnomorphus Weise 1897 [=Scotoscymnus Weise 1901; incl. Sukunahikona Kamiya 1960] S07
         |--*S. rotundatus Weise 1897 [=*Scotoscymnus rotundatus] S07
         |--S. fulvus Ślipiński & Tomaszewska 2005 S07
         |--S. hirtus Ślipiński & Tomaszewska 2005 S07
         |--S. japonicus (Kamiya 1960) [=*Sukunahikona japonica] S07
         |--S. ker Ślipiński & Tomaszewska 2005 S07
         |--S. luteus Ślipiński & Tomaszewska 2005 S07
         |--S. storeyi Ślipiński & Tomaszewska 2005 S07
         `--S. subevanidus (Blackburn 1895) [=Scymnus subevanidus] S07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[S07] Ślipiński, A. 2007. Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Their biology and classification. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Serangiini

Citrus whitefly ladybird Serangium maculigerum, copyright Tim Holmes.

Belongs within: Coccinellidae.

The Serangiini are a pantropical group of minute ladybird beetles that are predatory on whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) (Ślipiński 2007).

Characters (from Ślipiński 2007): Body minute, 0.8–3.5 mm, hemispherical with head in repose withdrawn into prothorax and deflexed, ventrally fitting closely against the prominent prosternal lobe. Clypeus deeply emarginate around exposed antennal insertions; ventral side with antennal groove accomodating scape and pedicel along inner margin of eye. Maxillary palps geniculate with terminal palpomere always longer than wide, conical or barrel-shaped; labial palps slender, narrowly separated at base, inserted on distal end of prementum. Antenna eight- or nine-segmented with large, flattened, one-segmented club. Pronotum without distinct line separating anterior corners from pronotal disc. Prosternum strongly prominent, medially forming broad lobe concealing mouthparts from below, deeply notched laterally to accomodate antennal club; prosternal process rounded apically, triangular, broadly and completely separating procoxae. Elytral epipleuron with clearly delimited cavities receiving apices of mid and hind femora. Abdomen with five ventrites; ventrite 1 and 5 much longer than 2–4; hind margin of terminal ventrite sometimes finely crenulate. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete but reaching lateral margin of ventrite, without associated pits or pores. Tarsus three- or four-segmented. Male genitalia with tegmen strongly asymmetrical, parameres distinctly reduced, fused with penis guide bearing sparse setae apically. Female genitalia with ovipositor triangular elongate, lightly sclerotised usually bearing short styli; spermatheca small and well sclerotised. Larva: Length 2–4 mm; body fusiform; cuticle of thorax and abdomen finely and densely granulate and pubescent. Head weakly transverse with frontal arms joined at base, lyriform, strongly divergent anteriorly; epicranial stem absent; median endocarina absent. Antenna composed of three sclerotised segments; segment 3 as long as 2. Mandible simple, triangular with single apex and blunt non-projected molar area. Maxillary mala slender, distinctly narrowing apically (almost falcate). Maxillary palps three-segmented, much longer than mala; labial palps two-segmented. Thoracic tergites with transverse warts. Legs short and slender; apex of tibiotarsus with pair of flattened and frayed setae; claw with distinct basal tooth. Abdomen without defence gland openings, with single setae only. Pupa without urogomphi.

<==Serangiini S07
    |--Delphastus pusillus S07, LS96
    `--Serangium Blackburn 1889 [incl. Catana Chapin 1940, Semichnoodes Weise 1892] S07
         |--*S. mysticum Blackburn 1889 [incl. S. hirtuosum Blackburn 1892, S. maestum Lea 1902, S. nigrum Lea 1902] S07
         |--S. bellum Ślipiński & Burckhardt 2006 S07
         |--‘*Catana’ clauseni Chapin 1940 S07
         |--S. coxale Weise 1923 S07
         |--S. glorious Ślipiński & Burckhardt 2006 S07
         |--S. howdenorum Ślipiński & Burckhardt 2006 S07
         |--‘*Semichnoodes’ kunowi Weise 1892 S07
         |--S. maculigerum Blackburn 1892 [incl. S. bicolor Blackburn 1895] S07
         |--S. magnum Ślipiński & Burckhardt 2006 S07
         |--S. microscopicum Lea 1902 S07
         |--S. monteithi Ślipiński & Burckhardt 2006 S07
         |--S. nitidum Ślipiński & Burckhardt 2006 S07
         |--S. sculptum Ślipiński & Burckhardt 2006 S07
         `--S. yam Ślipiński & Burckhardt 2006 S07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[LS96] Liu, T.-X., & P. A. Stansly. 1996. Morphology of Nephaspis oculatus and Delphastus pusillus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), predators of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 292–300.

[S07] Ślipiński, A. 2007. Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Their biology and classification. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Coccidulini

Rhyzobius litura, copyright Mark Gurney.

Belongs within: Coccinellidae.

The Coccidulini are a diverse, poorly characterised group of hairy ladybird beetles.

Characters (from Ślipiński 2007): Dorsum distinctly pubescent; tegmen symmetrical; penis guide symmetrical; ovipositor bearing rather elongate, triangular coxites.

<==Coccidulini [Exoplectrini, Rhyzobiini, Scymninae, Scymnini, Stethorini] S07
    |--Planorbata S07
    |--Exoplectra Dejean 1836 S07
    |--Zenoria S07
    |--Midus quadristrilatus S07
    |--Oryssomus S07
    |--Neoryssomus S07
    |--Rhizoryssomus S07
    |--Coccidula Kugelann 1798 S07
    |    `--C. rondensis Eizaguirre 2004 F05
    |--Guillermo Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |    `--*G. minutus Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |--Iracilda Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |    `--*I. limae Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |--Lucialla Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |    `--*L. almeidae Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |--Nat Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |    `--*N. vandenbergae Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |--Poorani Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |    `--*P. serrata Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |--Robert Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |    `--*R. popei Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |--Roger Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |    `--*R. boothi Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |--Rhynchortalia Crotch 1874 S07
    |    `--*R. insueta Crotch 1874 S07
    |--Hypoceras Chapuis 1876 S07
    |    `--*H. mulsanti Chapuis 1876 S07
    |--Erithionyx Blackburn 1892 S07
    |    |--*E. lanosus (Blackburn 1892) [=Rhizobius lanosus] S07
    |    `--E. albatus Lea 1902 S07
    |--Wioletta Ślipiński 2007 S07
    |    |--*W. elongatula (Crotch 1874) [=Rhizobius elongatulus] S07
    |    `--W. subfusca (Blackburn 1889) [=Rhizobius subfuscus] S07
    |--Parastethorus Pang & Mao 1975 S07
    |    |--*P. yunnanensis (Pang & Mao 1975) [=Stethorus (*Parastethorus) yunnanensis] S07
    |    |--P. histrio (Chazeau in Chazeau, Étienne & Fürsch 1974) (see below for synonymy) S07
    |    |--P. nigripes (Kapur 1948) [=Stethorus nigripes; incl. S. loxtoni Britton & Lee 1972] S07
    |    `--P. obscuripennis (Lea 1929) [=Scymnus obscuripennis, Stethorus (Parastethorus) obscuripennis] S07
    |--Cryptolaemus Mulsant 1853 S07
    |    |--*C. montrouzieri Mulsant 1853 S07
    |    |    |--C. m. montrouzieri S07
    |    |    `--C. m. simplex Blackburn 1889 S07
    |    |--C. affinis Crotch 1874 S07
    |    `--C. violaceus S07
    |--Apolinus Pope & Lawrence 1990 [=Platyomus Mulsant 1853 (preoc.)] S07
    |    |--*A. lividigaster (Mulsant 1853) [=*Platyomus lividigaster, Scymnodes (*Apolinus) lividigaster] S07
    |    |--A. chappuisi (Weise 1923) [=Scymnodes chappuisi] S07
    |    |--A. cribratus (Blackburn 1895) [=Platyomus cribratus] S07
    |    |--A. rotundus (Blackburn 1889) [=Eupalea rotunda] S07
    |    |--A. spilotus (Weise 1923) [=Scymnodes spilotus] S07
    |    `--A. terminalis (Blackburn 1895) [=Platyomus terminalis] S07
    |--Bucolus Mulsant 1850 [incl. Bucolinus Blackburn 1892] S07
    |    |--*B. fourneti Mulsant 1850 S07
    |    |--B. convexus Blackburn 1892 S07
    |    |--B. frater Blackburn 1895 S07
    |    |--B. nigripes Lea 1902 S07
    |    |--B. nuytsiae Lea 1902 S07
    |    |--B. obscurus Lea 1902 S07
    |    |--B. posticalis Blackburn 1895 S07
    |    `--B. stragulatus (Erichson 1842) (see below for synonymy) S07
    |--Scymnodes Blackburn 1889 [incl. Dolinus Weise 1923] S07
    |    |--*S. difficilis Blackburn 1889 S07
    |    |--S. baccaeformis (Blackburn 1895) [=Platyomus baccaeformis] S07
    |    |--S. bellus Pope & Lawrence 1990 S07
    |    |--S. consimilis (Blackburn 1895) [=Platyomus consimilis] S07
    |    |--S. fulvipes Weise 1923 [=S. (*Dolinus) fulvipes] S07
    |    |--S. koebelei Blackburn 1892 (see below for synonymy) S07
    |    |--S. maculiger Weise 1923 [=S. (Dolinus) maculiger] S07
    |    |--S. obscuricollis (Blackburn 1895) [=Platyomus obscuricollis] S07
    |    |--S. styx (Blackburn 1895) [=Scymnus styx] S07
    |    `--S. tristis Weise 1923 [=Scymnodes (Dolinus) tristis] S07
    |--Rodatus Mulsant 1850 S07
    |    |--*R. bajulus (Mulsant 1850) [=Rhizobius (*Rodatus) bajulus] S07
    |    |--R. australis (Blackburn 1889) [=Rhizobius australis] S07
    |    |--R. bakewelli Crotch 1874 S07
    |    |--R. boucardi Crotch 1874 S07
    |    |--R. carinifex (Mulsant 1850) (see below for synonymy) S07
    |    |--R. crotchi (Blackburn 1895) [=Rhizobius crotchi] S07
    |    |--R. depressus Weise 1895 S07
    |    |--R. major (Blackburn 1889) [=Rhizobius major] S07
    |    |--R. nigronotatus (Blackburn 1892) [=Rhizobius nigronotatus] S07
    |    |--R. ornatipennis (Blackburn 1892) [=Rhizobius ornatipennis] S07
    |    `--R. proprius (Blackburn 1889) [=Rhizobius discolor var. proprius] S07
    |--Stethorus Weise 1885 [incl. Allostethorus Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1972] S07
    |    |--S. punctillum Weise 1891 [incl. Coccinella minima Rossi 1794, *S. minimus] S07
    |    |--S. aethiops P01
    |    |--S. amurensis Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1972 [=S. (*Allostethorus) amurensis] S07
    |    |--S. bifidus BC01
    |    |--S. fenestralis Houston 1980 S07
    |    |--S. gilvifrons Gu01
    |    |--S. keralicus Gu01
    |    |--S. madecassus S07
    |    |--S. nanus VC07
    |    |--S. parcempunctatus Gu01
    |    |--S. pauperculus Gu01
    |    |--S. punctum VC07
    |    |    |--S. p. punctum JPW07
    |    |    `--S. p. picipes JPW07
    |    |--S. tetranychi Gu01
    |    |--S. utilis VC07
    |    `--S. vagans (Blackburn 1892) [=Scymnus vagans] S07
    |--Scymnus Kugelann 1794 (see below for synonymy) S07
    |    |--*S. nigrinus Kugelann 1794 S07
    |    |--S. ambulans Blackburn 1895 S07
    |    |--S. angusticollis Fauvel 1903 [=S. (*Caledonus) angusticollis] S07
    |    |--S. arugineus Blackburn 1889 S07
    |    |--S. asperses Blackburn 1889 S07
    |    |--S. australis Blackburn 1889 S07
    |    |--S. binaevatus Go01
    |    |--‘Nephus’ bisignatus S07
    |    |--S. castroemi Go01
    |    |--S. compositus Lea 1902 S07
    |    |--S. duplopunctulatus (Blackburn 1892) [=*Scymnomorpha duplopunctulata] S07
    |    |--S. ferrugatus C01
    |    |--S. flavohirtus Broun 1880 [incl. *Adoxellus concinnus Weise 1895] S07
    |    |--S. gracilis Gu01
    |    |--S. hoffmanni Weise 1879 [=S. (*Neopullus) hoffmanni] S07
    |    |--S. impexus [=S. (Pullus) impexus] S07
    |    |--S. loewi WFS04
    |    |--‘*Didion’ longulum Casey 1899 S07
    |    |--S. mareebensis Blackburn 1895 S07
    |    |--S. marinus Mulsant 1850 (see below for synonymy) S07
    |    |--S. mitior Blackburn 1895 S07
    |    |--S. mjoebergi (Weise 1923) [=Pullus mjoebergi] S07
    |    |--S. morelleti Go01
    |    |--S. oscillans Blackburn 1889 S07
    |    |--S. parallelus Blackburn 1889 S07
    |    |--S. pectoralis Lea 1902 S07
    |    |--S. pirikamenoko Kamiya 1961 [=S. (*Nipponopullus) pirikamenoko] S07
    |    |--S. pretiosus Blackburn 1892 S07
    |    |--S. punctillum C01
    |    |--S. pygmaeus (Blackburn 1892) [=Midus pygmaeus, Rhizobius pygmaeus] S07
    |    |--S. quadrimaculatus (Herbst 1783) [=Sphaeridium quadrimaculatum, Sc. (*Nephus) quadrimaculatus] S07
    |    |--S. queenslandicus Blackburn 1892 S07
    |    |--S. rosenhaueri Go01
    |    |--S. rufomarginatus K09
    |    |--S. sublatus Blackburn 1892 S07
    |    |--S. subvillosus (Goeze 1777) [=Coccinella subvillosa, S. (*Pullus) subvillosus] S07
    |    |--S. terraereginae Blackburn 1895 S07
    |    |--S. varipes Blackburn 1895 S07
    |    |--S. victoriensis Blackburn 1892 S07
    |    |--S. vittipennis Lea 1902 S07
    |    `--S. yarrensis Blackburn 1895 S07
    |--Nephaspis oculatus [incl. N. amnicola] LS96
    `--Rhyzobius Stephens 1829 [=Rhizobiellus Oke 1951, Rhizobius Agassiz 1846; incl. Lindorus Casey 1899] S07
         |--*R. litura (Fabricius 1781) [=Nitidula litura, *Rhizobiellus litura] S07
         |--R. alphabeticus Lea 1902 [=Rhizobius alphabeticus] S07
         |--R. apicalis Blackburn 1892 [=Rhizobius apicalis] S07
         |--R. approximatus Blackburn 1889 [=Rhizobius approximatus] S07
         |--R. aurantii Blackburn 1892 [=Rhizobius aurantii] S07
         |--R. bilineatus Weise 1923 [=Rhizobius bilineatus] S07
         |--R. breweri Crotch 1874 [=Rhizobius breweri] S07
         |--R. caecus Blackburn 1892 [=Rhizobius caecus] S07
         |--R. coerulens Blackburn 1892 [=Rhizobius coerulens] S07
         |--R. confinis Lea 1902 [=Rhizobius confinis] S07
         |--R. corticalis Lea 1902 [=Rhizobius corticalis] S07
         |--R. cyaneus Blackburn 1889 [=Rhizobius cyaneus] S07
         |--R. debilis Blackburn 1889 [=Rhizobius debilis, Scymnus minusculus Korschefsky 1931] S07
         |--R. discipennis Blackburn 1895 [=Rhizobius discipennis] S07
         |--R. discoidalis Weise 1923 [=Rhizobius discoidalis] S07
         |--R. discolor (Erichson 1842) [=Scymnus discolor, Rhizobius discolor] S07
         |--R. dorsalis Blackburn 1892 [=Rhizobius dorsalis] S07
         |--R. eminens Blackburn 1895 [=Rhizobius eminens] S07
         |--R. ephippatus Weise 1923 [=Rhizobius ephippatus] S07
         |--R. erythrogaster Lea 1929 [=Rhizobius erythrogaster] S07
         |--R. evansii Mulsant 1850 [=Rhizobius evansii] S07
         |--R. fagus WFS04
         |--R. fasciculatus Blackburn 1892 [=Rhizobius fasciculatus] S07
         |--R. filicis Lea 1929 [=Rhizobius filicis] S07
         |--R. forestieri (Mulsant 1853) [=Platyomus forestieri] S07
         |--R. fugax Blackburn 1892 [=Rhizobius fugax] S07
         |--R. gosfordensis Blackburn 1895 [=Rhizobius gosfordensis] S07
         |--R. hirtellus Crotch 1874 [=Rhizobius hirtellus; incl. Rhizobius ruficollis Blackburn 1889] S07
         |--R. insipidus Blackburn 1889 [=Rhizobius insipidus] S07
         |--R. kingensis Lea 1908 [=Rhizobius kingensis] S07
         |--R. laeticulus Blackburn 1889 [=Rhizobius laeticulus] S07
         |--R. lindi Blackburn 1889 [=Rhizobius lindi] S07
         |--R. lorophanthae (Blaisdell 1892) (see below for synonymy) S07
         |--R. nigrovarius Lea 1908 [=Rhizobius nigrovarius] S07
         |--R. nitidus Blackburn 1889 [=Rhizobius nitidus] S07
         |--R. noctuabundus Lea 1914 [=Rhizobius noctuabundus] S07
         |--R. occidentalis Blackburn 1889 [=Rhizobius occidentalis] S07
         |--R. plebejus Blackburn 1892 [=Rhizobius plebejus] S07
         |--R. pulcher Blackburn 1892 [=Rhizobius pulcher] S07
         |--R. satelles Blackburn 1892 [=Rhizobius satelles] S07
         |--R. secessus Blackburn 1896 [=Rhizobius secessus] S07
         |--R. speculifer Blackburn 1892 [=Rhizobius speculifer] S07
         |--R. speratus Blackburn 1889 [=Rhizobius speratus] S07
         |--R. subaustralis Blackburn 1895 [=Rhizobius subaustralis] S07
         |--R. subhirtellus Lea 1926 [=Rhizobius subhirtellus] S07
         |--R. submetallicus Crotch 1874 [=Rhizobius submetallica] S07
         |--R. umbratus Blackburn 1889 [=Rhizobius umbratus] S07
         |--R. ventralis (Erichson 1842) [=Scymnus ventralis, Rhizobius ventralis; incl. S. restitutor Sharp 1889] S07
         |--R. virgatus Lea 1902 [=Rhizobius virgatus] S07
         |--R. viridipennis Lea 1929 [=Rhizobius viridipennis] S07
         |--R. vulgaris Weise 1923 [=Rhizobius vulgaris] S07
         |--R. waterhousei (Mulsant 1850) [=Scymnus waterhousii] S07
         `--R. xanthurus Mulsant 1850 [=Rhizobius xanthurus; incl. Rhizobius tricolor Lea 1902] S07

Bucolus stragulatus (Erichson 1842) [=Scymnus stragulatus, Midus stragulatus; incl. Rhizobius blackburni Lea 1908, *Bucolinus longicornis Blackburn 1892] S07

Parastethorus histrio (Chazeau in Chazeau, Étienne & Fürsch 1974) [=Stethorus histrio; incl. S. incompletus Whitehead in Chazeau 1979 (n. n.)] S07

Rhyzobius carinifex (Mulsant 1850) [=Rhizobius (Rodatus) carinifex; incl. Rh. calomeloides Lea 1902, Eupalea foveiventris Mulsant 1853] S07

Rhyzobius lorophanthae (Blaisdell 1892) [=Scymnus lorophanthae, *Lindorus lorophanthae; incl. Rhizobius toowoombae Blackburn 1892] S07

Scymnodes koebelei Blackburn 1892 [=Platyomus (Scymnodes) koebelei; incl. S. koebelei var. eugeniae Blackburn 1892, P. (S.) eugeniae, S. koebelei var. fulvohirtus Blackburn 1892, P. (S.) fulvohirtus, S. koebelei var. immaculatus Blackburn 1892, P. (S.) immaculatus, S. koebelei var. varipes Blackburn 1892] S07

Scymnus Kugelann 1794 [incl. Adoxellus Weise 1895, Caledonus Bielawski 1973, Didion Casey 1899, Mimopullus Fürsch 1987, Neopullus Sasaji 1971, Nephus Mulsant 1846, Nipponopullus Kamiya 1961, Pullus Mulsant 1846, Scymnomorpha Blackburn 1892] S07

Scymnus marinus Mulsant 1850 [incl. S. (Pullus) mediterraneus Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1972, S. (*Mimopullus) mediterraneus] S07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BC01] Briese, D. T., & J. M. Cullen. 2001. The use and usefulness of mites in biological control of weeds. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 453–463. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[Go01] Gorham, H. S. 1901. Descriptions of genera and species of Coleoptera from South Africa (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 401–415.

[Gu01] Gupta, S. K. 2001. A conspectus of natural enemies of phytophagous mites and mites as potential biocontrol agents of agricultural pests in India. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 484–497. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[JPW07] James, D. G., T. S. Price & L. C. Wright. 2007. Biological control of mites on hops: the assemblage approach. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 357–364. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[K09] Köhler, G. 2009. Heuschrecken (Saltatoria) und Ohrwürmner (Dermaptera) im Immissionsgebiet des Düngemittelwerkes Steudnitz/Thüringen—eine Langzeitstudie (1978–2001). Mauritiana 20 (3): 601–646.

[LS96] Liu, T.-X., & P. A. Stansly. 1996. Morphology of Nephaspis oculatus and Delphastus pusillus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), predators of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 292–300.

[P01] Pringle, K. L. 2001. Biological control of tetranychid mites in South African apple orchards. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 429–435. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[S07] Ślipiński, A. 2007. Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Their biology and classification. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

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