Dolichoderinae

Dolly ant Dolichoderus scabridus, copyright Ajay Narendra.

Belongs within: Formicidae.
Contains: Iridomyrmex, Bothriomyrmex, Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea), Technomyrmex, Tapinoma, Leptomyrmex.

The Dolichoderinae are a group of ants characterised by the presence of a transverse slit at the apex of the abdomen from which chemicals are secreted (Heterick 2009). A number of dolichoderines are notably aggressive and some such as the Argentine ant Linepithema humile and white-footed ant Technomyrmex albipes are notorious pests. The majority of dolichoderines possess a relatively soft, unornamented cuticle but members of the basal genus Dolichoderus are more strongly sclerotised and often markedly sculpted on the head and mesosoma. Dolichoderus is also characterised by a posteriorly concave propodeum, a feature shared with the smaller and less sclerotised species of the Indp-Australian genus Ochetellus. Other genera include Liometopum, found in drier forests of the Holarctic region where most species form large nests arboreally. The Neotropical genus Azteca is entirely arboreal with species nesting in hollows in wood or constructing carton nests.

Characters (from Heterick 2009): Mandibles triangular with teeth along entire inner margin; abdomen without impression between third and fourth abdominal segments, often soft, flexible and easily collapsed; transverse slit present at junction of hypopygium and pygidium.

<==Dolichoderinae [Anonychomyrmini, Axinidrini, Dolichoderidae, Leptomyrmicini, Liometopini, Pityomyrmecini, Zherichiniini]
    |--Dolichoderus Lunder 1831 BS06, Z01 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |  i. s.: *D. attelaboides (Fabricius 1775) [=Formica attelaboides] TB85
    |    |         D. affinis Emery 1889 [incl. D. affinis var. glabripes, D. affinis var. nigricans] B03
    |    |         D. bidens S07
    |    |         D. burmanicus Bingham 1903 B03
    |    |         D. (Karajewella) cuspidatus SM13 [=Hypoclinea cuspidatus GE05]
    |    |         D. erectilobus SM13
    |    |         D. feae Emery 1889 B03
    |    |         D. flatidorsus Zhou & Zheng 1998 Z01
    |    |         D. fuscus Emery 1889 [=D. feae fuscus] B03
    |    |         D. gibbifer E89b
    |    |         D. moggridgei Forel 1886 B03
    |    |         D. pilosus Zhou & Zheng 1998 Z01
    |    |         D. quadripunctatus E89a
    |    |         D. rugocapitus Zhou 2001 Z01
    |    |         D. sibiricus Emery 1889 (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |    |         D. sulcaticeps (Mayr 1870) [=Hypoclinea sulcaticeps] B03
    |    |         D. taprobanae (Smith 1858) B03 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         D. thoracicus (Smith 1860) Z01 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         D. tuberifer E89b
    |    |--D. (Hypoclinea) SM13
    |    `--+--D. (Acanthoclinea Wheeler 1935) SM13, TB85
    |       |    |--D. (*A.) doriae Emery 1887 TB85
    |       |    |--D. (A.) clarki Wheeler 1935 SM13, TB85 (see below for synonymy)
    |       |    |--D. (A.) dentatus Forel 1902 [=D. doriae dentata] SM13
    |       |    |--D. (A.) etus Shattuck & Marsden 2013 SM13
    |       |    |--D. (A.) extensispinus Forel 1915 SM13, TB85 [=D. doriae extensispina TB85]
    |       |    `--D. (A.) gordoni Shattuck & Marsden 2013 SM13
    |       `--+--Monoceratoclinea Wheeler 1935 SM13, Z01
    |          |--D. indrapurensis SM13
    |          `--D. (Diceratoclinea Wheeler 1935) SM13, TB85
    |               |--D. (*D.) scabridus Roger 1862 TB85 (see below for synonymy)
    |               |--D. (D.) angusticornis Clark 1930 SM13, TB85 [=D. (Hypoclinea) angusticornis TB85]
    |               |--D. (D.) inferus Shattuck & Marsden 2013 SM13
    |               |--D. (D.) niger Crawley 1922 SM13, TB85 [=D. (Hypoclinea) ypsilon nigra TB85]
    |               |--D. (D.) rufotibialis Clark 1930 SM13, TB85 [=D. (Hypoclinea) ypsilon rufotibialis TB85]
    |               `--D. (D.) ypsilon Forel 1902 SM13, TB85
    `--+--+--Technomyrmex BS06
       |  `--+--Tapinoma BS06
       |     `--Liometopum Mayr 1861 BS06, B03 [incl. Ctenobethylus Brues 1939 Z01]
       |          |--*L. microcephalum (Panzer 1798) [=Formica microcephala] Z01
       |          |--L. apiculatum BS06
       |          |--L. lindgreeni Forel 1902 B03
       |          |--L. occidentale BS06
       |          |    |--L. o. occidentale BM76
       |          |    `--L. o. luctuosum BM76
       |          `--L. sinense Wheeler 1921 Z01
       `--+--Leptomyrmex BS06
          `--+--+--Forelius pruinosus BS06 [=Iridomyrmex pruinosus WW90]
             |  |    |--F. p. pruinosus BM76
             |  |    `--‘Iridomyrmex’ p. analis BM76
             |  `--Dorymyrmex BS06
             |       |--D. bicolor BS06 [=Conomyrma bicolor WW90, D. pyramicus bicolor WW90]
             |       `--D. pyramicus BM76
             `--+--Azteca BS06
                |    |--A. constructor S10
                |    |--A. ovaticeps BS06
                |    |--A. trigona TRZ10
                |    `--A. xanthochroa WI-B09
                `--+--Linepithema humile (Mayr 1868) BS06, W08
                   `--+--Papyrius nitidus BS06
                      `--+--Anonychomyrma BS06
                         |    |--A. gilberti BS06
                         |    |--A. itinerans H09
                         |    |    |--A. i. itinerans H09
                         |    |    `--A. i. perthensis H09
                         |    `--A. nitidiceps H09
                         `--+--Philidris Shattuck 1992 BS06, Z01
                            |    |--*P. cordata (Smith 1859) Z01 [=Formica cordata Z01, Iridomyrmex cordatus TB85]
                            |    |    |--P. c. cordata TB85
                            |    |    `--‘Iridomyrmex cordatus’ stewartii Forel 1893 TB85
                            |    `--P. notiala Zhou & Zheng 1998 Z01
                            `--Turneria Forel 1895 BS06, TB85
                                 |--*T. bidentata Forel 1895 TB85
                                 |--T. dahlii Z01
                                 |--T. frenchi Forel 1911 TB85
                                 `--T. pacifica Z01

Dolichoderinae incertae sedis:
  Iridomyrmex H09
  Eotapinoma GE05
    |--E. macalpini GE05
    `--E. zherichinius GE05
  Ochetellus Shattuck 1992 FT08
    |--*O. glaber (Mayr 1862) [=Hypoclinea glabra, Iridomyrmex glaber; incl. I. itoi Forel 1900] Z01
    |    |--O. g. glaber TB85
    |    `--‘Iridomyrmex’ g. clarithorax Forel 1902 TB85
    |    `--‘Iridomyrmex’ g. sommeri For. 1902 [incl. I. glaber sommeri var. janthina Emery 1914] E14
    |--O. flavipes H09
    `--O. punctatissimus H09
  Froggattella Forel 1902 TB85
    |--*F. kirbii (Lowne 1865) [=Acantholepis kirbii, Dolichoderus kirbyi Dalla Torre 1893] TB85
    |    |--F. k. kirbii TB85
    |    |--F. k. bispinosa Forel 1902 TB85
    |    |--F. k. ianthina Wheeler 1936 TB85
    |    |--F. k. laticeps Wheeler 1936 TB85
    |    |--F. k. lutescens Wheeler 1936 TB85
    |    `--F. k. nigripes Wheeler 1936 TB85
    `--F. latispina Wheeler 1936 TB85
  Arnoldius H09
    |--A. flavus H09
    `--A. scissor H09
  Nebothriomyrmex majeri H09
  Doleromyrma Forel 1907 H09, TB85
    |--*D. darwiniana (Forel 1907) [=Tapinoma (*Doleromyrma) darwinianum, Iridomyrmex darwinianus] TB85
    |    |--D. d. darwiniana H09
    |    |--D. d. fida (Forel 1907) H09, TB85 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--‘Iridomyrmex darwinianus’ leae Forel 1913 TB85
    `--D. rottnestensis (Wheeler 1934) H09, TB85 (see below for synonymy)
  Conomyrma WW90
    |--C. flavopectus [=Dorymyrmex pyramicus flavopectus] WW90
    `--C. insana WW90
  Bothriomyrmex TB85

Doleromyrma darwiniana fida (Forel 1907) H09, TB85 [=Tapinoma (Doleromyrma) darwinianum fida TB85, Iridomyrmex darwinianus fida TB85]

Doleromyrma rottnestensis (Wheeler 1934) H09, TB85 [=Tapinoma (Micromyrma) rottnestense TB85, T. minutum rottnestense H09]

Dolichoderus Lund 1831 BS06, Z01 [incl. Diabolus Karavajew 1926 Z01, Irenae Donisthorpe 1938 Z01, Karavajewella Donisthorpe 1944 Z01, Monacis Roger 1862 Z01]

Dolichoderus sibiricus Emery 1889 [=D. quadripunctatus sibiricus; incl. D. (Hypoclinea) abietis Kono & Sugihara 1939, D. (H.) sinensis var. atriceps Wheeler 1928, D. quadripunctatus japonicus Yoshioka 1939, D. (H.) sinensis Wheeler 1921, D. (H.) quadripunctatus yoshiokae Wheeler 1933] Z01

Dolichoderus taprobanae (Smith 1858) B03 [=Formica taprobanae B03, Hypoclinea taprobanae H02; incl. H. gracilipes Mayr 1878 B03, Dolichoderus taprobanae var. gracilipes B03, H. gracilis Motschoulsky 1863 Z01, Formica ingruens Walker 1859 Z01, Dolichoderus semirufus André 1887 B03]

Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith 1860) Z01 [=Tapinoma thoracica E89b; incl. Hypoclinea bituberculatus Mayr 1862 Z01, Dolichoderus bituberculatus B03, Tapinoma gibba E89b]

Dolichoderus (Acanthoclinea) clarki Wheeler 1935 SM13, TB85 [=D. (Hypoclinea) tristis Clark 1930 non D. (Monacis) tristis Mann 1916 TB85]

Dolichoderus (*Diceratoclinea) scabridus Roger 1862 TB85 [=D. (Hypoclinea) scabridus TB85; incl. Polyrhachis foveolatus Lowne 1865 TB85, D. (H.) scabridus ruficornis Santschi 1916 SM13, TB85]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[E89a] Emery, C. 1889a. Intorno ad alcune formiche della fauna palearctica. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 439–443.

[E89b] Emery, C. 1889b. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX.—Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885–87). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 485–520.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[SM13] Shattuck, S. O., & S. Marsden. 2013. Australian species of the ant genus Dolichoderus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 3716 (2): 101–143.

[S07] Ślipiński, A. 2007. Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Their biology and classification. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[S10] Swann, J. E. 2010. Milichiidae (milichiid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1125–1136. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[TRZ10] Thompson, E. C., G. E. Rotheray & M. A. Zumbado. 2010. Syrphidae (flower flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 763–792. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[WI-B09] Wagner, R., & S. Ibáñez-Bernal. 2009. Psychodidae (sand flies, and moth flies or owl flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 319–335. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[W08] Wetterer, J. K. 2008. Worldwide spread of the longhorn crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 11: 137–149.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Last updated: 25 May 2020.

Prenolepis

Winter ants Prenolepis imparis, photographed by Alex Wild.

Belongs within: Formicinae.

Prenolepis, the false honey ants, is a cosmopolitan genus of ants with twelve-segmented antennae, triangular mandibles, and antennal toruli close to the clypeal margin.

<==Prenolepis
    |  i. s.: P. albimaculata BS06
    |         P. imparis BS06
    `--P. (Nylanderia) E14
         |--P. (N.) albipes E14
         |--P. (N.) amblyops E14
         |--P. (N.) asela E14
         |--P. (N.) bourbonica E14
         |--P. (N.) braueri E14
         |--P. (N.) bruesi E14
         |--P. (N.) caledonica For. 1902 E14
         |--P. (N.) comorensis E14
         |--P. (N.) dugasi E14
         |--P. (N.) elhoti E14
         |--P. (N.) flavipes E14
         |--P. (N.) foreli Emery 1914 [incl. P. foreli var. nigriventris Emery 1914] E14
         |--P. (N.) fulva E14
         |--P. (N.) glabra E14
         |--P. (N.) guatemalensis E14
         |--P. (N.) jaegerskioeldi E14
         |--P. (N.) kraepelini E14
         |--P. (N.) longicornis E14
         |--P. (N.) madagascariensis E14
         |--P. (N.) melanderi E14
         |--P. (N.) minutula E14
         |--P. (N.) obscura E14
         |--P. (N.) opaca E14
         |--P. (N.) silvestrii [incl. P. vividula var. kuenzleri] E14
         |--P. (N.) steinheili E14
         |--P. (N.) taylori E14
         |--P. (N.) vaga E14
         `--P. (N.) vividula E14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172-18177.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1, Heft IV (F. Sarasin & J. Roux, eds) pp. 393-436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

Aphaenogaster

Aphaenogaster feae, from here.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.

Aphaenogaster, the funnel ants, is a genus of gracile ants whose members build distinctive nests, comprising a deep wide entrance tunnel surrounded by a pile of loose dirt. Species of this genus often walk with the gaster notably deflexed downwards or underneath the mesosoma. Aphaenogaster pythia can be regarded as a nuisance species in eastern Australia due to damage caused by its digging to pasture and tracks (Heterick 2009).

Characters (from Heterick 2009): Medium-sized, monomorphic, yellow or orange; antenna with loose four-segmented club, twelve antennal segments; postpetiole attached to front of gaster.

<==Aphaenogaster Mayr 1853 TB85 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*A. sardoa Mayr 1853 TB85
    |--A. albisetosa BS06
    |--A. baronii ES12
    |--A. beccarii Emery 1887 [=A. (Ischnomyrmex) beccarii] Z01
    |--A. blanci E89a
    |--‘Novomessor’ cockerelli C90
    |--A. cristata (Forel 1902) [=Stenamma (Aphaenogaster) cristata] B03
    |--A. exaperata Z01
    |--A. feae Emery 1889 B03 [=A. (Ischnomyrmex) feae E89b]
    |--A. fulva WL04
    |--A. geei Z01
    |--A. hunanensis Wu & Wang 1992 Z01
    |--A. japonica Forel 1911 (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |--A. laevior E89b
    |--A. longiceps (Smith 1858) TB85 (see below for synonymy)
    |--A. longipes (Smith 1857) B03 [=Myrmica longipes B03, A. (*Ischnomyrmex) longipes E89b, B03]
    |--A. megommata WW90
    |--A. occidentalis BS06
    |--A. polyodonta Zhou 2001 Z01
    |--A. poultoni Crawley 1922 TB85 [incl. A. (Nystalomyrma) barbigula Wheeler 1916 TB85, H09, TB85]
    |--A. pumilopuncta Zhou 2001 Z01
    |--A. pythia Forel 1915 TB85
    |--A. rothneyi (Forel 1902) [=Stenamma (Aphaenogaster) rothneyi] B03
    |--A. rudis WL04
    |--A. sagei (Forel 1902) [=Stenamma (Aphaenogaster) sagei] B03
    |--A. schurri (Forel 1902) [=Stenamma (Aphaenogaster) schurri] B03
    |--A. smythiesii (Forel 1902) [=Stenamma (Aphaenogaster) smythiesii] Z01
    |--A. subexaperata Zhou 2001 Z01
    |--A. subterranea S09
    |--A. swammerdami BS06
    |--A. takahashii Z01
    `--A. texana WL04

Aphaenogaster Mayr 1853 TB85 [incl. Attomyrma Emery 1915 Z01, Brunella Forel 1917 non Smith 1909 Z01, Deromyrma Forel 1913 Z01, Ischnomyrmex Mayr 1862 B03, Novomessor Emery 1915 Z01, Nystalomyema Wheeler 1916 Z01, Planimyrma Viehmeyer 1914 Z01]

Aphaenogaster japonica Forel 1911 [=A. schmitzi japonica, A. (Attomyrma) japonica; incl. A. smithiesii sinensis Wheeler 1928] Z01

Aphaenogaster longiceps (Smith 1858) TB85 [=Myrmica longiceps TB85, A. (*Nystalomyrma) longiceps TB85, Stenamma longiceps Z94; incl. S. (Ischnomyrmex) longiceps ruginota Forel 1902 TB85]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[E89a] Emery, C. 1889a. Intorno ad alcune formiche della fauna palearctica. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 439–443.

[E89b] Emery, C. 1889b. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX.—Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885–87). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 485–520.

[ES12] Espadaler, X., & S. Santamaria. 2012. Ecto- and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the Holarctic region. Psyche 2012: 168478.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[S09] Seifert, B. 2009. Cryptic species in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) revisited: we need a change in the alpha-taxonomic approach. Myrmecological News 12: 149–166.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[WL04] Wang, X.-H., & P. J. Lester. 2004. A preliminary study of the usefulness of morphometric tools for splitting the Monomorium antarcticum (Smith) complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), New Zealand’s most common native ants. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 103–108.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

[Z94] Zimmerman, E. C. 1994. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 2. Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on immature stages by Brenda May. CSIRO Australia.

Last updated: 14 June 2020.

Andrenidae

Mining bee Andrena chrysosceles, photographed by Dick Belgers.

Belongs within: Anthophila.

The Andrenidae are a family of short-tongued bees that nest in soil, found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. They are characterised by the presence of two subantennal sutures below each antenna, which are usually not convergent below. Members of the subfamily Andreninae are most diverse in Eurasia and North America whereas members of the other subfamilies are mostly southern in distribution (Engel 2001). The New World Oxaeinae have the marginal cell of the fore wing particularly elongate with the stigma being all but absent.

Andrenidae
    |  i. s.: Lutziella R35
    |         Cilissa leporina R35
    |         Macrotera portalis [=Perdita portalis] H18
    |--Andreninae E01
    |    |--Lithandrena Cockerell 1906 E01
    |    |    `--*L. saxorum Cockerell 1906 E01
    |    |--Pelandrena Cockerell 1909 E01
    |    |    `--*P. reducta Cockerell 1909 E01
    |    `--Andrena E01
    |         |--A. albopilosa Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. amethystina [=Apis amethystina] L02
    |         |--A. annulipes Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. apacheorum R35
    |         |--A. armata I92
    |         |--A. asteris BD17
    |         |--A. aterrima R35
    |         |--A. bucephala RD77
    |         |--A. carbonaria [=Apis carbonaria] L02
    |         |--A. chlorosoma M76
    |         |--A. chrysosceles A71
    |         |--A. cineraria (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Apis cineraria L02]
    |         |--A. cirtana Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. complexa K91
    |         |--A. cylindrica [=Hylaeus cylindricus] L02
    |         |--A. distincta Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. flavipes R35
    |         |--A. flessae R35
    |         |--A. fulva R35
    |         |--A. helianthi R35
    |         |--A. labiata L02
    |         |--A. lepeletieri Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. melanosoma Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--A. nigrihirta M76
    |         |--A. nigroaenea BD17
    |         |--A. ovina R35
    |         |--A. rufiventris R35
    |         |--A. sexcincta [=Hylaeus sexcinctus] L02
    |         |--A. vaga PK17
    |         |--A. vestita [=Apis vestita] L02
    |         `--A. wrisleyi Salt 1931 (n. d.) E01
    `--+--Alocandreninae E01
       `--+--Euherbstiinae E01
          `--+--Oxaeinae [Oxaeidae] E01
             |    |--Oxaea flavescens [=Nomada (Oxaea) flavescens] G20
             |    `--Protoxaea R35
             |         |--P. gloriosa BD17
             |         `--P. texana R35
             `--Panurginae [Panurgidae] E01
                  |  i. s.: Libellulapis Cockerell 1906 E01
                  |           `--*L. antiquorum Cockerell 1906 E01
                  |--Heterosarus [Protandrenini] E01
                  |    `--H. eickworti E01
                  `--+--+--Perdita C90 [Perditini E01]
                     |  |    |--P. echinocacti BD17
                     |  |    |--P. minima R35
                     |  |    |--P. opuntia R35
                     |  |    `--P. (*Neoperdita) zebrata R35
                     |  `--+--Protomeliturgini E01
                     |     `--Calliopsis R35 [Calliopsini E01]
                     |          |--C. coloradensis R35
                     |          |--C. lepidus C01
                     |          |--C. nebraskensis R35
                     |          `--C. rhodophilus C01
                     `--+--+--Meliturgula [Meliturgulini, Paramelitturgini] E01
                        |  `--Meliturga R35 [Melitturgini E01, Mermiglossini]
                        |       `--M. clavicornis [=Eucera (Melitturga) clavicornis] G20
                        `--Panurgini [Camptopoeumini, Panurginini] E01
                             |--Camptopoeum R35
                             |    |--C. hirsutullum R35
                             |    `--C. sacrum PK17
                             |--Panurginus MS01
                             |    |--P. boylei C01
                             |    |--P. labiatus MS01
                             |    `--P. pauper [incl. P. pauper var. flavotinctus] C01
                             `--Panurgus F05
                                  |--P. banksianus R13
                                  |--P. calcaratus R35
                                  |--P. dentipes PK17
                                  |--P. (Panurgus) lobatus G20
                                  `--P. (Pachycephalopanurgus) meridionalis Patiny, Ortiz-Sánchez & Michez 2005 F05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BD17] Branstetter, M. G., B. N. Danforth, J. P. Pitts, B. C. Faircloth, P. S. Ward, M. L. Buffington, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula & S. G. Brady. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27: 1019–1025.

[C01] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1901. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—X. Observations on bees collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico, and in the adjacent mountains. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 125–131.

[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[E01] Engel, M. S. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 259: 1–192.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H18] Houston, T. 2018. A Guide to Native Bees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing.

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[K91] Kathirithamby, J. 1991. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 684–695. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis, et recueil de mémoires et d'observations sur les abeilles, les araignées, les faucheurs, et autres insectes. Théophile Barrois père: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M76] Moldenke, A. R. 1976. California pollination ecology and vegetation types. Phytologia 34 (4): 305–361.

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

Last updated: 8 March 2021.

Apiformes

Hylaeus (Rhodohylaeus) proximus, from PaDIL.

Belongs within: Apoidea.
Contains: Andrenidae, Melittidae, Megachilidae, Apidae, Halictinae.

The Apiformes, bees, are a diverse and well-marked clade of herbivorous wasps, characterised primarily by the presence of at least some plumose hairs on the body (though these may be few in some groups). Bees have been divided between long-tongued (Megachilidae and Apidae, with the first two segments of the labial palpus elongate and flattened) and short-tongued groups (the remaining families, with the palpus segments cylindrical and not strongly differentiated); however, phylogenetic studies indicate that the long-tongued clade is nested within the short-tongued paraphylum. The earliest definite evidence for bees in the fossil record comes from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) (Engel 2001).

Characters (from Engel 2001): Some setae branched or plumose; subantennal sutures internally connected to fan-shaped sheet of tentorium; labrum thickened basally and attached at clypeal margin; proboscidial fossa opened onto posterior surface of head capsule; cardo not broadened apically, approximately parallel-sided; suspensorium of paraglossa with sparse setae or bristles; mesotibial comb present; dorsoventral length of mesocoxa about equal to distance from summit of mesocoxa to hind wing base; metabasitarsus broader than following tarsal segments, without concavity or strigil; cu-a of hind wing shorter than second abscissa of M+Cu; T7 of female divided into two hemitergites.

Apiformes [Andrenetae, Anthophila, Melissomorpha]
    |  i. s.: Bombusoides Motschulsky 1856 E01
    |           `--*B. mengei Motschulsky 1856 (n. d.) E01
    |         Nogueirapis silacea E01
    |         Trigonisca E01
    |         Lamprocolletes fulvescens T27
    |         Amphylaeus morosus B88
    |         Neoceratina australiensis B88
    |         Crocisa lamprosoma R55
    |--+--+--Andrenidae E01
    |  |  `--+--Paleomelitta Engel 2001 [Paleomelittidae] E01
    |  |     |    `--*P. nigripennis Engel 2001 E01
    |  |     `--+--Melittidae E01
    |  |        `--+--Megachilidae E01
    |  |           `--Apidae E01
    |  `--Halictidae E01
    |       |  i. s.: Acunomia OC01
    |       |         Homalictus G84
    |       |           |--H. dotatus YHT05
    |       |           `--H. raymenti G84
    |       |         Noma flavoviridis YHT05
    |       |--Rophitinae E01
    |       |    |  i. s.: Xeralictus E01
    |       |    |--Rophitini E01
    |       |    `--Penapini E01
    |       |         |--Penapis E01
    |       |         |--Ceblurgus E01
    |       |         `--Goeletapis E01
    |       `--+--Halictinae E01
    |          `--Nomiinae E01
    |               |--Lipotriches moerens [=Austronomia moerens] ZS10
    |               |--Mellitidia tomentifera ZS10
    |               `--Nomia E12
    |                    |--N. albocincta Lucas 1848 E12
    |                    |--N. flavilabris Lucas 1848 E12
    |                    |--N. melanderi WP99
    |                    `--N. perforata Lucas 1848 E12
    `--Colletidae E01
         |  i. s.: Euryglossina (Euryglossina) perpusilla YHT05
         |         Leioproctus YHT05
         |         Pachyprosopsis (Pachyprosopula) purnongensis YHT05
         |--Stenotritinae [Stenotritidae] E01
         |    |--Stenotritus E01
         |    `--Ctenocolletes E01
         |--Diphaglossinae E01
         |    |--Caupolicanini E01
         |    `--+--Diphaglossini E01
         |       `--Dissoglottini E01
         |--Colletinae E01
         |    |  i. s.: Scrapter E01
         |    |         Callomelitta E01
         |    |--Colletes Latreille 1802 L02 [Colletini E01]
         |    |    `--*C. succinta [=Apis succinta; incl. Hylaeus glutinosus] L02
         |    `--Paracolletini [Paracolletinae] E01
         |         |--Lysicolletes R55
         |         `--Paracolletes R55
         |              |--P. elegans R55
         |              |--P. paradoxus R55
         |              |--P. pictus R55
         |              `--P. tuberculatus R55
         `--+--Euryglossinae ZS10
            |    |--Euryglossa ephippiata ZS10
            |    `--Euhesma E08
            |         |--E. striata Exley 2002 [=E. sulcata Exley 2002 non Euryglossa sulcata Exley 1998] E08
            |         `--E. sulcata (Exley 1998) [=Euryglossa (Euhesma) sulcata] E08
            `--+--Chilicola [Xeromelissinae] E01
               |    |--C. electrodominica E01
               |    `--C. gracilis E01
               `--Hylaeinae [Hylaeidae] E01
                    |--Hylioides concinna H02
                    |--Euryglossimorpha R55
                    `--Hylaeus YHT05
                         |  i. s.: H. alcyoneus ZS10
                         |         H. annulatus L02
                         |         H. chrysognathus R55
                         |--H. (Euprosopis) violaceus YHT05
                         |--H. (Prosopisteron) quadratus YHT05
                         `--H. (Rhodohylaeus) YHT05
                              |--H. (R.) proximus YHT05
                              `--H. (R.) rufipes YHT05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[E01] Engel, M. S. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 259: 1-192.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[E08] Exley, E. M. 2008. A replacement name for the bee Euhesma sulcata Exley (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Euryglossinae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (2): 215.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[H02] Harris, A. 2002. Recent range extensions of some introduced Hymenoptera, with observations. Weta 24: 20-21.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis, et recueil de mémoires et d'observations sur les abeilles, les araignées, les faucheurs, et autres insectes. Théophile Barrois père: Paris.

[OC01] OConnor, B. M. 2001. Historical ecology of the Acaridae (Acari): Phylogenetic evidence for host and habitat shifts. In Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress (R. B. Halliday, D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff, eds) pp. 76-82. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[R55] Rayment, T. 1955. Taxonomy, morphology and biology of sericophorine wasps with diagnoses of two new genera and descriptions of forty new species and six sub-species. Memoirs of the National Museum, Melbourne 19: 1-95.

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106-125.

[WP99] Walter, D. E. & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[YHT05] Yates, C. J., S. D. Hopper & R. H. Taplin. 2005. Native insect flower visitor diversity and feral honeybees on jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) in Kings Park, an urban bushland remnant. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 147-153.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P. & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Psyllinae

Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, photographed by Marco Gaiani.

Belongs within: Psylloidea.

The Psyllinae is a group of plant-lice with the R vein separating in the wing before the M and Cu veins, and an undivided male proctiger (Heslop-Harrison 1961). The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri is a particularly notorious species as it acts as a vector of citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing). Members of the genus Acizzia primarily feed on Acacia and related plants.

Characters (from Heslop-Harrison 1961): Genae normally developed into conical swellings of variable development, only occasionally flat or rounded. When developed into cones, the latter do not obscure the antennal bases, but frequently cover or suppress the frons. Venation with the radial petiole ariaing from the common basal petiole independently of the joint medio-cubital petiole. Latter rarely as long as former, usually much shorter. Male proctiger never bipartite, comprised of an entire segment ten, usually tubular or, more rarely, with short rounded lateral wings. Antennae filiform, medium to quite long (from 1.5 to two or more times as longs as width of head), only occasionally short and stout; ten-segmented. Paired metatarsal spines present except in some Arytainini (in which reduced to one or none). Pronotum not constricted laterally. Propleurites of variable development, dividing pleural suture either vertical or diagonal. Ante-occipital tubercles rarely present.

<==Psyllinae H-H61
    |  i. s.: Retroacizzia Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |           `--*R. antennata Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         Palaeolindbergiella Heslop-Harrison 1961 (see below for synonymy) H-H61
    |           `--*P. primitiva (Heslop-Harrison 1961) [=Lindbergiella (*Palaeolindbergiella) primitiva] H-H61
    |         Parapsylla Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |           `--*P. relicta Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         Jenseniella Tuthill 1959 H-H61
    |         Agmapsylla Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |           `--*A. aureus Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |--Psylla S61 [Psyllini H-H61]
    |    |--P. acaciaebaileyanae S61
    |    |--P. acaciaedecurrentes WEE70
    |    |--P. alni (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Chermes alni L02]
    |    |--P. annulata E66
    |    |--P. buxi RD77
    |    |--P. ficus (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Chermes ficus L02]
    |    |--P. mali RD77
    |    |--P. minutiforma YM96
    |    |--P. pyricola A99
    |    `--P. striata E66
    |--Diaphorinini [Diaphorininae] H-H61
    |    |--Psyllopsis CGW91
    |    |    |--P. fraxinicola CGW91
    |    |    `--P. mexicana YM96
    |    `--Diaphorina Löw 1879 H-H61 [=Diaphora Löw 1878 (preoc.) H-H61; incl. Brachypsylla CGW91]
    |         |--*D. putoni (Löw 1878) [=*Diaphora putoni] H-H61
    |         |--D. acokantherae [=Euphalarus acokantherae] H-H61
    |         |--D. brevigena Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         |--D. carissae [=Euphalarus carissae] H-H61
    |         |--D. citri MHG04
    |         |--D. natalensis [=Euphalarus natalensis] H-H61
    |         |--D. porrigogena Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         |--D. punctipennis Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         |--D. punctulatus [=Euphalarus punctulatus] H-H61
    |         |--D. rubra Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    |         `--D. typica Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
    `--Arytainini H-H61
         |--Acizzia Heslop-Harrison 1959 [incl. Neopsylla Heslop-Harrison 1946 (preoc.); Acizziinae] H-H61
         |    |--*A. acaciae (Maskell 1894) [=Psylla acaciae] H-H61
         |    |--A. acaciaedecurrentis CGW91
         |    |--A. immaculata Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
         |    `--A. uncatoides YM96
         |--Floria Löw 1878 H-H61
         |    |  i. s.: F. pyrenaea H-H61
         |    |         F. spartiisuga H-H61
         |    |--*F. (Floria) spectabilis (Flor 1861) H-H61
         |    `--F. (Brinckitia Heslop-Harrison 1961) H-H61
         |         `--F. (*B.) annosa Heslop-Harrison 1961 H-H61
         `--Arytaina H-H61
              |--A. brevigena H-H61
              |--A. flava H-H61
              |--A. genistae H-H61
              |--A. meridionalis H-H61
              |--A. tuberculata H-H61
              |--A. variabilis H-H61
              `--A. virgina YM96

Palaeolindbergiella Heslop-Harrison 1961 [=Lindbergia Heslop-Harrison 1949 (n. n.) non Riedel 1959, Lindbergiella Heslop-Harrison 1961 (nom. inv.)] H-H61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H-H61] Heslop-Harrison, G. 1961. Hemiptera (Homoptera): Psyllidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 487–532. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MHG04] Maynard, G. V., J. G. Hamilton & J. F. Grimshaw. 2004. Quarantine—phytosanitary, sanitary and incursion management: an Australian entomological perspective. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 318–328.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S61] Southcott, R. V. 1961. Studies on the systematics and biology of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina), with a critical revision of the genera and subfamilies. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 367–610.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[YM96] Yang, M.-M., & D. R. Miller. 1996. Checklist of the psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloidea) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 122–125.

Last updated: 2 May 2022.

Psylloidea

Kuwayama medicaginis, copyright Salvador Vitanza.

Belongs within: Sternorrhyncha.
Contains: Trioza, Chermes, Psyllinae, Spondyliaspinae, Ciriacreminae, Aphalarinae.

The Psylloidea, jumping plantlice or lerp insects, are a group of small plant-sucking bugs, some of which are notable agricultural pests. Nymphs commonly inhabit protective structures, such as leaf galls induced in host plants or wax secretions produced from the abdomen. Psylloids first appear in the fossil record in the Jurassic, where they are represented by the Mesozoic families Liadopsyllidae and Malmopsyllidae (Shcherbakov & Popov 2002). Modern families include the Triozidae, characterised by fore wings with veins R, M and CuA arising at or near a single point (Carver et al. 1991).

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Adult small. Genal processes commonly developed. Antennae 10-segmented. Three ocelli. Stylets lodged in internal crumena. Hind legs saltatorial; coxae large, fixed; trochanters condylated; saltatorial spines at apices of tibia and first tarsal segment. R, M and Cu of fore wing each usually single branched; peripheral vein present; clavus present. Proctiger well developed; circumanal wax gland ring(s) usually present in female. Sexes similar. Reproduction bisexual. Nymphs non-saltatorial; dorsoventrally flattened; head and prothorax fused. Stylets at rest looped externally at base of labium. Fore wing pad often produced anteriorly as a humeral lobe. Tibia and tarsus fused in instars I-IV; tarsus one-segmented in final instar (V); well-developed arolium usually present. Wax production common, secreted mostly from base of lanceolate setae or sectasetae on abdomen. Eggs pedunculate, with either peduncle inserted into plant tissue or entire egg embedded in plant.

<==Psylloidea [Saltipedes]
    |--Liadopsylla K-P91 [Asientomidae, Liadopsyllidae SP02, Lithentomidae]
    |    `--L. geinitzi RJ93
    |--Phacopteronidae YM96
    |    |--Pseudophacopteron CGW91
    |    `--Epicarsa corniculata YM96
    |--Malmopsyllidae [Neopsylloididae] SP02
    |    |--Malmopsylla karatavica Bekker-Migdisova 1985 RJ93
    |    `--Neopsylloides turutanovae Bekker-Migdisova 1985 RJ93
    |--Calophyidae CGW91
    |    |--Calophya dicksoni YM96
    |    `--Cecidopsylla CGW91
    |         |--C. paterae CGW91
    |         `--C. putealis CGW91
    |--Homotomidae YM96
    |    |--Mycopsylla CGW91
    |    |    |--M. fici CGW91
    |    |    `--M. proxima CGW91
    |    `--Synoza YM96
    |         |--S. floccosa YM96
    |         `--S. pulchra YM96
    |--Carsidaridae [Carsidarinae] YM96
    |    |--Carsidara H-H61
    |    |--Mastigimas YM96
    |    |    |--M. ernestii YM96
    |    |    `--M. schwarzi YM96
    |    `--Paracarsidara YM96
    |         |--P. dugesii YM96
    |         |--P. gigantea YM96
    |         `--P. mexicana YM96
    |--Triozidae [Triozinae] YM96
    |    |--Hemitrioza H-H61
    |    |--Schedotrioza CGW91
    |    |--Aacanthocnema casuarinae CGW91
    |    |--Leptynoptera sulfurea CGW91
    |    |--Trioza H-H61
    |    |--Trichochermes magna YM96
    |    |--Ceropsylla H-H61
    |    |    |--C. discrepans YM96
    |    |    |--C. pulchra YM96
    |    |    `--C. sideroxyli YM96
    |    |--Leuronota YM96
    |    |    |--L. inusitata YM96
    |    |    |--L. maculata YM96
    |    |    `--L. michoacana YM96
    |    |--Paratrioza YM96
    |    |    |--P. cockerelli YM96
    |    |    |--P. dubia YM96
    |    |    `--P. plummeri YM96
    |    `--Kuwayama YM96
    |         |--K. elongagena YM96
    |         |--K. hyalina YM96
    |         |--K. lateralis YM96
    |         |--K. medicaginis YM96
    |         |--K. mexicana YM96
    |         |--K. oaxacensis YM96
    |         `--K. striata YM96
    `--Psyllidae [Chermidae] RD77
         |  i. s.: Petalolyma bicolor YS01
         |         Euphyllura H-H61
         |         Aphalaroida BM76
         |           |--A. inermis YM96
         |           |--A. lysilomae YM96
         |           |--A. pithecolobia YM96
         |           `--A. rauca YM96
         |         Bactericera rossica Horváth 1901 H01
         |         Cometopsylla WEE70
         |         Creiis WEE70
         |           |--C. costatus CGW91
         |           `--C. periculosa CGW91
         |         Ameroscena mexicana YM96
         |         Burkhardtia montana YM96
         |         Cacopsylla YM96
         |           |--C. americana YM96
         |           `--C. nana YM96
         |         Caradocia delongi YM96
         |         Euceropsylla YM96
         |           |--E. minuticona YM96
         |           `--E. orizabensis YM96
         |         Euphalerus YM96
         |           |--E. fasciatus YM96
         |           |--E. gallicolus YM96
         |           `--E. nidifex YM96
         |         Freysuila dugesii YM96
         |         Haplaphalara tuxtlaensis YM96
         |         Katacephala YM96
         |           |--K. arcuata YM96
         |           |--K. cinctata YM96
         |           `--K. grandiceps YM96
         |         Limbopsylla lagunculariae YM96
         |         Mitrapsylla YM96
         |           |--M. albalineata YM96
         |           |--M. cubana YM96
         |           `--M. deserata YM96
         |         Neophyllura mexicana YM96
         |         Pachypsylla YM96
         |           |--P. tropicala YM96
         |           `--P. venusta H06
         |         Platycorypha YM96
         |           |--P. amabilis YM96
         |           |--P. magnifrons YM96
         |           `--P. princeps YM96
         |         Syncoptozus mexicanus YM96
         |         Tetragonocephala flava YM96
         |         Chermes TYM08
         |         Nesiope Kirkaldy 1908 K08
         |           `--*N. ornata Kirkaldy 1908 K08
         |         Strophingia P92
         |--Psyllinae H-H61
         |--Spondyliaspinae H-H61
         |--Ciriacreminae H-H61
         |--Aphalarinae H-H61
         `--Liviinae H-H61
              |--Diraphia H-H61
              `--Livia Latreille 1802 L02
                   |--*L. juncorum (Latreille 1798) L02, L98 [=Psylla juncorum L02]
                   `--L. mexicana YM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[H06] Hassanin, A. 2006. Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 100–116.

[H-H61] Heslop-Harrison, G. 1961. Hemiptera (Homoptera): Psyllidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebec (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 487–532. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L98] Latreille, P. A. 1798. Mémoire sur une nouvelle espèce de psylle, Kermes, L. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (15): 113.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815+Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 143–157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[YM96] Yang, M.-M., & D. R. Miller. 1996. Checklist of the psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloidea) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 122–125.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.

Last updated: 2 May 2022.