Ericaceae

Crowberry Empetrum nigrum, photographed by Ekaterina Smirnova.

Belongs within: Ericales.
Contains: Monotropoideae, Arbutoideae, Styphelioideae, Vaccinioideae, Ericeae, Phyllodoceae, Rhodoreae.

The Ericaceae is a cosmopolitan family of mostly cooler-climate plants (including tropical montane). Many species have small, needle-like leaves, referred to as 'ericoid'. However, the leaves are flat and fairly large in the genus Enkianthus, a group of shrubs found in eastern Asia that is placed by phylogenetic analysis as the sister group of other Ericaceae (Kron et al. 2002).

Characters (from Kron et al. 2002): Evergreen or deciduous shrubs, lianas, trees or herbs (these sometimes lacking chlorophyll), sometimes epiphytic. Leaves alternate, decussate, or whorled, sometimes distally clustered on shoots, entire to serrate, and often with margins strongly revolute and leaves needle-like; stipules absent; leaf epidermal cells lignified or not, hypodermal cells often present; stomata usually anomocytic or paracytic; vascular bundles frequently associated with fibre sheath; nodes usually unilacunar. Buds protected by two to numerous scales or naked. Indumentum a mixture of unicellular and multicellular hairs, or sometimes only unicellular-pubescent, the multicellular hairs extremely various, glandular or non-glandular, unbranched and short to elongate, variously branched, or peltate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, usually indeterminate and often racemose, with variously developed bracts and usually a pair of bracteoles, these sometimes recaulescent, replacing calyx lobes; flowers pendulous to erectly held, articulated with pedicel or not. Flowers showy to inconspicuous, perfect to imperfect, usually tetra- or pentamerous, actinomorphic to zygomorphic. Sepals (1-)4-5(-9), usually connate, persistent or deciduous, occasionally colourful and fleshy; petals (3-)4-5(-9), usually connate and typically campanulate, cylindrical, or urceolate, occasionally rotate, deciduous or pesistent. Stamens (2-)5-10(-16), free from corolla or adnate, sometimes connate, included or exserted, filaments straight to variously curved, unicellular-pubescent or glabrous; anthers tetrasporangiate or bisporangiate, inverting (late, or more commonly early) in development, with two or four apparently terminal appendages (awns, spurs) or these sometimes on filaments, opening by pores or short to long slits, sometimes through narrowed tubules, endothecium usually absent. Pollen usually tricolpate to tricolporate, in tetrahedral tetrads, these sometimes reduced, or occasionally in monads, sometimes associated with viscin threads. Nectary present or absent. Ovary (2-)4-5(-14) carpellate, superior to inferior, with usually axile to intruded parietal placentations, rarely apical or basal; ovules one to many per carpel, anatropous to nearly campylotropous, unitegmic, tenuinucellate, embryo sac usually of Polygonum type; style short to long, hollow, sometimes expanded apically; stigma truncate to capitate or slightly to strongly lobed, sometimes cup-shaped, funnel-shaped, or flabellate to pinnatifid. Fruit loculicidal to septicidal capsules, berries, drupes (with one or several pits), or occasionally dry and indehiscent; seeds small, testa usually single layered, with cells isodiametric to strongly elongated, sometimes winged or tailed, sometimes mucilaginous on wetting; embryo fusiform or spatulate, white or less commonly green, with two cotyledons, to extremely reduced and undifferentiated; endosperm cellular, well developed, with haustoria at both ends; germination epigeal.

<==Ericaceae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Enkianthus [Enkiantheae, Enkianthoideae] KJ02
    |    |--E. campanulatus KJ02
    |    |--E. deflexus SN88
    |    `--E. perulatus [incl. E. japonicus] LO98
    `--+--Monotropoideae KJ02
       `--+--Arbutoideae KJ02
          `--+--+--Harrimanella [Harrimanelloideae] KJ02
             |  |    `--H. hypnoides KJ02
             |  `--+--Styphelioideae KJ02
             |     `--Vaccinioideae KJ02
             `--+--Cassiope [Cassiopeae, Cassiopoideae] KJ02
                |    |--C. fastigiata O88
                |    |--C. mertensiana [incl. C. mertensiana ssp. californica, C. mertensiana ssp. ciliolata] H93
                |    |--C. selaginoides O88
                |    `--C. tetragona KJ02
                `--Ericoideae [Ledeae, Ledoideae, Rhododendroideae, Rhodoroideae] KJ02
                     |  i. s.: Ledum H93
                     |           |--L. glandulosum (see below for synonymy) H93
                     |           |--L. groenlandicum B-PW00
                     |           `--L. palustre RKD02
                     |--Ericeae KJ02
                     |--Phyllodoceae KJ02
                     |--Rhodoreae KJ02
                     |--Bejarieae KJ02
                     |    |--Ledothamnus guyanensis KJ02
                     |    |--Bryanthus gmelini KJ02
                     |    `--Bejaria KJ02
                     |         |--B. racemosa KJ02
                     |         `--B. resinosa KJ02
                     `--Empetreae [Coremateae, Empetraceae, Empetroideae] KJ02
                          |--Corema conradi KJ02
                          |--Ceratiola ericoides KJ02
                          `--Empetrum KJ02
                               |--E. atropurpureum KJ02
                               |--E. hermaphroditum KJ02 [=E. nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum H93]
                               |--E. nigrum KJ02
                               `--E. rubrum KJ02

Ericaceae incertae sedis:
  Sciadopityites G02
  Pernettyopsis megabracteata H03
  Oxycoccus palustris D03
  Bruckenthalia spiculifolia JK80
  Vaccinioides Kvaček & Walther 1990 HL08
    `--V. echitiformis (Rüffle, Müller-Stoll & Litke) Kvaček, Walther & Wilde in Kvaček & Walther 1990 (see below for synonymy) HL08
  Xylococcus bicolor H93
  Kalmiophyllum marcodurense Kräusel & Weyland 1959 CBH93
  Erecipites CBH93
  Philippia johnstonii PB27
  Waldemaria Klotzsch 1862 KC01

Ericaceae [Andromedaceae, Arbutaceae, Arctostaphylaceae, Arctostaphyleae, Azaleaceae, Azaleoideae, Diplarchaceae, Ericineae, Hypopithydes, Hypopityaceae, Kalmiaceae, Kalmiae, Ledaceae, Menziesiaceae, Oxycoccaceae, Prionotaceae, Rhododendra, Rhododendraceae, Rhodoraceae, Salaxidaceae, Stypheliaceae, Vaccinia, Vacciniaceae]

Ledum glandulosum [incl. L. glandulosum var. australe, L. glandulosum var. californicum, L. glandulosum var. columbianum, Rhododendron neoglandulosum, L. glandulosum ssp. olivaceum] H93

Vaccinioides echitiformis (Rüffle, Müller-Stoll & Litke) Kvaček, Walther & Wilde in Kvaček & Walther 1990 [=Apocynophyllum echitiforme Rüffle, Müller-Stoll & Litke 1976] HL08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B-PW00] Behan-Pelletier, V., & D. E. Walter. 2000. Biodiversity of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) in tree canopies and litter. In: Coleman, D. C., & P. F. Hendrix (eds) Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems pp. 187–202. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[G02] Gomez, B. 2002. A new species of Mirovia (Coniferales, Miroviaceae) from the Lower Cretaceous of the Iberian Ranges (Spain). Cretaceous Research 23: 761–773.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[HL08] Henniger, M., & R. Leder. 2008. Eozäne Makroflora der Querfurter Mulde. Mauritiana 20 (2): 229–251.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[KJ02] Kron, K. A., W. S. Judd, P. F. Stevens, D. M. Crayn, A. A. Anderberg, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn & J. L. Luteyn. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335–423.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[RKD02] Relys, V., S. Koponen & D. Dapkus. 2002. Annual differences and species turnover in peat bog spider communities. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 416–424.

[SN88] Suzuki, M., & S. Noshiro. 1988. Wood structure of Himalayan plants. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 341–379.

Last updated: 25 April 2020.

Gaultherieae

Salal Gaultheria shallon, photographed by Mrs W. D. Bransford.

Belongs within: Vaccinioideae.

The Gaultherieae is a clade of plants in the Ericaceae containing the wintergreens (Gaultheria) and related species. The clade as a whole is not strongly supported, but a derived subgroup including Tepuia, Diplycosia, Pernettya and Gaultheria includes many species producing the fragrant compound methyl salicylate (Kron et al. 2002). Oil of wintergreen is used as a flavouring in products such as toothpaste and mouthwash. The type genus, Gaultheria, is characterised by having dehiscent capsular fruit surrounded by a persistent fleshy calyx, and stamens with basally dilated filaments and awned anthers. Members of the genus Pernettya closely resemble Gaultheria except that their fruits are indehiscent berries (Allan 1961).

Characters (from Kron et al. 2002): Shrubs, rarely lianas. Leaves evergreen or deciduous, entire, serrulate, or serrate, non-ericoid, convolute in bud. Leaf epidermal cells not lignified. Indumentum of multicellular, multiseriate glandular and non-glandular hairs. Inflorescence usually axillary, rarely terminal, racemose, paniculate, or fasciculate, occasionally reduced to a solitary flower; bracts present, bracteoles usually paired, variable in position; calyx articulated with pedicel. Flowers usually pentamerous, actinomorphic. Calyx lobes small to enlarged, often fleshy and colourful in fruit, persistent; corolla sympetalous, usually urceolate to tubular, lobes small. Stamens usually ten, filaments more or less straight, unicellular-pubescent, roughened, or smooth, lacking projections, or with four minute to conspicuous awns arising from dorso-apical portion of anther; anthers slightly to definitely roughened, occasionally with tubules, with or without a white deposit of disintegration tissue dorsally, dehiscing by terminal pores. Ovary usually pentalocular, with axile placentation, superior, rarely half inferior; style impressed; stigma more or less truncate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or indehiscent berry, often associated with fleshy calyx; seeds usually with more or less isodiametric testa cells; embryo with two cotyledons.

<==Gaultherieae
    |--Leucothoe KJ02
    |    |--L. davisiae H93
    |    |--L. fontanesiana KJ02
    |    |--L. griffithiana P05
    |    `--L. profensis JD05
    `--+--+--Chamaedaphne calyculata KJ02
       |  `--Eubotrys racemosa KJ02
       `--+--Tepuia KJ02
          |    |--T. cardonae KJ02
          |    `--T. tatei KJ02
          `--+--Diplycosia KJ02
             |    |--D. acuminata KJ02
             |    |--D. kinabaluensis H03
             |    |--D. microsalicifolia H03
             |    `--D. pinifolia H03
             `--+--Pernettya Gaud. 1825 KJ02, A61
                |    |--P. alpina W91
                |    |--P. coriacea MM96
                |    |--P. furens D03
                |    |--P. leucocarpa D03
                |    |--P. macrostigma Colenso 1889 (see below for synonymy) A61
                |    |--P. mucronata CL85
                |    |--P. nana Colenso 1891 [incl. P. tasmanica var. neo-zelandica Kirk 1895] A61
                |    |--P. pentlandii H30
                |    `--P. tasmanica Hooker 1847 A61
                `--Gaultheria Kalm ex Linnaeus 1753 KJ02, A61
                     |--G. antipoda Forster 1786 (see below for synonymy) A61
                     |--G. brevistipes (Wu & Hsu) Fang 1999 (see below for synonymy) P05
                     |--G. cardiosepala KJ02
                     |--G. colensoi Hooker 1854 A61
                     |--G. crassa Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
                     |--G. depressa Hooker 1847 (see below for synonymy) A61
                     |    |--G. d. var. depressa RL96
                     |    `--G. d. var. novae-zelandiae RL96
                     |--G. divergens Colenso 1889 (n. d.) A61
                     |--G. domingensis J87
                     |--G. eriophylla KJ02
                     |--G. × fagifolia Hooker 1854 [G. antipoda × G. oppositifolia] A61
                     |--G. fragrantissima P05
                     |    |--G. f. var. fragrantissima PS06
                     |    `--G. f. var. obovata Panda & Sanjappa 2006 PS06
                     |--G. hispida KJ02
                     |--G. howellii [=Pernettya howellii] H03
                     |--G. humifusa H93
                     |--G. leucocarpa H03
                     |--G. miqueliana KJ02
                     |--G. mundula H03
                     |--G. notabilis H03
                     |--G. novaguineensis H03
                     |--G. nummularioides H03
                     |--G. oppositifolia Hooker 1854 (see below for synonymy) A61
                     |--G. ovatifolia H93
                     |--G. paniculata Burtt & Hill 1935 A61
                     |--G. pernettyoides H03
                     |--G. procumbens JK80
                     |--G. pullei H03
                     |--G. pyroliifolia PS06
                     |--G. rupestris (Linn. f.) Don 1834 (see below for synonymy) A61
                     |    |--G. r. var. rupestris C06
                     |    `--G. r. var. lanceolata C06
                     |--G. seshagiriana P05
                     |--G. shallon KJ02
                     |--G. subcorymbosa Col. 1890 (see below for synonymy) A61
                     `--G. trichophylla PS06
                          |--G. t. var. trichophylla PS06
                          |--G. t. var. eciliata PS06
                          `--G. t. var. ovata Panda & Sanjappa 2006 PS06

Gaultheria antipoda Forster 1786 [=Brossaea antipoda (Forster) Kuntze 1891; incl. G. epiphyta Colenso 1890, G. antipoda var. erecta Cheeseman 1925, G. fluviatilis Cunn. 1839, G. antipoda var. fluviatilis Hooker 1854] A61

Gaultheria brevistipes (Wu & Hsu) Fang 1999 [=Leucothoe brevistipes Wu & Hsu 1985, L. griffithiana var. sessilifolia Wu & Hsu 1986] P05

Gaultheria crassa Allan 1961 [=G. rupestris var. parvifolia Hooker 1854; incl. G. rupestris var. humilis Simpson 1952] A61

Gaultheria depressa Hooker 1847 [=G. antipoda var. depressa Hooker 1854; incl. G. antipoda var. ciliata Hooker 1853] A61

Gaultheria oppositifolia Hooker 1854 [=Brossaea oppositifolia (Hooker) Kuntze 1891; incl. G. multibracteolata Colenso 1892] A61

Gaultheria rupestris (Linn. f.) Don 1834 [=Andromeda rupestris Linn. f. 1781, Brossaea rupestris (Linn. f.) Kuntze 1891] A61

Gaultheria subcorymbosa Col. 1890 [=G. rupestris var. subcorymbosa (Col.) Burtt & Hill 1935; incl. G. calycina Colenso 1899, G. glandulosa Colenso 1896] A61

Pernettya macrostigma Colenso 1889 [incl. Gaultheria antipoda var. microphylla Hooker 1854, G. depressa var. microphylla (Hooker) Cheesem. 1925, G. perplexa Kirk ex Cheesem. 1906] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CL85] Cokendolpher, J. C., & D. Lanfranco L. 1985. Opiliones from the Cape Horn Archipelago: New southern records for harvestmen. Journal of Arachnology 13: 311–319.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H30] Hill, A. W. 1930. Hybridization in the New Zealand flora, with special reference to Gaultheria. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 34–36.

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[KJ02] Kron, K. A., W. S. Judd, P. F. Stevens, D. M. Crayn, A. A. Anderberg, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn & J. L. Luteyn. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335–423.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[P05] Panda, S. 2005. Gaultheria brevistipes (C.Y. Wu & T.Z. Hsu) R.C. Fang (Ericaceae)—a new record for India from Talle Valley, Arunachal Pradesh. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 177–182.

[PS06] Panda, S., & M. Sanjappa. 2006. Three new taxa of Ericaceae from India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 157–164.

[RL96] Rogers, G. M. & J. R. Leathwick. 1996. North Island seral tussock grasslands. 3. The influence of heather (Calluna vulgaris) on rates of change from tussock grassland to shrubland. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 473–487.

[W91] Williams, P. A. 1991. Subalpine and alpine vegetation of granite ranges in western Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 29: 317–330.

Last updated: 22 April 2020.

Styphelioideae

Fuchsia heath Epacris longiflora, copyright Tony Rodd.

Belongs within: Ericaceae.
Contains: Styphelieae, Richeeae.

The Styphelioideae are a clade of heath-like plants previously recognised as the family Epacridaceae but now regarded as a derived subgroup of the Ericaceae. Styphelioids are distinguished by their lignified leaf cells, known elsewhere among the Ericaceae only for the Lyonieae. In members of the tribes Styphelieae and Oligarrheneae within the Styphelioideae, the fruit is a drupe whereas in other tribes the fruit is a loculicidal capsule (Kron et al. 2002).

Characters (from Kron et al. 2002): Shrubs, small trees or climbers. Leaves evergreen, alternate, usually entire; veins often more or less palmate, parallel, or reduced to one. Leaf epidermal cells lignified; bracts and bracteoles scarious. Inflorescence variable, axillary or terminal. Flowers tetra- or pentamerous, actinomorphic. Calyx persistent; corolla persistent, sympetalous, usually tubular or campanulate, lobes small to large. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, usually epipetalous; anthers bisporangiate, inverting early in development, mostly monothecal, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, lacking a fibrous endothecium and disintegration tissue. Pollen in monads, tetrads, or shed as reduced tetrads with one or more cells aborting, without viscin threads. Ovary 1-11-locular, with axile or apical placentation, superior; style impressed or not; stigma capitate or lobed. Fruit drupaceous or a loculicidal capsule; seeds with variable testa; embryo with two cotyledons.

<==Styphelioideae [Epacridaceae, Epacridoideae]
    |  i. s.: Dulaurensia pulchra Reid 1930 CBH93
    |--Prionoteae KJ02
    |    |--Prionotes cerinthoides KJ02
    |    `--Lebetanthus KJ02
    |         |--L. americanus D03
    |         `--L. myrsinites KJ02
    `--+--Styphelieae KJ02
       |--Richeeae KJ02
       |--Oligarrheneae KJ02
       |    |--Oligarrhena micrantha KJ02
       |    `--Needhamiella pumilio KJ02
       |--Archeria Hooker 1844 KJ02, A61 [Archerieae]
       |    |--A. comberi KJ02
       |    |--A. racemosa Hooker 1864 A61 [=Epacris racemosa C06]
       |    `--A. traversii Hooker 1864 A61
       |         |--A. t. var. traversii A61
       |         `--A. t. var. australis Hooker 1867 A61
       |--Cosmelieae KJ02
       |    |--Cosmelia rubra KJ02
       |    |--Sprengelia KJ02
       |    |    |--S. incarnata KJ02
       |    |    `--S. monticola KJ02
       |    `--Andersonia KJ02
       |         |--A. caerulea GK00
       |         |--A. parvifolia OS04
       |         `--A. sprengelioides KJ02
       `--Epacrideae [Epacridinae] KJ02
            |--Rupicola sprengeloides KJ02
            |--Lysinema ciliatum KJ02
            |--Budawangia KJ02
            |--Woollsia pungens KJ02
            `--Epacris Cav. 1797 A61
                 |--E. alpina Hooker 1854 [incl. E. affinis Colenso 1888] A61
                 |--E. breviflora B00
                 |--E. calvertiana M87
                 |--E. crassifolia M87
                 |--E. impressa KJ02
                 |--E. longiflora KJ02
                 |--E. microphylla C08
                 |--E. obtusifolia H87a
                 |--E. paludosa B00
                 |--E. pauciflora Rich. 1832 A61
                 |    |--E. p. var. pauciflora A61
                 |    `--E. p. var. sinclairii (Hooker) Cheeseman 1906 [=E. sinclairii Hooker 1864] A61
                 |--E. petrophila B00
                 |--E. pulchella H87b
                 `--E. purpurascens H87b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H87a] Haviland, E. 1887a. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. I—List of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Sydney, flowering during July. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1049–1051.

[H87b] Haviland, E. 1887b. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1103–1104.

[KJ02] Kron, K. A., W. S. Judd, P. F. Stevens, D. M. Crayn, A. A. Anderberg, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn & J. L. Luteyn. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335–423.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

Last updated: 22 April 2020.

Galium

Marsh bedstraw Galium palustre agg., from here.

Belongs within: Paederieae.

Galium, bedstraw, is a cosmopolitan genus of small herbs. Many species in the genus have noticeably 'sticky' stems with small recurved hairs. These include the cleavers Galium aparine, which is native to temperate Eurasia but has become naturalised in many other parts of the world. The three-petal bedstraw G. trifidum is another species that is widespread across the Holarctic region; both the vernacular and botanical names refer to its distinctive three-lobed corollas, in contrast to the four lobes of other species.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual, perennial, sometimes more or less shrubby, often more or less dioecious, glabrous or hairy, often scabrous. Stem when young four-angled. Leaves in whorls of four or more, including leaf-like stipules. Inflorescence a panicle, or axillary clusters of one to many flowers. Flower bisexual or unisexual (with sterile stamens or pistils); calyx absent; corolla generally rotate, sometimes more or less bell-shaped, generally greenish, fading yellow or white, sometimes reddish, lobes generally 4; ovary 2-lobed, styles 2, more or less fused basally. Fruit two nutlets or one berry.

<==Galium Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--G. sect. Aparinoides (Jordan) Gren. 1851 B06
    |    |--G. innocuum B06
    |    |--G. karakulense B06
    |    |--G. palustre B06
    |    |--G. shanense Bhattacharjee 2006 B06
    |    `--G. trifidum B06
    |         |--G. t. var. trifidum H93
    |         |--G. t. var. pacificum H93
    |         `--G. t. var. pusillum H93
    |--G. sect. Asperigalium Bhattacharjee 2006 B06
    |    |--G. (sect. *Asperigalium) asperifolium B06
    |    |--G. acutum B06
    |    |--G. campylotrichum B06
    |    |--G. confertum B06
    |    |--G. duthiei Bhattacharjee 2006 B06
    |    |    |--G. d. var. duthiei B06
    |    |    `--G. d. var. glabriusculum Bhattacharjee 2006 B06
    |    |--G. himachalense B06
    |    |--G. megacyttarion B06
    |    |--G. pilosissimum B06
    |    |--G. poluninii B06
    |    |--G. pseudoaserifolium B06
    |    |--G. subfalcatum B06
    |    |--G. tetraphyllum B06
    |    `--G. vicaryii B06
    |--G. sect. Hirtiflorum Bhattacharjee 2006 B06
    |    |--G. (sect *Hirtiflorum) hirtiflorum B06
    |    `--G. subtrinervum B06
    `--G. sect. Trachygalium B06
         |--G. ceratophylloides B06
         `--G. kaganense Bhattacharjee 2006 B06

Galium incertae sedis:
  G. album BM00
  G. ambiguum H93
    |--G. a. var. ambiguum H93
    `--G. a. var. siskiyouense H93
  G. andrewsii H93
    |--G. a. ssp. andrewsii H93
    |--G. a. ssp. gatense H93
    `--G. a. ssp. intermedium H93
  G. angustifolium H93
    |--G. a. ssp. angustifolium H93
    |--G. a. ssp. borregoense H93
    |--G. a. ssp. foliosum H93
    |--G. a. ssp. gabrielense H93
    |--G. a. ssp. gracillimum H93
    |--G. a. ssp. nudicaule H93
    `--G. a. ssp. onycense H93
  G. aparine [incl. G. spurium] H93
  G. argense H93
  G. australe BR65
  G. bifolium H93
  G. bolanderi [incl. G. pubens] H93
  G. boreale H93
    |--G. b. ssp. boreale H93
    `--G. b. ssp. septentrionale H93
  G. brevifolium PT98
  G. brevipes J87
  G. buxifolium H93
  G. californicum H93
    |--G. c. ssp. californicum H93
    |--G. c. ssp. flaccidum H93
    |--G. c. ssp. luciense H93
    |--G. c. ssp. maritimum H93
    |--G. c. ssp. miguelense H93
    |--G. c. ssp. primum H93
    `--G. c. ssp. sierrae H93
  G. capitatum Bory & Chaubard 1832 PL04
  G. catalinense H93
    |--G. c. ssp. catalinense H93
    `--G. c. ssp. acrispum H93
  G. clementis H93
  G. cliftonsmithii H93
  G. corrudoefolium C74
  G. cruciata TG88
  G. divaricatum BR65
  G. exile O88
  G. fuegianum D03
  G. gaudichaudii [incl. G. ciliare] BR65
    |--G. g. var. gaudichaudii BR65
    `--G. g. var. muriculatum BR65
  G. glabrescens H93
    |--G. g. ssp. glabrescens H93
    `--G. g. ssp. modocense H93
  G. grande H93
  G. grayanum H93
    |--G. g. var. grayanum H93
    `--G. g. var. nanum H93
  G. hallii H93
  G. hardhamiae H93
  G. hilendiae H93
    |--G. h. ssp. hilendiae H93
    |--G. h. ssp. carneum [=G. munzii var. carneum] H93
    `--G. h. ssp. kingstonense [=G. munzii var. kingstonense] H93
  G. hypotrichium H93
    |--G. h. ssp. hypotrichium [incl. G. hypotrichium ssp. ebbettsense] H93
    |--G. h. ssp. inyoense H93
    |--G. h. ssp. subalpinum H93
    `--G. h. ssp. tomentellum H93
  G. jepsonii H93
  G. johnstonii [incl. G. angustifolium var. pinetorum] H93
  G. latifolium EBS98
  G. magnifolium H93
  G. matthewsii H93
  G. mexicanum H93
    |--G. m. var. mexicanum H93
    `--G. m. var. asperulum H93
  G. mollugo Linnaeus 1753 PL04
  G. multiflorum [incl. G. multiflorum f. hirsutum, G. watsonii] H93
  G. munzii H93
  G. murale BR65
  G. muricatum H93
  G. nuttallii H93
    |--G. n. ssp. nuttallii H93
    `--G. n. ssp. insulare H93 [=G. brevifolium ssp. insulare PT98]
  G. oreganum H93
  G. parishii H93
  G. parisiense [incl. G. anglicum] C06
  G. perpusillum (Hooker) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
  G. porrigens H93
    |--G. p. var. porrigens [incl. G. nuttallii var. ovalifolium] H93
    `--G. p. var. tenue [=G. nuttallii var. tenue] H93
  G. proliferum H93
  G. propinquum Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
  G. pumilum C55a
  G. pusillosetosum O88
  G. relbum D03
  G. saccharatum C55b
  G. saxatile PAE98
  G. schultesii H93
  G. serpenticum H93
    |--G. s. ssp. serpenticum H93
    |--G. s. ssp. scotticum H93
    `--G. s. ssp. warnerense H93
  G. serpylloides O88
  G. setaceum PT98
  G. sparsiflorum H93
    |--G. s. ssp. sparsiflorum H93
    `--G. s. ssp. glabrius H93
  G. stellatum H93
    |--G. s. var. stellatum H93
    `--G. s. var. eremicum H93
  G. tenerum [incl. G. aparine var. minor] BR65
  G. tenuicaule Cunn. 1839 [incl. G. triloba Colenso 1888] A61
  G. tricorne BR65
  G. tricornutum H93
  G. triflorum H93
  G. vaillantii C55b
  G. verum BBM02
  G. wrightii H93

Nomen nudum: Galium (sect. Hirtiflorum) falconeri B06

Galium perpusillum (Hooker) Allan 1961 [=Asperula perpusilla Hooker 1853; incl. A. aristifera Colenso 1889, A. fragrantissima Armstrong 1882] A61

Galium propinquum Cunn. 1839 [incl. G. propinquum var. elongata Hooker 1853, G. erythrocaulon Colenso 1884, G. propinquum var. glabrata Hooker 1853, G. propinquum var. hispidula Hooker 1853, G. umbrosum Sol. in Forster 1786 (n. n.)] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B06] Bhattacharjee, R. 2006. New taxa of Galium L. (Rubiaceae) from the Indian subcontinent. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 59–72.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BBM02] Bonte, D., L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait. 2002. Spider assemblage structure and stability in a heterogeneous coastal dune system (Belgium). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 331–343.

[BM00] Bremer, B., & J.-F. Manen. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 225: 43–72.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[EBS98] Elliott, K. J., L. R. Boring & W. T. Swank. 1998. Changes in vegetation structure and diversity after grass-to-forest succession in a southern Appalachian watershed. American Midland Naturalist 140: 219–232.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds)The Himalayan Plants vol. 1.  The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PAE98] Pakeman, R. J., J. P. Attwood & J. Engelen. 1998. Sources of plants colonizing experimentally disturbed patches in an acidic grassland, in eastern England. Journal of Ecology 86: 1032–1041.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

Last updated: 12 January 2020.

Calceolariaceae

Lady's slipper Calceolaria biflora, photographed by Serge Ouachée.

Belongs within: Lamiales.

The Calceolariaceae was defined by Olmstead et al. (2001) on the basis of molecular analysis as the smallest clade including Calceolaria pinnata, Porodittia triandra and Jovellana violacea. Formerly assigned to the Scrophulariaceae, Calceolaria is one of the few genera included in that family with elaiophores (oil-producing glands ) in the corolla, in the form of a dense patch of glandular trichomes within an infolded lobe of the lower corolla lip (Olmstead et al. 2001). The lower lip of Calceolaria flowers is expanded and modified into a pouch, giving them the vernacular names of lady's purse or slipper flower.

<==Calceolariaceae [Calceolarieae, Calceolides]
    |--Porodittia triandra OP01
    |--Jovellana Ruiz & Pav. 1798 OP01, A61
    |    |--J. repens (Hooker) Kranzl. 1907 [=Calceolaria repens Hooker 1854] A61
    |    |--J. sinclairii (Hook.) Kranzl. 1907 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    `--J. violacea OP01
    `--Calceolaria OP01
         |--C. alba M30
         |--C. augustifolia M30
         |--C. biflora D03
         |--C. cana M30
         |--C. corymbosa C55
         |--C. darwinii D03
         |--C. integrifolia M30
         |--C. lamiifolia C55
         |--C. mexicana OP01
         |--C. pinnata OP01
         |--C. plantaginea D59
         `--C. tenella D03

Jovellana sinclairii (Hook.) Kranzl. 1907 [=Calceolaria sinclairii Hook. 1843; incl. C. (Jovellana) albula Colenso 1895, C. (J.) sturmii Colenso 1895] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D59] Darwin, C. 1859. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life 1^st ed. John Murray: London. (reprinted 1967. Atheneum: New York; 1968. Penguin Books: London)

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[M30] Moss, C. E. 1930. Some natural hybrids of Clematis, Anemone, and Gerbera from the Transvaal. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 36–40.

[OP01] Olmstead, R. G., C. W. dePamphilis, A. D. Wolfe, N. D. Young, W. J. Elisons & P. A. Reeves. 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348–361.

Last updated: 13 September 2019.

Solanoideae

Blue potato bush Lycianthes rantonnei, copyright Paul Venter.

Belongs within: Solanaceae.
Contains: Hyoscyameae, Lycium, Datureae, Solanum, Physaleae.

The Solanoideae is a clade within the Solanaceae characterised by the production of fleshy fruits with flattened seeds containing curved embryos (Olmstead et al. 2008). The derived succulent genus Nolana, sometimes recognised as a separate family from Solanaceae, is shown by molecular analysis to be positioned within the Solanoideae as part of a clade Atropina. Species of Nolana are native to coastal deserts of western South America and possess fruits comprised of five or more carpels with individual ovules intruding into the ovary wall to give rise to a series of single-seeded mericarps. Also belonging to the Atropina is the primarily Argentine genus Sclerophylax which bears dry, indehiscent fruits containing one or a few seeds.

Other notable members of the Solanoideae include the genus Capsicum, bell peppers and chilis, of which various species are grown for their hot-flavoured fruit. The tomato Lycopersicon esculentum is also widely cultivated for its edible fruit which form an integral part of many cuisines around the world. The tree tomato or tamarillo Cyphomandra betacea is a small tree producing reddish, egg-shaped fruits that is primarily grown in subtropical regions. All three of these last examples originated in South America.

Mandragora, the mandrakes, is a Eurasian genus of perennial herbs noted for their toxicity, leading to the folkloric belief in Europe that a mandrake's root could produce a fatal scream when pulled from the ground. Lycianthes is a genus of shrubs, vines and herbs found in South America and Asia of which the blue potato bush L. rantonnei is widely grown as an ornamental.

Solanoideae
    |--Atropina OB08
    |    |--Latua pubiflora OB08
    |    |--Hyoscyameae OB08
    |    |--Jaborosa [incl. Trechonaetes] OB08
    |    |    |--J. integrifolia OB08
    |    |    `--+--J. sativa OB08
    |    |       `--J. squarrosa OB08
    |    `--+--Lycium OB08
    |       |--Sclerophylax [Sclerophylacaceae, Sclerophylacoideae] OB08
    |       |    |--S. adnatifolia OB08
    |       |    `--S. giliesii OB08
    |       `--Nolana [Nolanaceae] OB08
    |            |  i. s.: N. alba P05
    |            |--N. spathulata OB08
    |            `--+--N. linearifolia OB08
    |               `--N. paradoxa OB08
    `--+--Exodeconus miersii OB08
       `--+--Nicandra physalodes OB08
          `--+--+--Schultesianthus OB08
             |  |    |--S. leucanthus OB08
             |  |    `--S. megalandrus OB08
             |  `--+--Solandra OB08
             |     |    |--S. brachycalyx OB08
             |     |    `--S. grandiflora OB08
             |     `--Juanulloeae OB08
             |          |--Dyssochroma viridiflora OB08
             |          `--+--Juanulloa mexicana OB08
             |             |--Merinthopodium neuranthum OB08
             |             `--Markea [incl. Hawkesiophyton] OB08
             |                  |--M. panamensis OB08
             |                  `--M. ulei OB08
             `--+--Mandragora OB08
                |    |--M. autumnalis PT98
                |    |--M. caulescens O88
                |    `--M. officinarum OB08
                `--+--Datureae OB08
                   `--+--Solaneae OB08
                      |    |--Solanum A61
                      |    |--Cyphomandra betacea OB08, Z02
                      |    |--Triguera OB08
                      |    |--Jaltomata OB08
                      |    |    |--+--J. auriculata OB08
                      |    |    |  `--J. sinuosa OB08
                      |    |    `--+--J. grandiflora OB08
                      |    |       `--J. procumbens OB08
                      |    `--Lycopersicon OB08
                      |         |--L. cheesmanii W92
                      |         |--L. chilense W92
                      |         |--L. chmielewskii W92
                      |         |--L. esculentum M99
                      |         |--L. hirsutum W92
                      |         |--L. parviflorum W92
                      |         |--L. pennellii W92
                      |         |--L. peruvianum A02
                      |         `--L. pimpinellifolium RS98
                      `--+--Physaleae OB08
                         |--Salpichroina OB08
                         |    |--Nectouxia formosa OB08
                         |    `--Salpichroa BR65
                         |         |--S. diffusa HH03
                         |         `--S. origanifolia HH03 [incl. Atropa rhomboidea BR65, S. rhomboidea H93]
                         `--Lycianthes [Capsiceae] OB08
                              |  i. s.: *L. lycioides OB08
                              |         L. sanctaclarae MM96
                              |--+--L. rantonnei OB08
                              |  `--+--L. inaequilatera OB08
                              |     `--+--L. ciliolata OB08
                              |        `--L. peduncularis OB08
                              `--+--+--L. biflora OB08
                                 |  |--L. shanesii OB08
                                 |  `--+--L. heteroclita OB08
                                 |     `--+--L. glandulosa OB08
                                 |        `--L. multiflora OB08
                                 `--Capsicum OB08
                                      |  i. s.: C. annuum M99
                                      |         C. frutescens M99
                                      |--C. rhomboideum OB08
                                      `--+--C. baccatum OB08
                                         |--C. chinense OB08
                                         |--C. minutiflorum OB08
                                         `--C. pubescens OB08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[A02] Atkinson, H. J. 2002. Molecular approaches to novel crop resistance against nematodes. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 569–598. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[HH03] Hernández, J. R., & J. F. Hennen. 2003. Rust fungi causing galls, witches’ brooms, and other abnormal plant growths in northwestern Argentina. Mycologia 95 (4): 728–755.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[OB08] Olmstead, R. G., L. Bohs, H. A. Migid, E. Santiago-Valentin, V. F. Garcia & S. M. Collier. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae. Taxon 57 (4): 1159–1181.

[P05] Packer, L. 2005. A new species of Geodiscelis (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Xeromelissinae) from the Atacama Desert of Chile. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 84–91.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[RS98] Ramsey, J., & D. W. Schemske. 1998. Pathways, mechanisms, and rates of polyploid formation in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 467–501.

[W92] Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Harvard University Press: Belknap (USA).

[Z02] Zhang, Z.-Q. 2002. Taxonomy of Tetranychus ludeni (Acari: Tetranychidae) in New Zealand and its ecology on Sechium edule. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 27–34.

Last updated: 3 April 2020.

Bignoniaceae

Bower vine Pandorea jasminoides, copyright RI.

Belongs within: Lamiales.
Contains: Tabebuia, Tecoma, Radermachera.

The Bignoniaceae is a pantropical family of small trees, shrubs and climbers. Many species are familiar ornamental plants, such as the jacaranda Jacaranda acutifolia and tecoma Tecomaria capensis. The Bignoniaceae are mostly divided between the Bignoniae, with the fruit a compressed capsule in which the septum is parallel with the valves and dehiscence is septifragal, and Tecomeae, with the septum at right angles to the convex valves and loculicidal dehiscence (Black & Robertson 1965). The genus Crescentia, calabash trees, found in Africa and the Americas, bears one-celled berries and is placed in a distinct tribe. The type genus of the family, Bignonia, is an American genus of climbers with large tubular flowers. Tecomanthe speciosa, a climber native to the Three Kings Islands near New Zealand, has only ever been known from a single individual in the wild but has become widely grown as an ornamental.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Shrubs or woody climbers with exstipulate usually opposite and compound leaves. Flowers iregular, bisexual; corolla with five imbricate lobes, often two-lipped; stamens usually four, in pairs, inserted in tube, fifth stamen mostly reduced to small staminode; anthers two-celled; ovary superior, two-celled, with two septal placentas; ovules several or numerous; style with two short stigmatic lobes; fruit a capsule much longer than calyx, opening from summit in two valves with flat septum breaking away from valves and falling off; seed with broad hyaline wings, without albumen; radicle close to hilum.

<==Bignoniaceae
    |--Bignonieae [Eubignonieae] S77
    |    |--Bignonia HH03
    |    |    |--B. aequinoctialis HH03
    |    |    |--B. diversifolia S77
    |    |    |--B. fraxinoides Perrottet 1824 (n. d.) S77
    |    |    `--B. hirsuta Lamk 1785 (n. d.) [=Tecoma hirsuta DC. 1845] S77
    |    |--Nyctocalos T. & B. in Miq. 1862 [=Nycticalos (l. c.)] S77
    |    |    |--N. brunfelsiiflora T. & B. in Miq. 1862 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    |--N. cuspidata (Bl.) Miq. 1867 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    `--N. pinnata S77
    |    |--Hieris Steen. 1928 S77
    |    |    `--H. curtisii (Ridl.) Steen. 1928 [=Tecoma curtisii Ridl. 1908, Pandorea curtisii Ridl. 1923] S77
    |    |--Oroxylum Vent. 1808 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    `--O. indicum (Linné) Kurz 1877 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    `--Millingtonia Linné 1781 S77
    |         `--M. hortensis Linné 1781 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |--Tecomeae [Catalpeae] BR65
    |    |--Lamiodendron Steen. 1957 S77
    |    |    `--L. magnificum Steen. 1957 S77
    |    |--Fernandoa Welw. ex Seem. 1865 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    |--F. adenophylla (Don) Steen. 1976 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    `--F. macroloba (Miq.) Steen. 1976 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |--Stereospermum Cham. 1832 [incl. Dipterosperma Hassk. 1842, Hieranthes Rafin. 1838] S77
    |    |    |--S. chelonoides (L. f.) DC. 1838 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    |--S. cylindricum S77
    |    |    |--S. fimbriatum (Wall. ex Don) DC. 1845 [=Bignonia fimbriata Wall. ex Don 1838] S77
    |    |    `--S. personatum (Hassk.) Chatterjee 1948 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |--Tecomanthe Baill. 1891 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    |--T. dendrophila (Bl.) Sch. in Sch. & Laut. 1900 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    |--T. speciosa Oliver 1948 A61
    |    |    |--T. ternatensis Steen. 1927 S77
    |    |    `--T. volubilis Gibbs 1917 [incl. T. arfaki Steen. 1927, T. nitida Steen. 1927] S77
    |    |         |--T. v. ssp. volubilis S77
    |    |         |--T. v. ssp. silvicola van Steenis 1977 [incl. T. cyclopensis Steen. 1927, T. saxosa Diels 1922] S77
    |    |         `--T. v. ssp. tenax van Steenis 1977 S77
    |    |--Tecoma S77
    |    |--Deplanchea Vieillard 1862 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    |--D. bancana (Scheffer) Steen. 1927 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    |--D. glabra (Steen.) Steen. 1927 [=Diplanthera glabra Steen. 1927; incl. De. tubulosa Steen. 1927] S77
    |    |    `--D. tetraphylla (Br.) F.v.M. 1889 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |--Dolichandrone (Fenzl) Seem. 1870 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    |--*D. falcata S77
    |    |    |--D. filiformis LK14
    |    |    |--D. heterophylla LK14
    |    |    |--D. serrulata [incl. Bignonia laeta] S77
    |    |    `--D. spathacea (L. f.) Sch. 1889 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |--Radermachera S77
    |    |--Pauldopia Steen. 1969 S77
    |    |--‘Barnettia’ Santisuk 1973 non Bat. & Bezerra 1962 S77
    |    |--Pajanelia DC. 1838 S77
    |    |    `--P. longifolia (Willd.) Sch. 1895 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |--Neosepicaea Diels 1922 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    |--N. aurantiaca (Diels) Steen. 1967 [=Tecomanthe aurantiaca Diels 1922] S77
    |    |    |--N. jucunda [=Hausmannia jucunda] S77
    |    |    |--N. leptophylla (Bl.) Steen. 1960 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    `--N. viticoides Diels 1922 S77
    |    |--Pandorea Spach 1840 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |    |--P. baileyana S77
    |    |    |--P. jasminoides (Lindl.) Sch. 1894 [=Tecoma jasminoides Lindl. 1939] S77
    |    |    |--P. montana (Diels) van Steenis 1977 [=Tecomanthe montana Diels 1922] S77
    |    |    |--P. nervosa S77
    |    |    |--P. pandorana (Andrews) van Steenis 1928 S77 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |    |--P. p. ssp. pandorana S77
    |    |    |    `--P. p. ssp. timorensis van Steenis 1977 S77
    |    |    `--P. stenantha Diels 1922 S77
    |    |--Campsis S77
    |    |    |--C. grandiflora [incl. C. chinensis] S77
    |    |    |--C. radicans BTA75
    |    |    `--C. × tagliabuana [C. grandiflora × C. radicans] S77
    |    `--Podranea ricasoliana (Tanf.) Sprague 1904 (see below for synonymy) S77
    `--Crescentia F11 [Crescentieae S77]
         |--C. alata H.B.K. 1819 (see below for synonymy) S77
         `--C. cujete Linné 1753 [incl. C. ovata Burm. f. 1768] S77

Bignoniaceae incertae sedis:
  Catalpa S77
    |--C. bignonioides LC02
    |--C. longissima (Jacq.) Dum. 1802 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |--C. ovata S77
    `--C. × syringifolia [C. bignonioides × C. ovata] S77
  Kigelia africana (Lamk) Bth. in Hook. 1849 (see below for synonymy) S77
  Eccremocarpus scaber PT01
  Macfadyena S77
    |--M. cynanchoides S77
    |--M. uncata S77
    `--M. unguis-cati (Linné) Gentry 1973 (see below for synonymy) HH03
  Spathodea P88
    |--S. alternifolia C16
    |--S. campanulata Beauv. 1805 [incl. S. tulipifera, Dolichandrone tulipifera Bth. in B. & H. 1876] S77
    |--S. heterophylla C16
    `--S. nilotica S77
  Incarvillea [incl. Niedzwedzkia] S77
    |--I. mairei O88
    |    |--I. m. var. mairei O88
    |    `--I. m. var. grandiflora O88
    `--I. younghusbandii O88
  Tabebuia HH03
  Jacaranda S77
    |--J. acutifolia BR65
    |--J. caucana S77
    |--J. mimosifolia Don 1822 [incl. J. ovalifolia Br. 1822] S77
    `--J. obtusifolia S77
         |--J. o. ssp. obtusifolia S77
         `--J. o. ssp. rhombifolia [=J. rhombifolia Meijer 1818; incl. J. filicifolia Don 1823] S77
  Arrabidaea S77
    |--A. mollissima (H.B.K.) Bur. & Sch. 1896 S77
    `--A. verrucosa MM96
  Cydista aequinoctalis MM96
  Phryganocydia corymbosa (Vent.) Bur. ex Sch. 1894 [=Spathodea corymbosa Vent. 1807] S77
  Xylophragma MM96
  Tecomella undulata PP07
  Pseudocalymma macrocarpa GJ09
  Chilopsis linearis H93
    |--C. l. ssp. linearis H93
    `--C. l. ssp. arcuata H93
  Bignonicapsula formosa Berry 1930 CBH93
  Albertipollenites araneosus Frederiksen 1973 CBH93
  Markhamia stipulata S77
    |--M. s. var. stipulata S77
    `--M. s. var. cauda-felina S77
  Rhigozum S77
  Catophractes S77
  Phyllarthron bernierianum S77
  Astianthus antisyphilitica S77
  Argylia robusta A19
  Amphilophium S77
  Anemopaegma S77
    |--A. chamberlaynii (Sims) Bur. & Sch. 1896 (see below for synonymy) S77
    `--A. longepetiolatum S77
  Amphicome emodi S77
  Newbouldia laevis S77
  Heterophragma quadriloculare S77
  Paratecoma S77
  Zeyhera tuberculosa S77
  Sparattosperma vernicosum S77
  Cuspidaria pterocarpa S77
  Tanaecium S77
  Macranthisiphon S77
  Memora S77
  Delostoma S77
  Amphictena latifolia [incl. Crescentia cucurbitina] S77
  Pachyptera S77
    |--P. alliacea S77
    `--P. hymenaea (DC.) Gentry 1973 S77
  Parmentiera S77
    |--P. aculeata (H.B.K.) Seem. 1854 (see below for synonymy) S77
    `--P. cereifera Seem. in Hook. 1851 S77
  Pithecoctenium cynanchoides DC. 1845 S77
  Pyrostegia venusta (Ker) Miers 1863 (see below for synonymy) S77
  Saritaea magnifica (Steen.) Dugand 1945 [=Arrabidaea magnifica Steen. 1927] S77

Nomen nudum: Bignonia purpurea Thunb. 1825 S77

Anemopaegma chamberlaynii (Sims) Bur. & Sch. 1896 [=Bignonia chamberlaynii Sims 1820; incl. B. scandens Vell. 1825, Anemopaegma scandens Mello ex Sch. 1894] S77

Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum. 1802 [=Bignonia longissima Jacq. 1760, Macrocatalpa longissima Britton 1918] S77

Crescentia alata H.B.K. 1819 [=Parmentiera alata Miers 1870; incl. Otophora paradoxa Bl. 1847, Crescentia trifolia Blanco 1837] S77

Deplanchea Vieillard 1862 [incl. Bulweria F.v.M. 1864 non Bonaparte 1843 (ICZN), Diplanthera Banks & Sol. ex Br. 1810 non Thouars 1806] S77

Deplanchea bancana (Scheffer) Steen. 1927 [=Diplanthera bancana Scheffer 1870; incl. De. coriacea Steen. 1928, De. bancana var. glabra Steen. 1927 non De. glabra (Steen.) Steen. 1927] S77

Deplanchea tetraphylla (Br.) F.v.M. 1889 [=Diplanthera tetraphylla Br. 1810; incl. De. bulwerii F.v.M. 1865, Faradaya chrysoclada Sch. & Laut. 1905, Diplanthera hirsuta Bailey 1896, Deplanchea hirsuta (Bailey) Steen. 1929, Bulweria nobilissima F.v.M. 1864, De. tetraphylla var. novoguineensis Steen. 1928] S77

Dolichandrone (Fenzl) Seem. 1870 (nom. cons.) [=Dolichandra sect. Dolichandrone Fenzl 1841; incl. Dolichandrone subg. Coriaceae Steen. 1927, Pongelia Rafin. 1838 (nom. rej.)] S77

Dolichandrone spathacea (L. f.) Sch. 1889 [=Bignonia spathacea L. f. 1781; incl. Spathodea diepenhorstii Miq. 1858, B. javanica Thunb. 1794, S. longiflora Vent. 1803, B. longiflora Willd. ex DC. 1845, Pongelia longiflora Rafin. 1838, B. longissima Lour 1790 non Jacq. 1760, Dolichandrone longissima Sch. 1894, Spathodea loureiriana DC. 1845, S. luzonica Blanco 1845, S. rheedii Spreng. 1825, Dolichandrone rheedii Seem. 1870] S77

Fernandoa Welw. ex Seem. 1865 [=Ferdinandia, Ferdinandoa; incl. Haplophragma Dop 1925, Hexaneurocarpon Dop 1929, Kigelianthe Baill. 1891, Spathodeopsis Dop 1929, Tisseranthodendron Sillans 1951] S77

Fernandoa adenophylla (Don) Steen. 1976 [=Bignonia adenophylla Don 1838, Haplophragma adenophyllum (DC.) Dop 1925, Heterophragma adenophyllum Seem. ex B. & H. 1875, Spathodea adenophylla DC. 1845] S77

Fernandoa macroloba (Miq.) Steen. 1976 [=Spathodea macroloba Miq. 1861, Haplophragma macrolobum (Miq.) Steen. 1927, Heterophragma macrolobum Back. ex Heyne 1927] S77

Kigelia africana (Lamk) Bth. in Hook. 1849 [=Bignonia africana Lamk 1785, Tecoma africana Don 1838; incl. Kigelia aethiopica (Fenzl) Decne in Deless. 1845, Crescentia pinnata Jacq. 1789, K. pinnata DC. 1845] S77

Macfadyena unguis-cati (Linné) Gentry 1973 [=Bignonia unguis-cati Linné 1753, Doxantha unguis-cati; incl. Macfadyena dentata Bur. & Sch. 1897, Bignonia tweediana Lindl. 1840] HH03

Millingtonia hortensis Linné 1781 [incl. Bignonia cicutaria Mart. 1820, M. dubiosa Span. 1835, B. suberosa Roxb. 1811 (nom. illeg.), Nevrilis suberosa Rafin. 1838 (nom. illeg.)] S77

Neosepicaea Diels 1922 [incl. Tecomanthe sect. Aurantiacae Steen. 1927, Pandorea sect. Grandiflores Steen. 1927, Haussmannia F.v.M. 1864 non Hausmannia Dunker 1846, Nyctocalos subg. Haussmannia Seem. 1870, Haussmannianthes Steen. 1929, Pandorea sect. Leptophyllae Steen. 1927] S77

Neosepicaea leptophylla (Bl.) Steen. 1960 [=Tecoma leptophylla Bl. 1849, Gelseminum leptophyllum O.K. 1891, Pandorea leptophylla Boerl. 1899; incl. Neosepicaea superba Steen. 1957] S77

Nyctocalos brunfelsiiflora T. & B. in Miq. 1862 [=N. brunfelsiaeflorus, N. brunfelsiiflorus; incl. N. shanica MacGregor & Smith 1911] S77

Nyctocalos cuspidata (Bl.) Miq. 1867 [=Tecoma cuspidata Bl. 1849, Gelseminum cuspidatum O. K. 1891, Nyctocalos cuspidatum; incl. N. assamica Hook. f. ex Sch. 1894, N. macrosiphon T. & B. 1856, N. cuspidata var. oblongum Steen. 1927, N. thomsonii Hook. f. 1867] S77

Oroxylum Vent. 1808 [=Oroxylon (l. c.); incl. Calosanthes Bl. 1826, Hippoxylon Rafin. 1838 (nom. illeg.)] S77

Oroxylum indicum (Linné) Kurz 1877 [=Bignonia indica Linné 1753, Calosanthes indica Bl. 1826, Hippoxylon indicum Rafin. 1838 (nom. illeg.), Spathodea indica Pers. 1807; incl. Arthrophyllum ceylanicum Miq. 1863, Oroxylon indicum var. citrinum van Steenis 1928, O. flavum Rehder in Sargent 1904, Bignonia pentandra Lour. 1790, B. quadripinnata Blanco 1837, Arthrophyllum reticulatum Bl. ex Miq. 1863, B. tripinnata Noronha 1790] S77

Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) Sch. 1895 [=Bignonia longifolia Willd. 1800; incl. B. multijuga DC. 1838, Pajanelia bijuga (l. c.), B. macrostachya Wall. ex Don 1838, Payanelia (l. c.) multijuga, B. pajanelia Wall. 1830 (nom. illeg.), Pajanelia rheedii Wight 1848] S77

Pandorea Spach 1840 [=Tecoma sect. Pandorea Endl. 1839; incl. Tecomanthe sect. Montanae Steen. 1928, Pandorea sect. Parviflores Steen. 1927] S77

Pandorea pandorana (Andrews) van Steenis 1928 [=Bignonia pandorana Andrews 1800, B. pandorae Sims 1805, B. pandorea Vent. 1803, Campsis pandorana Steen. 1948, Gelseminum pandorea O.K. 1891, Pandorea australis ssp. pandorea Steen. 1927, Tecoma pandorana Skeels 1913, T. australis var. pandorea (Vent.) Bailey 1901; incl. Pandorea acutifolia Steen. 1927, T. australis Br. 1810, Bignonia australis Ait. 1814, Pandorea australis Spach. 1840, Tecoma austro-caledonica Bureau 1962, P. austro-caledonica Seem. 1870, P. austro-caledonicum, Tecoma ceramensis T. & B. 1863, P. ceramensis Baill. 1891, P. ceramica (l. c.), Tecoma diversifolia Don 1838, T. doratoxylon Black 1927, Pandorea doratoxylon Black 1937, T. ceramensis var. elliptica Miq. 1864, Campsidium filicifolium Bull 1874, T. filicifolium Nicholson 1887, T. floribunda Cunn. ex DC. 1845, Pandorea poincillantha var. fragrans Steen. 1927, T. australis var. linearis Bailey 1901, P. australis ssp. linearis Steen. 1927, Bignonia meonantha Link 1822, P. australis ssp. meonantha Steen. 1927, Tecoma australis var. meonantha (Link) DC. 1845, T. meonantha Sweet 1827, T. ochroxantha Kth & Bouché 1847, Gelseminum ochroxanthum O.K. 1891, T. oxleyi Cunningham ex DC. 1845, Pandorea australis var. oxleyi Domin 1929 (nom. illeg.), P. poincillantha Steen. 1927] S77

Parmentiera aculeata (H.B.K.) Seem. 1854 [=Crescentia aculeata H.B.K. 1819; incl. C. edulis Desv. 1814, Parmentiera edulis DC. 1845] S77

Podranea ricasoliana (Tanf.) Sprague 1904 [=Tecoma ricasoliana Tanf. 1887, Pandorea ricasoliana Baill. 1891] S77

Pyrostegia venusta (Ker) Miers 1863 [=Bignonia venusta Ker 1818, Tecoma venusta Lem. 1834; incl. Pyrostegia ignea (Vell.) Presl 1845] S77

Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC. 1838 [=Bignonia chelonoides L. f. 1781; incl. Hieranthes fragrans Rinf. 1838 (nom. illeg.), B. suaveolens Roxb. 1832, Stereospermum suaveolens DC. 1845, Tecoma suaveolens Don 1838, S. suaveolens f. verticillatum Steen. 1927] S77

Stereospermum personatum (Hassk.) Chatterjee 1948 [=Dipterosperma personatum Hassk. 1842, S. hasskarlii Z. & M. ex Zoll. 1855 (nom. illeg.); incl. Bignonia caudata DC. 1845, S. caudatum Miq. 1858, S. tetragonum DC. 1845] S77

Tecomanthe Baill. 1891 [incl. Campana Rumph. ex Post & O.K. 1904 (nom. inv.), Tecomanthe sect. Dendrophilae Steen. 1927, Tecomanthe sect. Saxosae Steen. 1928, Tecomanthe sect. Volubiles Steen. 1927] S77

Tecomanthe dendrophila (Bl.) Sch. in Sch. & Laut. 1900 [=Tecoma dendrophila Bl. 1849, Campsis dendrophila Seem. 1867, incl. Tecomanthe acutifolia Steen. 1927, Tecoma amboinensis Bl. 1849, Campsis amboinensis Seem. 1867, Gelseminum amboinense O.K. 1891, Pandorea amboinensis Boerl. 1899, Tecomanthe amboinensis Steen. 1927, Tecomanthe bureavii Baill. 1891, Gelseminum dendrophilum O.K. 1891, Pandorea dendrophila Boerl. 1899, Tecomanthe elliptica Steen. 1927, Tecomanthe gloriosa Moore 1923, Tecomantha venusta var. parviflora Steen. 1927, Campana rubra Rump. 1755, Dendrophila trifoliata Bl. 1849, Tecomanthe venusta Moore 1923] S77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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Last updated: 28 March 2020.