Teak Tectona grandis, photographed by J. M. Garg.
Belongs within: Lamiales.
Contains: Satureja,
Thymus,
Stachys,
Prostanthera,
Monardella,
Dicrastylis,
Scutellaria,
Nepeta,
Elsholtzieae,
Ocimeae,
Mentha,
Salvia,
Trichostema,
Teucrium,
Vitex,
Clerodendrum.
The Lamiaceae are a family of flowering plants found worldwide, referred to in older publications as the 'Labiatae' in reference to the development of an upper and lower lip on the corolla (though the upper lip may be very small). Most species are herbs or shrubs, though a few trees are also included in the family (such as the commercially significant
Tectona grandis, teak). Members of the Symphorematoideae are woody climbers, as are some Ajugoideae (Harley
et al. 2004). Arborescent members of the family were previously included in the Verbenaceae, but the two families differ in ovule position: Lamiaceae have ovules on the inner face of the carpel wall, while Verbenaceae proper have ovules attached to the carpel margin (Harley
et al. 2004). Many species have leaves with glands producing resinous oils, and as a result many species of the family are used as herbs, such as species of
Mentha (mint),
Lavandula (lavender),
Salvia (sage),
Rosmarinus (rosemary),
Thymus (thyme) and
Ocimum (basil).
Subfamilies of Lamiaceae can be separated by characters of the flowers and fruits. The style is gynobasic in Nepetoideae and Lamioideae, but usually terminal or subterminal in other subfamilies. Members of the Ajugoideae usually have actinomorphic to unilabiate corollas in contrast to the bilabiate corollas of most other Lamiaceae. The Scutellarioideae have zygomorphic, usually two-lipped corollas and schizocarpic fruits with the pericarp usually bearing tubercles or hair-like structures.
Characters (from Harley
et al. 2004): Trees, shrubs, subshrubs or perennial or annual herbs, rarely climbers, aromatic or not. Roots rarely tuberous. Stems often quadrangular, erect to prostrate, sometimes forming stolons or large or slender rhizomes. Indumentum usually present, of glandular and non-glandular trichomes, often hair-like, rarely scale-like, usually multicellular-uniseriate, simple, branched, dendroid or stellate, sometimes gland-tipped, large-headed subsessile glands rarely absent. Leaves opposite, often decussate, sometimes whorled, very rarely alternate, simple, entire, toothed or lobed, sometimes compound and then digitate or pinnate, petiolate or sessile, rarely forming a basal rosette, estipulate. Inflorescence often bracteate, bracts sometimes conspicuous, persistent or deciduous, rarely spirally arranged, composed of cymes, bracteolate or not, and often arranged in a terminal, lax or congested, indeterminate thyrse which may be paniculate, raceme-like with cymes often 1-flowered, or spike-like, or rarely congested into a capitulum, with or without a distinct involucre of bracteoles. Flowers hypogynous, usually bisexual, or less often unisexual due to gynodioecy or gynomonoecy, very rarely due to dioecy. Perianth biseriate, sepals 4-5(-9), connate, actinomorphic to zygomorphic, sometimes 2-lipped, lobes 2-many, often 5, equal or unequal, rarely obsolete, some lobes often fused, or lips entire, calyx-tube (5-)10-15-nerved, straight or curved, throat hairy or glabrous, calyx often accrescent, rarely inflated or fleshy in fruit. Petals (4-)5(-6) connate, actinomorphic to more often slightly to strongly zygomorphic, often 2-lipped, rarely 1-lipped, lobes (2-)4-5(-16), equal or unequal, porrect to patent, one or other lip often concave to galeate, corolla-tube short to elongate, rarely spurred, often with annulus of hairs or appendaged within, rarely corolla resupinate. Stamens attached within corolla-tube, usually 4 or 2 by abortion and then staminodes often present, or stamens 5-8(-16), when 4 often didynamous (rarely a fifth, posterior vestigial staminode present), free or rarely monodelphic, filaments short or often elongate, usually exserted from corolla-tube and sometimes long-exserted from corolla; parallel, divergent or ascending and sometimes included within or lying under posterior corolla-lip, or declinate and then sometimes included within anterior corolla-lip, anthers usually dithecous, tetrasporangiate or monothecous by abortion, thecae parallel or divergent, occasionally widely separated by an elongate connective, or apically confluent or synthecous, opening by longitudinal slits or rarely by pores. Disc at base of ovary often present, usually fleshy, entire or irregularly or often 4-lobed, anterior lobe sometimes longer than others, nectariferous. Gynoecium 2-carpellate, often 4-locular by intrusion of carpel wall forming "false septum", or rarely imperfectly 2-locular and free towards apex, ovary usually 4-ovuled, 2-locular ovaries generally with loculi 2-ovuled and 4-locular ovaries with l ovule per loculus, ovary entire or lobed, with terminal style, or more often deeply 4-lobed, the loculi often separated and with style gynobasic, style usually with 2 equal or unequal stigma-lobes, rarely entire with 1 stigma-lobe vestigial, or stigma capitate or very rarely 4-lobed. Ovules anatropous to hemianatropous, usually basal or sub-basal, erect, rarely orthotropous, apical, pendulous, borne laterally or submarginally on the placenta, unitegmic, tenuinucellate. Fruit drupaceous, often with pyrenes, or dry, indehiscent, or separating into two 2-seeded or frequently, four 1-seeded mericarps, sometimes fewer by abortion. Mericarps (nutlets) often with sculptured, tuberculate, hairy or rarely winged pericarp, mucilage cells often present. Seeds albuminous or exalbuminous, epigeal. Embryo straight or bent, investing or spatulate.
<==Lamiaceae [Labiatae]
|--Pogostemon BB07 [Pogostemoneae, Pogostemonoideae T00]
| |--P. benghalensis BB07
| `--P. stellatus LK14
|--Symphorematoideae T00
| |--Congea T00
| |--Sphenodesme T00
| `--Symphorema T00
|--Scutellarioideae T00
| |--Renschia T00
| |--Tinnea T00
| |--Holmskioldia sanguinea T00, P03
| `--Scutellaria A61
|--Lamium CD07 [Lamioideae T00]
| |--*L. amplexicaule P01
| | |--L. a. var. amplexicaule BR65
| | `--L. a. var. clandestinum BR65
| |--L. album H59
| |--L. bifidum Y98
| |--L. maculatum C55b
| |--L. moschatum PT98
| |--L. nepalense O88
| |--L. purpureum Linnaeus 1753 CD07
| `--L. tuberosum O88
|--Nepetoideae [Ocimoideae] HPR03
| | i. s.: Nepeta HPR03
| |--Elsholtzieae HPR03
| |--Ocimeae HPR03
| `--Mentheae M99
| |--Mentha BR65
| |--Salvia M99
| `--Origanum M99
| |--O. dictamnus H93
| |--O. majorana H93
| |--O. onites PT98
| `--O. vulgare M99
|--Chloanthoideae [Chloanthaceae] T00
| |--Tectona grandis T00, HU08
| |--Chloanthes OS04
| | |--C. coccinea OS04
| | |--C. parviflora PWP96
| | `--C. stoechadis H87
| |--Physopsis KM08
| | |--P. chrysophylla KM08
| | `--P. viscida G04a
| `--Westringia M99
| |--W. cephalantha G04b
| |--W. dampieri Brown 1810 [incl. W. grevillina Mueller 1855] BR65
| |--W. eremicola [incl. W. angustifolia Black 1926 (preoc.)] BR65
| |--W. fruticosa MM09
| |--W. rigida Brown 1810 [incl. W. cinerea] BR65
| `--W. rosmarinifolia H87
`--Ajugoideae [Caryopteridoideae, Monochileae, Teucrioideae, Viticoideae] T00
|--Tetraclea T00
|--Trichostema T00
|--Wenchengia T00
|--Teucrium M99
|--Vitex A61
|--Spartothamnella Briquet 1894 T00, BR65
| |--S. juncea PWP96
| `--S. teucriiflora (Mueller) Moldenke 1940 BR65
|--Discretitheca nepalensis (Moldenke) Cantino 1999 [=Caryopteris nepalensis Moldenke 1959] K07
| |--D. n. var. nepalensis K07
| `--D. n. var. parvifolia (Moldenke) Kumar 2007 [=Caryopteris nepalensis var. pavifolia Moldenke 1973] K07
|--Pseudocaryopteris K07
| |--P. bicolor (Roxburgh) Cantino 1999 (see below for synonymy) K07
| |--P. foetida (Don) Cantino 1999 (see below for synonymy) K07
| `--P. paniculata (Clarke) Cantino 1999 [=Caryopteris paniculata Clarke in Hooker 1885] K07
|--Ajuga BR65
| |--A. australis BR65
| |--A. bracteosa O88
| |--A. chamaepitys PT98
| | |--A. c. ssp. chamaepitys PT98
| | `--A. c. ssp. chia PT98
| |--A. iva [incl. A. pseudo-iva] BR65
| |--A. lupulina O88
| |--A. macrosperma D07
| `--A. reptans P01
|--Callicarpa PWP96
| |--C. candicans LK14
| |--C. dichotoma OP01
| `--C. selleana J87
|--Clerodendrum PWP96
|--Petraea volubilis PWP96
|--Faradaya splendida PWP96
|--Gmelina PWP96
| |--G. arborea P03
| |--G. asiatica [incl. Bignonia discolor Rich. 1834 non Br. 1814, B. moluccana DC. 1845] S77
| `--G. leichhardtii PWP96
|--Premna PWP96
| |--P. acuminata LK14
| |--P. divaricata C55b
| |--P. flavescens P03
| |--P. herbacea LK14
| `--P. lignum-vitae PWP96
`--Glossocarya hemiderma PWP96
Lamiaceae incertae sedis:
Orthosiphon P03
|--O. aristatus [incl. O. stamineus] P88
`--O. rubicundus P03
Perilla frutescens PT01
|--P. f. var. frutescens PT01
`--P. f. var. crispa PT01
Iboza YY22
Moschosma YY22
Colebrookia oppositifolia YY22, HU08
Satureja DH98
Thymus PL04
Colquhounia coccinea O88
Dracocephalum O88
|--D. austriacum H09
|--D. heterophyllum O88
|--D. ruyschiana C55a
|--D. tanguticum O88
`--D. wallichii O88
Eriophyton wallichii O88
Galeopsis V09
|--G. bifida V09
|--G. ladanum C55b
|--G. pubescens D51
|--G. segetum V09
|--G. speciosa D51
`--G. tetrahit D51
Glechoma O88
|--G. decolorans O88
|--G. nivalis O88
`--G. pharica O88
Micromeria biflora O88
|--M. b. var. biflora O88
`--M. b. var. hispida O88
Phlomis O88
|--P. bracteosa O88
|--P. lychnitis C74
|--P. macrophylla O88
|--P. pungens B14
|--P. rotata O88
|--P. setigera O88
|--P. tibetica O88
`--P. tuberosa MN02
Rabdosia pharica O88
Stachys BR65
Rosmarinus officinalis BR65
Ballota GR98
|--B. acetabulosa PT98
|--B. deserti (Noë) Jury, Rejdali & Griffiths in Greuter & Raus 1998 (see below for synonymy) GR98
`--B. nigra C55b
Coridothymus capitatus PT98
Marrubium vulgare BR65
Prasium majus PT98
Sideritis curvidens PT98
Lachnostachys coolgardiensis G04a
Prostanthera BR65
Cyanostegia lanceolata G04b
Hemigenia OS04
|--H. humilis OS04
|--H. incana OS04
|--H. purpurea H87
|--H. teretiuscula G04b
`--H. westringioides G04b
Microcorys OS04
|--M. lenticularis OS04
`--M. obovata G04b
Hemiandra OS04
|--H. linearis OS04
`--H. pungens N36
Prunella BR65
|--P. laciniata H91
`--P. vulgaris [=Brunella vulgaris] BR65
|--P. v. var. vulgaris [incl. P. vulgaris var. parviflora] H93
`--P. v. var. lanceolata [incl. P. vulgaris var. atropurpurea] H93
Lycopus BR65
|--L. americanus H93
|--L. asper H93
|--L. australis BR65
|--L. europaeus LDB98
`--L. uniflorus H93
Melissa officinalis BR65
Hemizygia K02
|--H. floccosa CV06
`--H. foliosa K02
Acrotome fleckii CV06
Aeollanthus namibiensis CV06
Tetradenia kaokoensis CV06
Pityrodia LK14
|--P. loxocarpa KM08
`--P. ternifolia LK14
Leucas SR07
|--L. aspera DP72
|--L. chinensis SR07
|--L. martinicensis C55b
|--L. mollisima P03
`--L. urticaefolia PP07
Dysophylla auricularia BB07
Gomphostemma parviflora BB07
Calamintha H91
|--C. clinopodium [incl. Clinopodium vulgare] C55b
|--C. nepeta H91
`--C. sylvatica H91
Anisomeles LK14
|--A. indica P03
|--A. malabarica LK14
|--A. ovata M94
`--A. salvifolia C16
Perovskia abrotanoides [incl. P. artemisioides] YS10
Basilicum polystachyon LK14
Cedronella triphylla C06
Leonotis nepetifolia H93, C55b
Acanthomintha H93
|--A. duttonii [=A. obovata var. duttonii] H93
|--A. ilicifolia H93
|--A. lanceolata H93
`--A. obovata H93
|--A. o. ssp. obovata H93
`--A. o. ssp. cordata H93
Agastache H93
|--A. parvifolia [=A. urticifolia ssp. parvifolia] H93
`--A. urticifolia [incl. A. glaucifolia] H93
Glecoma hederacea H93
Hedeoma H93
|--H. drummondii H93
`--H. nanum H93
|--H. n. var. nanum H93
`--H. n. var. californicum H93
Lepechinia H93
|--L. calycina H93
|--L. cardiophylla H93
|--L. fragrans H93
`--L. ganderi H93
Moluccella laevis H93
Monarda H93
|--M. didyma I92
|--M. menthaefolia BT72
|--M. mollis S00
`--M. pectinata H93
Monardella H93
Pogogyne H93
|--P. abramsii H93
|--P. clareana H93
|--P. douglasii H93
| |--P. d. ssp. douglasii H93
| `--P. d. ssp. parviflora H93
|--P. floribunda H93
|--P. nudiuscula H93
|--P. serpylloides [incl. P. serpylloides ssp. intermedia] H93
`--P. zizyphoroides H93
Poliomintha incana H93
Pycnanthemum californicum H93
Salazaria mexicana H93
Dicrastylis H18
Ajuginucula smithii Reid & Chandler 1926 CBH93
Phyllostegia AS02
Ballota deserti (Noë) Jury, Rejdali & Griffiths in Greuter & Raus 1998 [=Sideritis deserti Noë 1855, Marrubium deserti (Noë) Cosson 1857] GR98
Pseudocaryopteris bicolor (Roxburgh) Cantino 1999 [=Volkameria bicolor Roxburgh ex Hardw. 1799, Caryopteris bicolor (Roxburgh) Mabb. in Manilal 1980; incl. Clerodendrum odoratum var. albiflorum Voigt 1845, Ca. odorata var. albiflora (Voigt) Moldenke 1971, Cl. odoratum Don 1825, Ca. odorata (Don) Rob. 1916, Volkameria odorata Roxburgh 1814 (n. n.), Ca. wallichiana Schauer in de Candolle 1847] K07
Pseudocaryopteris foetida (Don) Cantino 1999 [=Clerodendrum foetidum Don 1825, Caryopteris foetida (Don) Thell. 1919; incl. Cl. gratum Wallich ex Walp. 1845, Ca. grata (Wallich) Benth. in Benth. & Hooker 1876] K07
*Type species of generic name indicated
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Last updated: 3 April 2020.
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