Sacoglossa

Cylindrobulla sp., from Sea Slugs of Hawai'i.

Belongs within: Heterobranchia.
Contains: Plakobranchidae.

The Sacoglossa are a group of algal-feeding gastropods characterised by a muscular, suctorial pharynx and uniseriate radula.

<==Sacoglossa [Sacoglossida] BR17
    |--Oxynooidea [Conchoidea, Julioidea, Oxynoacea, Oxynoiformes] BR05
    |    |--Cylindrobulla Fischer 1857 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--*C. beauii Fischer 1857 BR17
    |    |    |--C. fischeri Adams & Angas 1865 H09
    |    |    |--C. gigas Mikkelsen 1998 BC01
    |    |    |--C. phuketi Jensen 1989 J96
    |    |    `--C. pusilla Nevill 1869 H09
    |    |--Oxynoidae [Oxynoeidae] BR05
    |    |    |--Oxynoe Rafinesque 1814 BR05
    |    |    |    `--*O. olivacea Rafinesque 1814 BR17
    |    |    |--Icarus Forbes 1844 [Icaridae, Icarina, Icarinae] BR05
    |    |    |    `--*I. gravesi Forbes 1844 BR17
    |    |    |--Lophocercus Krohn 1847 [=Lephocercus (l. c.); Lephocercina, Lophocercidae, Lophocercinae] BR05
    |    |    |    `--*L. sieboldii Krohn 1847 BR17
    |    |    `--Lobiger Krohn 1847 [Lobigeridae, Lobigerina] BR05
    |    |         `--*L. philippii Krohn 1847 BR17
    |    |--Volvatellidae [Arthessidae, Arthessoidea, Volvatellacea, Volvatellina, Volvatelloidea, Volvatelloidei] BR05
    |    |    |--Arthessa Evans 1950 BR05
    |    |    |    `--*A. cincta (Nevill & Nevill 1869) [=Volvatella cincta] BR17
    |    |    |--Volvatella Pease 1860 [Volvatellinae] BR05
    |    |    |    |--*V. fragilis Pease 1860 BR17
    |    |    |    `--V. pyriformis Pease 1860 H09
    |    |    `--Ascobulla Marcus 1972 [Ascobullacea, Ascobullidae] BR05
    |    |         |--*A. ulla (Marcus & Marcus 1970) [=Cylindrobulla ulla] BR17
    |    |         `--A. fischeri (Adams & Angas 1864) J96
    |    `--Juliidae [Juliacea] BR05
    |         |--Gougerotia Le Renard 1980 [Gougerotiinae] BR05
    |         |    `--*G. orthodonta Le Renard 1980 BR17
    |         |--Berthelinia Crosse 1875 (see below for synonymy) BR05
    |         |    |--*B. elegans Crosse 1875 BR17
    |         |    `--‘*Tamanovalva’ limax Kawaguti & Baba 1959 BR17
    |         `--Juliinae BR05
    |              |--Prasina Deshayes 1863 [Prasinidae] BR05
    |              |    `--*P. borbonica Deshayes 1863 BR17
    |              `--Julia Gould 1862 BR05
    |                   `--*J. exquisita Gould 1862 BR17
    |--Plakobranchoidea (see below for synonymy) BR05
    |    |--Jenseneria Ortea & Moro 2015 [Jenseneriidae] BR17
    |    |    `--*J. borgninii (Trinchese 1896) [=Phyllobranchus borgninii] BR17
    |    |--Costasiella Pruvot-Fol 1951 BR05 [Costasiellidae BR17]
    |    |    `--*C. virescens Pruvot-Fol 1951 BR17
    |    |--Hermaeidae [Caliphyllacea, Caliphyllidae, Caliphyllina, Phyllobranchidae, Phyllobranchillidae] BR17
    |    |    |--Caliphylla Costa 1867 BR17, BR05
    |    |    |    `--*C. mediterranea Costa 1867 BR17
    |    |    |--Phyllobranchillus Pruvot-Fol 1933 [=Phyllobranchus Alder & Hancock 1864 non Girard 1851] BR05
    |    |    |    `--*P. orientalis (Kelaart 1858) [=Proctonotus orientalis, *Phyllobranchus orientalis] BR17
    |    |    |--Polybranchia Pease 1860 (see below for synonymy) BR05
    |    |    |    |--*P. pellucida Pease 1860 [=*Lobifera pellucida] BR17
    |    |    |    `--P. westralis Jensen 1993 BW09
    |    |    `--Hermaea Lovén 1844 [Hermaeinae] BR05
    |    |         |--*H. bifida (Montagu 1815) [=Doris bifida] BR17
    |    |         |--H. aoteana Powell 1937 P61
    |    |         `--H. dendritica P61
    |    |--Limapontiidae [Limapontiadae, Stiligeridae, Stiligerinae, Stiligeroidea] BR05
    |    |    |--Calliopaea d’Orbigny 1837 APS-P86
    |    |    |--Limapontia Johnston 1836 BR05 [=Pontolimax Creplin 1848 BR17; Limapontiinae, Pontolimacidae]
    |    |    |    |--*L. nigra Johnston 1836 BR17
    |    |    |    `--L. depressa B64
    |    |    |--Olea Agersborg 1923 [Oleidae] BR05
    |    |    |    `--*O. hansineensis Agersborg 1923 BR17
    |    |    |--Alderia Allmann 1845 [Alderiidae] BR05
    |    |    |    `--*A. modesta (Lovén 1844) [=Stiliger modestus] BR17
    |    |    |--Ercolania Trinchese 1872 [Ercolaniinae] BR05
    |    |    |    |--*E. siottii Trinchese 1872 BR17
    |    |    |    `--E. funerea (Costa 1867) H01
    |    |    `--Stiliger Ehrenberg 1828 BR05
    |    |         |--*S. ornatus Ehrenberg 1828 BR17
    |    |         |--S. bellulus [=Calliopaea bellula] P61
    |    |         |--S. felinus (Hutton 1882) P61
    |    |         `--S. vossi CG99
    |    `--Plakobranchidae BR05
    `--Platyhedylidae [Platyhedylacea, Platyhedyloidea] BR17
         |--Gascoignella Jensen 1985 [Gascoignellidae] BR05
         |    `--*G. aprica Jensen 1985 BR17
         `--Platyhedyle Salvini-Plawen 1973 BR05
              `--*P. denudata Salvini-Plawen 1973 BR17

Berthelinia Crosse 1875 [incl. Tamanovalva Kawaguti & Baba 1959; Bertheliniidae, Bertheliniinae, Tamanovalvacea, Tamanovalvidae, Tamanovalvoidei] BR05

Cylindrobulla Fischer 1857 BR05 [Cylindrobullacea, Cylindrobullida, Cylindrobullidae BR17, Cylindrobullina, Cylindrobullinae, Cylindrobulloidea]

Plakobranchoidea [Aconchoidea, Ascoglossa, Cirrobranchia, Elysiacea, Elysiina, Elysiomorpha, Limapontioidea, Pellibranchiata, Phyllobranchiacea, Placobranchacea, Placobranchoidea, Plakobranchacea, Stiligerida, Stiligerina] BR05

Polybranchia Pease 1860 [=Lobifera Pease 1860; Lobiferidae, Polybranchidae, Polybranchiidae, Polybranchiinae, Polybranchioidea] BR05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APS-P86] Arnaud, P. M., C. Poizat & L. v. Salvini-Plawen. 1986. Marine-interstitial Gastropoda (including one freshwater interstitial species). In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 153–176. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106–156.

[J96] Jensen, K. R. 1996. The Diaphanidae as a possible sister group of the Sacoglossa (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia). In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 231–247. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Dorididae

Monterey sea lemons Doris montereyensis, copyright Ed Bierman.

Belongs within: Doridina.

The Dorididae are a group of nudibranchs united by the presence of small and blunt oral tentacles at both sides of the mouth area, and a smooth labial cuticle (Valdés 2002).

Dorididae [Archidorididae, Doridea, Doridia, Doridigitatidae]
    |  i. s.: Petelodoris Bergh 1881 V02
    |         Peronodoris Bergh 1904 V02
    |--Aldisa Bergh 1878 [Aldisidae, Aldisinae] V02
    |    `--*A. zetlandica (Alder & Hancock 1854) [=Doris zetlandica] V02
    |--+--Pharodoris Valdés 2001 V02
    |  `--Goslineria Valdés 2001 V02
    |--Conualevia Collier & Farmer 1964 [Conualeviidae, Conualeviinae, Conualevinae] V02
    |    |--*C. marcusi Collier & Farmer 1964 V02
    |    |--C. alba Collier & Farmer 1964 V02
    |    `--C. mizuna Marcus & Marcus 1967 PP78
    |--Aphelodoris Bergh 1879 V02
    |    |--*A. antillensis Bergh 1879 [incl. Doris bistellata Verrill 1900] V02
    |    |--A. affinis Eliot 1907 P61
    |    |--A. luctuosa (Cheeseman 1882) P61 [incl. A. cheesemani F27]
    |    `--A. purpurea Bergh 1905 P61
    `--+--Archidoris Bergh 1878 [=Anoplodoris Fischer 1883] V02
       |    |--A. pseudoargus (Rapp 1827) V03 (see below for synonymy)
       |    |--A. incerta Bergh 1898 H01
       |    |--A. johnstoni M01
       |    |--A. nanula Bergh 1904 P61
       |    |--A. nobilis Odhner 1907 H01
       |    |--A. violacea Bergh 1904 P61
       |    `--A. wellingtonensis (Abraham 1877) P61
       `--Doris Linnaeus 1758 (see below for synonymy) V02
            |--*D. verrucosa Linnaeus 1758 (see below for synonymy) V02
            |--D. albopunctata C64
            |--D. aspera M01
            |--D. bertheloti [=Doridigitata bertheloti] V02
            |--D. ‘carinata’ Alder & Hancock 1864 non Quoy & Gaimard 1832 V02
            |--D. eubalia Fischer 1872 V02
            |--‘Ctenodoris’ flabellifera (Cheeseman 1881) P61
            |--D. flammea Alder & Hancock 1844 V02
            |--D. granulosa (Pease 1860) (see below for synonymy) V02
            |--D. ilo (Marcus 1955) [=*Siraius ilo] V02
            |--D. immonda Risbec 1928 (see below for synonymy) V02
            |--D. kerguelenensis (Bergh 1884) (see below for synonymy) V02
            |--D. loveni N79
            |--D. marmorata Risso 1818 B77
            |--D. mera Alder & Hancock 1844 V02
            |--D. montereyensis Cooper 1862 V02
            |--D. muricata N79
            |--D. nucleola Pease 1860 [incl. D. carina Abraham 1877, D. papillosa Pease 1860, D. tincta Pease 1864] V02
            |--D. obvelata N79
            |--D. ocelligera (Bergh 1881) B77
            |--D. pecten (Eliot 1906) [=Staurodoris pecten, *Ctenodoris pecten] V02
            |--D. seposita Fischer 1872 V02
            |--D. sticta Iredale & O’Donoghue 1923 V02
            |--D. tricolor (Baba 1938) [=*Neodoris tricolor non D. tricolor Cantraine 1841 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.)] V02
            `--‘Doriopsis’ viridis Pease 1861 V02

Archidoris pseudoargus (Rapp 1827) V03 [=Doris pseudoargus V02; incl. D. flavipes Leuckart 1828 V02, D. leuckartii Delle Chiaje 1841 V02, D. schembrii Verany 1846 V02, D. tuberculata Bergh 1878 non Müller 1778 V02, *Anoplodoris tuberculata V02, *Archidoris tuberculata V02]

Doris Linnaeus 1758 [=Doridigitata d’Orbigny 1839, Staurodoris Bergh 1878; incl. Austrodoris Odhner 1926, Ctenodoris Eliot 1907, Doriopsis Pease 1860, Doriorbis Kay & Young 1969, Guyonia Risbec 1928, Neodoris Baba 1938, Siraius Marcus 1955; Doridinae, Neodoridinae] V02

Doris granulosa (Pease 1860) [=*Doriopsis granulosa; incl. Doris (Ctenodoris) aurantiaca Eliot 1913, Doris flabellifera Cheeseman 1881, Doriopsis scabra Pease 1871, *Guyonia flava Risbec 1928] V02

Doris immonda Risbec 1928 [=Platydoris immonda; incl. Doris nucleola Kay & Young 1969 non Pease 1860, *Doriorbis nucleola, Siraius nucleola] V02

Doris kerguelenensis (Bergh 1884) [=Archidoris kerguelenensis, Austrodoris kerguelenensis; incl. Ar. australis Bergh 1884, Au. crenulata Odhner 1926, Au. georgiensis García et al. 1993, Au. macmurdensis Odhner 1934, Au. michaelseni Odhner 1926, Au. mishu Marcus 1985, Au. nivium Odhner 1934, Archidoris rubescens Bergh 1898, *Au. rubescens, Au. tomentosa Odhner 1934, Au. vicentei Marcus 1985] V02

*Doris verrucosa Linnaeus 1758 [=*Doridigitata verrucosa, *Staurodoris verrucosa; incl. Doris biscayensis Fischer 1872, Doris derelicta Fischer 1867, Staurodoris bobretzkii Gadzikiewicz 1907, S. januari Bergh 1878, S. verrucosa var. mollis Eliot 1906] V02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B77] Bertsch, H. 1977. The Chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the Pacific coast of America.—Part I. Investigative methods and supra-specific taxonomy. Veliger 20 (2): 107–118.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106–156.

[M01] M'Intosh, W. C. 1901. The coloration of marine animals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 221–240.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[V02] Valdés, Á. 2002. A phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Anthobranchia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 535–636.

[V03] Valdés, Á. 2003. Preliminary molecular phylogeny of the radula-less dorids (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia), based on 16S mtDNA sequence data. Journal of Molluscan Studies 69: 75–80.

Phyllidioidea

Dendrodoris denisoni, copyright Ria Tan.

Belongs within: Doridina.

The Phyllidioidea are a group of nudibranchs characterised by the absence of radula, together with a number of other features representing adaptations for suctorial feeding on sponges.

Synapomorphies (from Valdés 2002): Mouth area reduced to a pore, mouth opening moved posteriorly, labial cuticle absent, radula absent, salivary glands absent, oral glands present, caecum absent, intestine reduced, pedal commissure short.

Phyllidioidea [Phyllidiiformes, Phyllidiiformi, Porodoridacea, Porodoridoidea, Porostomata] BR05
    |--Mandelia Valdés & Gosliner 1999 [Mandeliidae] BR05
    |    `--*M. mirocornata Valdés & Gosliner 1999 BR17
    `--Dendrodorididae [Dendrodoridacea, Dendrodoridinae] BR05
         |  i. s.: Cariopsilla Ortea & Espinosa 2006 [Cariopsillidae] BR17
         |           `--*C. pharpa (Marcus 1961) [=Doriopsilla pharpa] BR17
         |--Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 V03, BR05 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |  i. s.: *D. lugubris (Ehrenberg 1831) [=Doris lugubris] BR17
         |    |         D. citrina (Cheeseman 1881) P61
         |    |         D. fulva (MacFarland 1905) PP78
         |    |         ‘*Doridopsis’ gemmacea Alder & Hancock 1864 BR17
         |    |         D. krebsii (Mörch 1863) B77
         |    |         D. mammosa (Abraham 1877) P61
         |    |         D. nigra (Stimpson 1855) V03 [=Doris nigra BD86; incl. Doridopsis macfarlandi Ostergaard 1955 V02]
         |    |--D. tuberculosa (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) V03
         |    `--+--D. denisoni (Angas 1864) V03
         |       `--+--D. albobrunnea Allan 1933 V03
         |          `--D. elongata Baba 1936 V03
         `--+--Doriopsilla Bergh 1880 V03, V02
            |    |  i. s.: D. australis (Angas 1864) P61
            |    |         D. nigromaculata (Cockerell in Cockerell & Elliot 1905) B77
            |    |         D. rowena Marcus & Marcus 1967 PP78
            |    |--+--*D. areolata Bergh 1880 P61, V03
            |    |  `--D. gemela Gosliner, Schaefer & Millen 1999 V03
            |    `--+--D. albopunctata (Cooper 1863) V03
            |       `--D. janaina Marcus & Marcus 1967 V03
            `--Phyllidiidae [Dipleurobranchia, Phyllidia, Phyllidiana, Phyllidiinae, Phyllidioidei] V03
                 |--‘Phyllidiopsis’ cardinalis Bergh 1875 V03
                 |--Phyllidiella Bergh 1869 V02
                 |    |--P. lizae Brunckhorst 1993 V03
                 |    |--P. nigra (van Hasselt 1824) BW09
                 |    |--P. pustulosa (Cuvier 1804) V03
                 |    `--P. rudmani Brunckhorst 1993 BW09
                 `--+--+--Ceratophyllidia Eliot 1903 V02
                    |  |    `--C. africana V02
                    |  `--Phyllidiopsis Bergh 1875 V02
                    |       |--P. krempfi Pruvot-Fol 1957 BW09
                    |       |--P. sphingis Brunckhorst 1993 V03
                    |       `--P. striata Bergh 1889 V03
                    `--+--Reticulidia Brunckhorst 1990 V02
                       |    |--R. fungia Brunckhorst & Gosliner 1993 V03
                       |    `--R. halgerda Brunckhorst & Burn 1990 V03
                       `--Phyllidia Cuvier 1797 V03, BR05 [incl. Fryeria Gray 1853 V03, BR05; Fryeriidae, Fryeriina]
                            |  i. s.: P. pulitzeri E96
                            |         P. trilineata G20
                            |--P. rueppelii (Bergh 1869) V03 [=*Fryeria rueppelii BR17]
                            `--+--+--*P. varicosa Lamarck 1801 BR17, V03
                               |  `--P. ocellata V03
                               `--+--P. coelestis Bergh 1905 V03
                                  `--P. elegans Bergh 1969 V03

Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 V03, BR05 [incl. Cryptodoris Ostergaard 1950 (n. n.) V02, Doridopsis Alder & Hancock 1864 V02, BR05, Hanstellodoris Pease 1871 V02; Doridopsidae, Doriopsidae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[B77] Bertsch, H. 1977. The Chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the Pacific coast of America.—Part I. Investigative methods and supra-specific taxonomy. Veliger 20 (2): 107–118.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[E96] Eertman, R. H. M. 1996. Comparative study on gill morphology of gastropods from Moreton Bay, Queensland. Molluscan Research 17: 3–20.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[V02] Valdés, Á. 2002. A phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Anthobranchia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 535–636.

[V03] Valdés, Á. 2003. Preliminary molecular phylogeny of the radula-less dorids (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia), based on 16S mtDNA sequence data. Journal of Molluscan Studies 69: 75–80.

Chromodorididae

Mexichromis multituberculata, copyright Steve Childs.

Belongs within: Doridina.
Contains: Glossodoris, Chromodoris, Hypselodoris.

The Chromodorididae are a group of usually brightly-coloured nudibranchs that feed on sponges.

Characters (from Bertsch 1977): Body usually brightly colored, dorsal skin texture usually smooth (dorsum occasionally with small, low, round tubercles), with lamellate rhinophores and gills surrounding anus. Receptaculum seminis attached to vagina or bursa copulatrix. Radular teeth numerous; erect shaft thicker along anteroposterior axis than laterally; denticles usually present; shaft of tooth may end distally as unicuspid, bicuspid, or acuspid.

Chromodorididae [Chromodoridinae, Doriprismaticinae, Glossodorididae, Glossodoridinae, Miamiridae]
    |  i. s.: Orodoris Bergh 1875 V02
    |         Gravieria Vayssière 1912 V02
    |         Sphaerodoris Bergh 1877 V02
    |           `--S. incii (Gray 1850) [=Doris incii] H09
    |         Rosodoris Pruvot-Fol 1954 B77
    |         ‘Doris’ alba van Hasselt 1824 R84
    |--Cadlinella Thiele 1931 R84, R95 [Cadlinellinae]
    |    |--*C. ornatissima (Risbec 1928) [=Cadlina ornatissima] BR17
    |    |--‘Echinodoris’ armata Eliot 1913 (n. d.) R95
    |    `--C. hirsuta Rudman 1995 R95
    `--+--+--Glossodoris R84
       |  |--Verconia Pruvot-Fol 1931 R84, V02
       |  |    `--*V. verconis (Basedow & Hedley 1905) [=Albania verconis] R84
       |  `--Ardeadoris Rudman 1984 R84, V02
       |       `--*A. egretta Rudman 1984 R84
       `--+--Tyrinna Bergh 1898 R84, V02
          |    |--*T. nobilis Bergh 1898 R84
          |    |--T. evelinae (Marcus 1958) [=Cadlina evelinae] R84
          |    |--‘Cadlina’ japonica R84
          |    |--T. pusae Marcus 1959 R84
          |    `--‘Cadlina’ sagamiensis R84
          `--+--+--Chromodoris R84
             |  `--Pectenodoris Rudman 1984 R84, V02
             |       `--*P. trilineata (Adams & Reeve 1850) (see below for synonymy) R84
             `--+--Noumea Risbec 1928 R84, B77
                |    |--*N. romeri Risbec 1928 R84
                |    |--N. haliclona (Burn 1957) (see below for synonymy) R84
                |    |--N. nivalis Baba 1937 R84
                |    |--N. norba Marcus & Marcus 1970 R84
                |    |--N. simplex (Pease 1871) [=Chromodoris simplex] R84
                |    |--N. varians (Pease 1871) R84
                |    `--N. verconiforma Rudman 1995 R95
                `--+--+--Digidentis Rudman 1984 R84, R95
                   |  |    `--*D. arbuta (Burn 1961) [=Glossodoris arbuta, Babaina arbuta] R84
                   |  `--Thorunna Bergh 1878 R84, R95 [incl. Babaina Odhner in Franc 1968 R84; Thorunninae]
                   |       |--*T. furtiva Bergh 1878 [incl. Goniodoris flavidula Bergh 1873 (n. d.)] R84
                   |       |--T. africana Rudman 1984 R84
                   |       |--T. daniellae (Kay & Young 1969) R84, B77 [=Hypselodoris daniellae B77, Babaina daniellae B77]
                   |       |--‘Glossodoris’ florens Baba 1949 [=*Babaina florens] B77
                   |       |--T. horologia Rudman 1984 R84
                   |       |--T. montrouzieri Rudman 1995 R95
                   |       `--T. speciosus Rudman 1990 R95
                   |--Miamirinae BR17
                   |    |--Miamira Bergh 1874 BR05
                   |    |    |--*M. nobilis Bergh 1874 BR17
                   |    |    `--M. sinuata (van Hasselt 1824) [=Doris sinuata] H09
                   |    `--Ceratosoma Adams & Reeve 1850 R84, B77 [Ceratosomatidae, Ceratosomidae]
                   |         |--*C. trilobata (Gray 1827) [=Doris trilobata] BR17
                   |         |--C. amoena (Cheeseman 1886) [=Chromodoris amoena, Glossodoris amoena] R84
                   |         |--C. brevicaudatum Abraham 1876 H01
                   |         |--C. cornigerum (Adams & Reeve in Adams 1848) (see below for synonymy) R84
                   |         |--C. gibbosum Rochebrune 1894 H09
                   |         |--C. gracillimum Bergh 1876 R84
                   |         |--C. lixi Rochebrune 1894 H09
                   |         `--C. tenue Abraham 1876 H09
                   `--+--Durvilledoris Rudman 1984 R84, R95
                      |    |--*D. lemniscata (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) (see below for synonymy) R84
                      |    |--D. albofimbria Rudman 1995 R95
                      |    `--D. pusilla (Bergh 1874) R95
                      |--+--Hypselodoris R84
                      |  `--Risbecia Odhner 1934 R84, R95 [=Jeanrisbecia Odhner in Franc 1968 R84, V02]
                      |       |--R. tryoni (Garrett 1873) R95, R84 (see below for synonymy)
                      |       |--R. godeffroyana (Garrett in Bergh 1877) (see below for synonymy) R84
                      |       |--R. imperialis (Pease 1860) [=Doriprismatica imperialis, Chromodoris imperialis] R84
                      |       |--R. pulchella (Ruppell & Leuckart 1828) [=Doris pulchella, Chromodoris pulchella] R84
                      |       `--R. versicolor (Risbec 1928) [=Chromodoris versicolor] R84
                      `--Mexichromis Bertsch 1977 R84, B77
                           |--*M. antonii (Bertsch 1976) [=Chromodoris antonii] B77
                           |--M. festiva R84
                           |--M. kempfi (Marcus 1970) [=Chromodoris kempfi] R84
                           |--M. macropus Rudman 1983 R84
                           |--M. mariei (Crosse 1872) [=Doridopsis mariei; incl. Chromodoris sannio] R84
                           |--M. multituberculata (Baba 1953) [=Glossodoris multituberculata] R84
                           |--M. porterae (Cockerell 1901) (see below for synonymy) R84
                           |--M. tricolor (Cantraine 1841) [=Doris tricolor] R84
                           `--M. tura (Marcus & Marcus 1967) [=Chromodoris tura, Thorunna tura] R84

Ceratosoma cornigerum (Adams & Reeve in Adams 1848) [=Polycera cornigera; incl. C. francoisi Rochebrune 1894, Doris trifida Gray 1850] R84

*Durvilledoris lemniscata (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) [=Doris lemniscata, Glossodoris lemniscata; incl. Chromodoris clitonota Bergh 1905, G. clitonota, Doris dorsalis Gould 1852, Chromodoris luxuriosa Bergh 1874, C. scurra Bergh 1874, C. variegata Pease 1871] R84

Mexichromis porterae (Cockerell 1901) [=Chromodoris porterae, Glossodoris porterae, Hypselodoris porterae] R84

Noumea haliclona (Burn 1957) [=Glossodoris haliclona; incl. N. cameroni Burn 1966, N. margaretae Burn 1966] R84

*Pectenodoris trilineata (Adams & Reeve 1850) [=Goniodoris trilineata; incl. Chromodoris virgata Bergh 1905] R84

Risbecia godeffroyana (Garrett in Bergh 1877) [=Chromodoris godeffroyana, Goniobranchis godeffroyanus, Goniodoris godeffroyana, Hypselodoris godeffroyana] R84

Risbecia tryoni (Garrett 1873) R95, R84 [=Goniodoris tryoni R84, Chromodoris tryoni R84, Hypselodoris tryoni R84; incl. Ceratosoma francoisi Risbec 1928 non Rochebrune 1894 R84, *Risbecia francoisi Odhner 1934 R84, *Jeanrisbecia francoisi R84, R. odhneri Risbec 1953 R84]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B77] Bertsch, H. 1977. The Chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the Pacific coast of America.—Part I. Investigative methods and supra-specific taxonomy. Veliger 20 (2): 107–118.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106–156.

[R84] Rudman, W. B. 1984. The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-west Pacific: a review of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 81 (2–3): 115–273.

[R95] Rudman, W. B. 1995. The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: further species from New Caledonia and the Noumea romeri colour group. Molluscan Research 16: 1–43.

[V02] Valdés, Á. 2002. A phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Anthobranchia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 535–636.

Discodorididae

Discodoris boholiensis, copyright Prilfish.

Belongs within: Doridina.
Contains: Thordisa.

The Discodorididae are a group of nudibranchs united by the presence of a notched labium, small conical oral tentacles, two differentiated portions in the prostate, and two portions in the blood gland (Valdés 2002).

Discodorididae [Arginidae, Baptodorididae, Discodoridinae, Platydorididae]
    |--Otinodoris White 1948 V02
    |    `--*O. winckworthi White 1948 V02
    |--Sebadoris Marcus & Marcus 1960 V02, BR05 [Sebadorididae, Sebadoridinae]
    |    `--S. nubilosa (Pease 1871) V02 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Peltodoris Bergh 1880 [incl. Phialodoris Bergh 1889] V02
    |    |--*P. atromaculata Bergh 1880 [=Discodoris atromaculata] V02
    |    `--‘Phialodoris’ potrida Bergh 1889 V02
    |--Discodoris Bergh 1877 [incl. Erythrodoris Pruvot-Fol 1933, Fracassa Bergh 1878, Tayuva Marcus & Marcus 1967] V02
    |    |--*D. boholiensis Bergh 1877 [incl. D. meta Bergh 1877] V02
    |    |--D. cebuensis Bergh 1877 V02
    |    |--D. concinna (Alder & Hancock 1864) BD86 [=Doris concinna V02]
    |    |--‘Doris’ crucis Mörch 1863 V02
    |    |--‘*Erythrodoris’ dollfusi Pruvot-Fol 1933 (n. d.) V02
    |    |--‘Doris’ fragilis Alder & Hancock 1864 V02
    |    |--‘Doris’ granulata Ehrenberg 1831 V02
    |    |--D. heathi MacFarland 1905 B77
    |    |--D. ketos (Marcus & Marcus 1967) [=*Tayuva ketos] V02
    |    |    |--D. k. ketos V02
    |    |    |--‘Tayuva’ k. gila Marcus & Marcus 1970 V02
    |    |    `--‘Tayuva’ k. juva Marcus & Marcus 1970 V02
    |    |--D. mavis Marcus & Marcus 1967 B77
    |    |--D. modesta Bergh 1877 V02
    |    |--D. muta Bergh 1877 V02
    |    |--D. notha Bergh 1877 V02
    |    |--‘Doris’ pardalis Alder & Hancock 1864 V02
    |    |--D. schmeltziana Bergh 1877 V02
    |    |--D. stellifera (Vayssière 1904) [=Archidoris stellifera] V02
    |    `--D. zibethina (Bergh 1878) (n. d.) [=*Fracassa zibethina] V02
    `--+--+--Paradoris Bergh 1884 [incl. Percunas Marcus 1970] V02
       |  |    |--P. indecora (Bergh 1881) [=Discodoris indecora; incl. *P. granulata Bergh 1884] V02
       |  |    |--P. ceneris Ortea 1995 V02
       |  |    |--P. leuca Miller 1995 V02
       |  |    |--P. mollis Ortea 1995 V02
       |  |    `--‘*Percunas’ mulciber Marcus 1970 V02
       |  `--+--Geitodoris Bergh 1891 V02, BR05 (see below for synonymy)
       |     |    |--G. planata (Alder & Hancock 1846) V02 (see below for synonymy)
       |     |    |--G. bonosi Ortea & Ballesteros 1981 [=*Verrillia bonosi] V02
       |     |    |--‘*Carryodoris’ joubini Vayssière 1919 V02
       |     |    |--G. ohshimai Baba 1926 V02
       |     |    `--G. reticulata Eliot 1906 V02
       |     `--+--Hoplodoris Bergh 1880 V02, BR05 [Hoplodoridinae]
       |        |    |--*H. desmoparypha Bergh 1880 V02
       |        |    |--H. estrelyado Gosliner & Behrens 1998 V02
       |        |    |--H. nodulosa (Angas 1864) [=Doris nodulosa] V02
       |        |    `--H. novaezelandiae (Bergh 1904) [=Homoiodoris novaezelandiae] V02
       |        `--+--Thordisa V02
       |           `--+--Halgerda Bergh 1880 V02, BR05 [Halgerdidae, Halgerdinae]
       |              |    |--*H. formosa Bergh 1880 BR17
       |              |    |--H. rubra Bergh 1905 DSA04
       |              |    `--H. tessellata (Bergh 1880) BW09
       |              `--Asteronotus Ehrenberg 1831 V02, BR05 (see below for synonymy)
       |                   |--*A. hemprichi Ehrenberg 1831 BR17
       |                   |--A. alabastrinus (Cooper 1862) [=Doris (Asteronotus) alabastrina] C64
       |                   |--A. cespitosus (van Hasselt 1824) (see below for synonymy) V02
       |                   `--A. sanguineus (Cooper 1862) (see below for synonymy) C64
       `--+--Thorybopus Bouchet 1977 V02
          |--Taringa Marcus 1955 V02, BR05 [Taringinae]
          |    `--*T. telopia Marcus 1955 BR17
          |--Alloiodoris Bergh 1904 V02
          |    |--*A. marmorata P61
          |    `--A. lanuginata (Abraham 1877) P61
          |--Atagema Gray in Gray 1850 V02
          |    |--*A. carinata (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) [=Doris carinata] P61
          |    |--A. intecta (Kelaart 1858) BW09
          |    `--A. spongiosa (Kelaart 1858) BW09
          |--+--Diaulula Bergh 1878 V02, BR05 [Diaululidae, Diaululinae]
          |  |    `--*D. sandiegensis (Cooper 1863) BR17 [=Doris (Actinocyclus) sandiegensis BR17, C64]
          |  `--Anisodoris Bergh 1898 V02 [incl. Montereina MacFarland 1905 V03, V02]
          |       `--A. nobilis (MacFarland 1905) V03 [=*Montereina nobilis V02, DSA04, Peltodoris nobilis V02]
          |--Rostanginae [Rostangidae] V02
          |    |--Awuka Marcus 1955 V02
          |    |--Boreodoris Odhner 1939 V02
          |    `--Rostanga Bergh 1879 BR05
          |         |--*R. coccinea (Forbes 1848) [=Doris coccinea] BR17
          |         |--R. muscala (Abraham 1877) P61
          |         |--R. pulchra MacFarland 1905 H01
          |         |--R. rubicunda (Cheeseman 1881) P61
          |         `--R. rubra Risso 1818 V02
          `--+--Nophodoris Valdés & Gosliner 2001 V02
             |--Sclerodoris Eliot 1904 V02
             |    `--S. coriacea Eliot 1903 H01
             |--Kentrodoridinae [Centrodorididae, Kentrodorididae] V02
             |    |--Audura Bergh 1878 V02
             |    |--Kentrodoris Bergh 1874 BR05 [incl. Centrodoris Odhner in Franc 1968 V02]
             |    |    `--*K. rubescens Bergh 1874 BR17
             |    `--Jorunna Bergh 1876 V02
             |         |--J. pantherina (Angas 1864) BW09
             |         `--J. rubescens Bergh 1876 BW09
             `--+--Baptodoris Bergh 1884 V02, BR05 [Baptodoridinae]
                |    `--*B. cinnabarina Bergh 1884 BR17
                `--Platydoridinae V02
                     |--Gargamella Bergh 1894 V02
                     |    |--*G. immaculata P61
                     |    `--G. novozealandica Eliot 1907 P61
                     `--Platydoris Bergh 1877 BR05
                          |--*P. argo (Linnaeus 1767) [=Doris argo] BR17
                          |--P. coriacea (Abraham 1777) [=Doris coriacea] H09
                          |--P. cruenta (Gray 1850) [=Asteronotus cruentus] H09
                          |--P. dura PP64
                          `--P. infrapicta (Smith 1884) [=Doris infrapicta] H09

Discodorididae incertae sedis:
  Trippa Bergh 1877 [Trippidae, Trippinae] BR05
    `--*T. ornata (Bergh 1877) [=Doriopsis ornata] BR17
  Aporodoris Ihering 1886 V02
    `--A. rubra Bergh 1905 DSA04
  Nirva Bergh 1905 V02
  Dictyodoris Bergh 1880 V02
  Dystylodoris Odhner 1959 V02
  Carminodoris Bergh 1889 V02
    |--*C. mauritiana Bergh 1889 V02
    |--C. boucheti Ortea 1979 V02
    `--C. spinobranchialis Ortea & Martínez 1992 V02
  Gruvelia Risbec 1928 [Gruveliidae, Gruveliinae] BR05
    `--*G. spahri Risbec 1928 BR17
  Artachaea Bergh 1882 [Artachaeinae] BR05
    `--*A. rubida Bergh 1882 V02
  ‘Argus’ Bohadsch 1761 (nom. rej.) BR05

Asteronotus Ehrenberg 1831 V02, BR05 [incl. Xenodoris Odhner in Franc 1968 (n. n.) V02; Asteronotidae, Asteronotinae]

Asteronotus cespitosus (van Hasselt 1824) [incl. Doris sordida Rüppell & Leuckart 1830, *Xenodoris sordida] V02

Asteronotus sanguineus (Cooper 1862) [=Doris (Asteronotus) sanguinea non Hexabranchus sanguineus Rüppell & Leuckart 1831 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.)] C64

Geitodoris Bergh 1891 V02, BR05 [incl. Carryodoris Vayssière 1919 V02, Verrillia Ortea & Ballesteros 1981 V02; Geitodorididae]

Geitodoris planata (Alder & Hancock 1846) V02 [=Doris planata V02, Discodoris planata V02; incl. Doris complanata Verrill 1889 V02, BR17, *Geitodoris complanata V02, Doris testudinaria Risso 1818 V02]

Sebadoris nubilosa (Pease 1871) V02 [=Doris nubilosa V02; incl. Thordisa crosslandi Eliot 1903 V02, BR17, *Sebadoris crosslandi BR17, Diaulula gigantea Bergh 1905 V02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[B77] Bertsch, H. 1977. The Chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the Pacific coast of America.—Part I. Investigative methods and supra-specific taxonomy. Veliger 20 (2): 107–118.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[DSA04] Dayrat, B., C. Schander & K. A. Angielczyk. 2004. Suggestions for a new species nomenclature. Taxon 53 (2): 485–491.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106–156.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[V02] Valdés, Á. 2002. A phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Anthobranchia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 535–636.

[V03] Valdés, Á. 2003. Preliminary molecular phylogeny of the radula-less dorids (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia), based on 16S mtDNA sequence data. Journal of Molluscan Studies 69: 75–80.

Glossodoris

Glossodoris atromarginata, copyright Alexander R. Jenner.

Belongs within: Chromodorididae.

Glossodoris is a genus of nudibranchs in which the mantle edge is developed into a series of permanent or semi-permanent folds (Rudman 1984).

Characters (from Rudman 1984): Body relatively high; mantle edge (sometimes very reduced) thrown into a series of semi-permanent or permanent folds. Mantle glands arranged submarginally around mantle and open dorsally. Gills either simple or subquadrangular and wriggle rhythmically. Oral tube two or three times size of buccal bulb. Jaw rodlets bifid, each rodlet recurved about midway along its length. Radular ribbon long and narrow, protruding from rear of buccal bulb below oesophagus as a recurved cylinder. Number of teeth in a half-row between a half and one-quarter the number of rows of teeth. Innermost lateral tooth usually with many small denticles on each side of cusp, inner teeth similarly shaped but denticulate only on outside. Midlaterals with elongate cusp, denticles reduced. Reproductive system with a long narrow vagina. Exogenous sperm sac large, vestibular gland a small glandular pocket at genital opening.

<==Glossodoris Ehrenberg 1831 R95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. pallida (Ruppell & Leuckart 1828) R84 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. aeruginosa Rudman 1995 R95
    |--G. angasi R95
    |--G. atopa (Bergh 1905) P61
    |--G. atromarginata (Cuvier 1804) BW09 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. aureola Rudman 1995 R95
    |--G. aureomarginata (Cheeseman 1881) P61
    |--G. cincta (Bergh 1888) R95
    |--‘Chromodoris’ dalli Bergh 1879 (see below for synonymy) B77
    |--G. elisabethina (Bergh 1876) H01
    |--G. gracilis PP64
    |--G. hikuerensis (Pruvot-Fol 1954) R95
    |--G. kulonba Burn 1966 R84
    |--G. misakinosibigae Baba 1988 R95
    |--‘*Crepidodoris’ plumbea Pagenstecher 1977 R84
    |--G. pullata Rudman 1995 R95
    |--G. punctilucens (Bergh 1890) R84, B77 [=Chromodoris punctilucens B77, Chromolaichma punctilucens B77]
    |--G. rubroannulata Rudman 1986 R95
    |--G. sedna (Marcus & Marcus 1967) R95, B77 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. symmetricus Rudman 1960 R95
    `--G. youngbleuthi (Kay & Young 1969) R84, B77 [=Chromodoris youngbleuthi B77, Chromolaichma youngbleuthi B77]

‘Chromodoris’ dalli Bergh 1879 [=Chromolaichma dalli; incl. Chromodoris banksi Farmer 1963, Chromodoris banksi sonora Marcus & Marcus 1967] B77

Glossodoris Ehrenberg 1831 R95 [incl. Casella Adams & Adams 1854 V02, Chromolaichma Bertsch 1977 R84, Crepidodoris Pagenstecher 1877 R84, Doriprismatica d’Orbigny 1839 BR17]

Glossodoris atromarginata (Cuvier 1804) BW09 [=Doris atromarginata B77, Casella atromarginata B77, *Doriprismatica atromarginata BR17; incl. *C. gouldii Adams & Adams 1858 B77, R84]

Glossodoris pallida (Ruppell & Leuckart 1828) R84 [=Doris pallida R84, Chromodoris pallida R84; incl. Doris xantholeuca Ehrenberg 1831 BR17, *Glossodoris xantholeuca BR17, R84]

Glossodoris sedna (Marcus & Marcus 1967) R95, B77 [=Casella sedna B77, Chromodoris sedna R84, *Chromolaichma sedna B77; incl. Chromodoris fayae Lance 1968 R84]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B77] Bertsch, H. 1977. The Chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the Pacific coast of America.—Part I. Investigative methods and supra-specific taxonomy. Veliger 20 (2): 107–118.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106–156.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[R84] Rudman, W. B. 1984. The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-west Pacific: a review of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 81 (2–3): 115–273.

[R95] Rudman, W. B. 1995. The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: further species from New Caledonia and the Noumea romeri colour group. Molluscan Research 16: 1–43.

[V02] Valdés, Á. 2002. A phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Anthobranchia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 535–636.

Pycnodontoidei

Apomesodon gibbosus, copyright Ghedoghedo.

Belongs within: Pycnodontiformes.
Contains: Pycnodontidae.

The Pycnodontoidei are a clade of pycnodontiform fishes characterised by the loss of scales over much of the body (Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002).

Characters (from Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002): Opercular process of hyomandibular absent; ossifications in gular region absent; two branchiostegal rays, thin and separated; crenulations on vomerine and prearticular teeth occasional and weak if present; scales not covering the whole body; scales rows between bases of lepidotrichia of unpaired fins absent.

Pycnodontoidei
    |--Eomesodon Woodward 1918 P-AW02
    |    |--*E. liassicus (Egerton 1855) [=Pycnodus liassicus] P-AW02
    |    |--E. barnesi (Woodward 1906) P-AW02
    |    |--E. depressus Woodward 1918 P-AW02
    |    `--E. hoeferi (Gorjanovic-Kramberger 1905) P-AW02
    `--+--Apomesodon Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002 P-AW02
       |    |--*A. gibbosus (Wagner 1851) [=Mesodon gibbosus, Gyrodus gibbosus Agassiz 1843 (n. n.)] P-AW02
       |    |--A. comosus (Thiollière 1858) [=Mesodon comosus, Macromesodon comosus] P-AW02
       |    `--A. surgens Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002 P-AW02
       `--Pycnodontoidea P-AW02
            |--Pycnodontidae P-AW02
            `--Coccodontidae P-AW02
                 |--Trewavasia White & Moy-Thomas 1941 P-AW02
                 |    `--*T. carinatus (Davis 1887) [=Xenopholis carinatus] P-AW02
                 `--+--Ichthyoceros Gayet 1984 P-AW02
                    |    `--*I. spinosus Gayet 1984 P-AW02
                    `--Coccodus Pictet 1850 P-AW02
                         |--*C. armatus Pictet 1850 P-AW02
                         `--C. lindstroemi Davis 1890 (n. d.) P-AW02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[P-AW02] Poyato-Ariza, F. J., & S. Wenz. 2002. A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes. Geodiversitas 24 (1): 139–248.

Proscinetinae

Proscinetes cf. elegans, copyright Ghedoghedo.

Belongs within: Pycnodontidae.

The Proscinetidae are a group of pycnodontid fishes known from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, characterised by the alternation of one large and two small teeth in the main vomerine tooth row (Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002).

Characters (from Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002): Three vomerine tooth rows; main vomerine tooth row alternating between one large and two small teeth, with eight or nine teeth in total (counting each couple of alternating small teeth as one tooth); about 30 to 34 vertebrae; dorsal ridge scales separated from each other; 18 to 21 ventral keel scales; spines on ventral keel scales placed in the posterior region of the midline.

Proscinetinae
    |--Neoproscinetes Figueiredo & Silva Santos 1987 PA-W02
    |    `--*N. penalvai (Silva Santos 1970) [=Microdon penalvai] PA-W02
    `--Proscinetes Gistl 1848 PA-W02
         |--*P. elegans (Agassiz 1833) [=Microdon elegans] PA-W02
         |--P. bassanii (D’Erasmo 1914) [=Coelodus bassanii, Palaeobalistium bassanii] PA-W02
         |--P. bernardi (Thollière 1852) PA-W02
         |--P. egertoni (Thollière 1852) PA-W02
         |--P. itieri (Thollière 1850) PA-W02
         |--P. radiatus (Agassiz 1839) PA-W02
         |--P. sauvanasi (Thollière 1852) PA-W02
         |--P. thollieri (Saint-Seine 1949) PA-W02
         `--P. wagneri (Thollière 1852) [=Gyrodus wagneri] PA-W02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[P-AW02] Poyato-Ariza, F. J., & S. Wenz. 2002. A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes. Geodiversitas 24 (1): 139–248.

Ringipleura

Ringicula auriculata, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Heterobranchia.
Contains: Doridina, Aeolidacea, Dendronotina, Arminina.

The Ringipleura are a clade of marine molluscs supported by molecular data including the nudibranch sea slugs and related taxa. The basal Ringiculidae retain an external shell whereas members of the clade Nudipleura are shell-less. Ringiculid shells are solid and moderately high-spired with heavy spiral sculpture, a thick outer lip and strong folds on the columella. Within the Nudipleura, the Pleurobranchoidea have the external gill located on the right side of the body whereas that of the Nudibranchia is located dorsally.

<==Ringipleura BR17
    |--Ringiculidae [Ringiculacea, Ringiculida, Ringiculimorpha, Ringiculoidea] BR17
    |    |--Cinulia globulosa TTE93
    |    |--Ringinella albensis (Orbigny 1842) TTE93
    |    |--Avellana d’Orbigny 1843 [Avellaninae] BR05
    |    |    `--*A. avellana (Brongniart 1822) [=Cassis avellana] BR17
    |    |--Eriptycha Meek 1876 S98
    |    |    |--*E. decurtata (Sowerby 1831) [=Auricula decurtata] S98
    |    |    |--E. punamutica Wilckens 1922 [=Biplica punamutica] S98
    |    |    `--E. ringens (Orbigny 1842) TTE93
    |    `--Ringicula Deshayes 1838 [Ringiculinae] BR05
    |         |--*R. auriculata (Ménard de la Groye 1811) [=Marginella auriculata] BR17
    |         |--R. abyssicola Brazier 1877 H09
    |         |--R. arctata Gould 1860 H09
    |         |--R. assularum Watson 1883 H09
    |         |--R. caron Hinds 1844 H09
    |         |--R. delecta Murdoch & Suter 1906 P61
    |         |--R. lactea [incl. Pyramidella sulcata Johnston 1880 non Adams 1855] F27
    |         |--R. pusilla Watson 1883 H09
    |         |--R. ringens [=Auricula ringens] P61
    |         |--R. torquata Marwick 1926 F27
    |         `--R. uniplicata F27
    `--Nudipleura BR17
         |--Nudibranchia (see below for synonymy) BR05
         |    |  i. s.: Trapania HS01
         |    |           |--T. fusca PP64
         |    |           `--T. rudmani HS01
         |    |--Doridina BR05
         |    `--Cladobranchia (see below for synonymy) BR17
         |         |  i. s.: Goniaeolis Sars 1861 [Goniaeolididae] BR05
         |         |           `--*G. typica Sars 1861 BR17
         |         |         Hero Lovén 1855 BR05, BR17 [Heroacea, Heroidae, Heroinae] BR05
         |         |           `--*H. formosa (Lovén 1844) [=Cloelia formosa] BR17
         |         |         Bonisa nakaza Gosliner 1981 KM17
         |         |         Doridoxa Bergh 1899 BR05 [Doridoxida, Doridoxidae, Doridoxoidea BR17, Pseudoeuctenidiacea]
         |         |           `--*D. ingolfiana Bergh 1899 BR17
         |         |         Laniogerus blainvillii G20
         |         |--Aeolidacea BR05
         |         |--Dendronotina H01
         |         `--Arminina H01
         `--Pleurobranchoidea [Pleurobranchida, Pleurobranchomorpha, Subaplysiacea] BR17
              |--Quijote Ortea, Moro & Bacallado 2016 [Quijotidae] BR17
              |    `--*Q. cervantesi Ortea, Moro & Bacallado 2016 BR17
              |--Pleurobranchaea Leue 1813 [Pleurobranchaeidae, Pleurobranchaeinae] BR17
              |    |--*P. meckeli (Blainville 1825) [=Pleurobranchidium meckeli] BR17
              |    |--P. californica (MacFarland 1966) RD77
              |    |--P. maculata (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) P61
              |    |--P. novaezelandiae Cheeseman 1878 P61
              |    |    |--P. n. novaezelandiae P61
              |    |    `--P. n. granulosa Berg 1900 P61
              |    `--P. tarda B26
              `--Pleurobranchidae [Pleurobranchinae] BR05
                   |--Berthellina citrina (Rüppell & Leuckart 1828) BW09
                   |--Bathyberthella Willan 1983 [Bathyberthellini] BR05
                   |    `--*B. zelandiae Willan 1983 BR17
                   |--Berthella Blainville 1824 [Berthellinae, Berthellini] BR05
                   |    `--*B. plumula (Montagu 1803) [=Bulla plumula] BR17
                   |--Bouvieria Vayssiere 1896 P61
                   |    |--*B. aurantiaca (Risso 1818) [=Pleurobranchus aurantiacus] P61
                   |    `--B. ornata (Cheeseman 1878) P61
                   `--Pleurobranchus Cuvier 1804 [Pleurobrancheae, Pleurobranchini] BR05
                        |--*P. peronii Cuvier 1804 BR17
                        |--P. areolatus (Mörch 1863) PP78
                        |--P. californicus Dall 1900 O27
                        `--P. forskalii (Ruppell & Leuckart 1828) BW09

Cladobranchia [Abranchia, Actenidiacea, Archidexia, Cerabranchia, Ceratobranchia, Ceratonota, Cladohepatica, Dexiarchia, Dexioprocta, Exotenobranchia, Heterohepatica, Inferobranchia, Inferobranchiata, Leptognatha, Papillifera, Polybranchia] BR05

Nudibranchia [Bifaribranchiata, Gnathodoridacea, Gnathodoridoidea, Gymnobranchia, Gymnobranchiata, Hypobranchia, Hypobranchiata, Nudibranchi, Superobranchiata, Tergibranchiata, Tergobranchiata] BR05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1–509.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106–156.

[KM17] Korshunova, T., A. Martynov, T. Bakken, J. Evertsen, K. Fletcher, I. W. Mudianta, H. Saito, K. Lundin, M. Schrödl & B. Picton. 2017. Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia: aeolidacean taxonomic reassessment with descriptions of several new families, genera, and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda). ZooKeys 717: 1–139.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 1. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[RD77] Ram, J. L., & W. J. Davis. 1977. Mechanisms underlying "singleness of action" in the feeding behavior of Pleurobranchaea californica (MacFarland, 1966). Veliger 20 (1): 55–56.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 11 September 2021.