Lymnaeinae

Pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, copyright Epitree.

Belongs within: Hygrophila.

The Lymnaeinae are a cosmopolitan group of dextral freshwater snails of varying size and shape. They are characterised by a haploid chromosome number of 18 or (rarely) 19. Species of the genus Lymnaea have an elongate, thin shell with a thin, usually uniform periostracum.

<==Lymnaeinae BR05
    |--Acella Haldeman 1841 [Acellinae] BR05
    |    `--*A. gracilis (Jay 1839) [=Lymnaea gracilis] BR17
    |--Fossaria Westerlund 1885 [Fossarianinae, Fossariinae] BR05
    |    |--*F. truncatula (Müller 1774) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--F. cubensis (Pfeiffer 1839) [=Lymnaea cubensis] MC64
    |    |--F. decampi (Streng 1896) P88
    |    |--F. exigua (Lea 1821) P88
    |    |--F. galbana (Say 1825) B97
    |    |--F. modicella (Say 1825) P88
    |    `--F. parva (Lea 1841) P88
    |--Galba Schrank 1803 PB27
    |    |--*G. pusilla Schrank 1803 [=Lymnaea (*Galba) pusilla] PB27
    |    |--G. accelerata (White 1886) TTE93
    |    |--G. ativuncula (White 1886) TTE93
    |    |--G. consortis (White 1886) TTE93
    |    |--G. meikiensis Yu 1980 ZZ88
    |    |--G. subtruncatula (Boettger 1910) [=Limnaea subtruncatula, Lymnaea (Galba) subtruncatula] PB27
    |    `--G. umlaasiana (Küster 1862) [=Limnaeus umlaasianus, Lymnaea (Galba) umlaasiana] PB27
    |--Limnophysa Fitzinger 1833 [Limnophysidae] BR05
    |    |--*L. palustris (Müller 1774) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--L. p. palustris B65
    |    |    `--‘Stagnicola’ p. wyomingensis B65
    |    |--L. adelinae [=Limnaea (Limnophysa) adelinae] C64
    |    |--L. catascopium (see below for synonymy) C64
    |    |--L. emarginata (Say 1821) C64, B97 [=Limnaea emarginata C64; incl. Limnaea ontariensis C64, Limnaea serrata C64]
    |    |--L. ferruginea [=Limnaea (Limnophysa) ferruginea] C64
    |    |--L. pallida [=Limnaea (Limnophysa) pallida] C64
    |    |--L. proxima (Lea 1856) [=Limnaea proxima] C64
    |    |--L. reflexa C64 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--L. solida [=Limnaea (Limnophysa) solida; incl. Limnaea apicina] C64
    |    `--L. traskii [=Limnaea (Limnophysa) traskii] C64
    `--Lymnaea Lamarck 1799 RGG06 (see below for synonymy)
         |  i. s.: L. alfredi Suter 1890 P61
         |           |--L. a. alfredi P61
         |           `--L. a. hamiltoni Dell 1956 P61
         |         L. ampla Mighels 1843 [=Limnea (l. c.) ampla] J49
         |         L. caperata G79
         |         L. cataracta C64
         |         L. corvus (Gmelin 1791) L06
         |         L. dalli PF15
         |         L. desidiosa W79
         |         L. diaphana King 1830 RGG06
         |         L. exigua C64
         |         L. fragilis (Linnaeus 1758) PB27, L58 [=Helix fragilis PB27, Bulimus fragilis PB27]
         |         L. hopii (Robinson 1915) TTE93
         |         L. humilis TL64
         |         L. huonensis Tennison Woods 1875 [incl. L. launcestonensis Tennison Woods 1875] P79
         |         L. lanceata W79
         |         L. luteola CCG01
         |         L. mauritiana RW84
         |         L. megasoma W79
         |         L. oahuensis PB27
         |         L. obrussa PF15
         |         L. ollula MK10
         |         L. parva PF15
         |         L. physoides De Loriol 1865 B91
         |         L. pictonica Rochebrune & Mabille 1885 RGG06
         |         L. plicata Hylton Scott 1953 RGG06
         |         L. rufescens (see below for synonymy) TC89
         |         L. swinhoei Adams 1866 A66
         |         L. tomentosa FO72
         |         L. umbilicata G79
         |         L. viatrix (d’Orbigny 1835) RGG06
         |         L. websteri Arkell 1942 B91
         |--*L. (Lymnaea) stagnalis (Linnaeus 1758) P61, L06 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--L. s. stagnalis T59
         |    `--L. s. appressa T59
         |--L. (Cerasina) bulla PB27
         `--L. (Pseudosuccinea) columella Say 1817 MC64 (see below for synonymy)

Nomina nuda: Limnaea aegyptiaca Bourguignat 1899 PB27
             Limnaea amygdalina Bourguignat 1899 PB27
             Limnaea astilba Bourguignat 1899 PB27
             Limnaea astilba Bourguignat 1899 PB27
             Limnaea cleopatrae Bourguignat 1899 PB27
             Limnaea contracta Currier in Walker 1879 W79
             Limnaea expansilabris Bourguignat 1899 PB27
             Limnaea forskali Bourguignat 1899 PB27
             Limnaea intertexta Currier in Walker 1879 W79
             Limnaea lessepsiana Bourguignat 1899 PB27
             Limnaea letourneuxi Bourguignat 1899 PB27

*Fossaria truncatula (Müller 1774) BR17 [=Buccinum truncatulum BR17, Helix truncatula G40, Limnaeus (Stagnicola) truncatulus G40, Limneus truncatulus G40, Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula PB27; incl. Helix fossaria G40, Limneus fossarius G40, Lymnaea fossaria G40, Limnaeus minutus G40, Limneus minutus G40, Limnophysa minuta G40, Lymnaea minuta G40, Lymneus minutus G40, Stagnicola minuta G40, Bulimus truncatus G40]

Limnophysa catascopium [=Limnaea (Limnophysa) catascopium; incl. Limnaea cornea, Limnaea pinguis, Limnaea sericata, Limnaea virginiana] C64

*Limnophysa palustris (Müller 1774) BR17 [=Buccinum palustre BR17, Helix palustris G40, Limnaeus (Stagnicola) palustris G40, Limneus palustris G40, Lymnaea palustris G40, Lymneus palustris G40; incl. Limneus communis G40, Stagnicola communis G40, Limnaea palustris var. decollata Mighels & Adams 1842 H79, J49, Limnaea elodes C64, Limnaea expansa C64, Helix limosa Linnaeus 1758 (n. d.) G40, L58, Bulimus limosus G40, Limnaea nuttalliana C64, Limnaea plebeia C64, Limnaea (Limnophysa) sumassii C64, Limneus tinctus G40, Lymnaea palustris var. turricula S01]

Limnophysa reflexa C64 [=Limnaea (Limnophysa) reflexa C64; incl. Lymnaea reflexa var. distortus W79, Limnaea elongata C64, Limnaeus elongatus G40, Limneus elongatus G40, Lymnaea reflexa var. exilis W79, Limnaea haydeni C64, Limnaea umbrosa C64, Lymnaea reflexa var. zebra W79]

Lymnaea Lamarck 1799 RGG06 [=Eulimneus Sandberger 1875 PB27, Limnaea de Blainville 1825 PB27, Limnea Fleming 1828 PB27, Limneus Draparnaud 1805 PB27, Lymnaeus Cuvier 1817 PB27, Lymneus Brard 1815 PB27, Lymnula Rafinesque 1819 PB27, Lymnus Denys de Montfort 1810 PB27; incl. Leachia Risso 1826 PB27, BR05; Leachiae]

Lymnaea rufescens [incl. L. rufescens var. attenuata, L. chlamys Benson 1836, L. rufescens var. patula, L. pectinoides] TC89

*Lymnaea (Lymnaea) stagnalis (Linnaeus 1758) P61, L06 [=Helix stagnalis BR17, Bulimus stagnalis PB27, Limnaeus (Radix) stagnalis G40, Limnea stagnalis G40, Limneus (*Eulimneus) stagnalis PB27, Lymneus stagnalis G40, *Lymnula stagnalis PB27, *Lymnus stagnalis PB27; incl. Limnaea jugularis C64, Stagnicola elegans G40, Limneus major PB27, *Leachia major PB27, Buccinum roseolabiatum G40, Limnaea speciosa C64, Lymnaea tasmanica Tennison Woods 1875 P79, Lymnaea tenella P61, Stagnicola vulgaris G40]

Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) columella Say 1817 MC64 [incl. Limnaea acuminata Adams 1870 MC64, Li. peregra var. acuminata A79, Lymnaea (Cerasina) acuminata PB27, Lymnaea columellaris Adams 1839 MC64, Lymnaeus macrostomum Adams 1842 MC64, Limnaea navicula Valenciennes 1833 MC64, Lymnaea peregrina Clessin 1882 MC64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A66] Adams, H. 1866. Descriptions of fifteen new species of land and freshwater shells from Formosa, collected by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., consul at Taiwan in that island. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 316–319.

[A79] Ashford, C. 1879. Land and freshwater shells observed in the neighborhood of Redcar. Journal of Conchology 2: 236–241.

[B91] Bandel, K. 1991. Gastropods from brackish and fresh water of the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition (a systematic reevaluation). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A 134: 9–55.

[B65] Beetle, D. E. 1965. Molluscan fauna of some small ponds in Grand Teton National Park. Nautilus 78 (4): 125–130.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[B97] Brown, K. M. 1997. Temporal and spatial patterns of abundance in the gastropod assemblage of a macrophyte bed. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 27–33.

[CCG01] Canivet, V., P. Chambon & J. Gibert. 2001. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of arsenic and chromium in epigean and hypogean freshwater macroinvertebrates. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40: 345–354.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[FO72] Fisher, T. W., & R. E. Orth. 1972. Resurrection of Sepedon pacifica Cresson and redescription of Sepedon praemiosa Giglio-Tos with biological notes (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (1): 8–20.

[G79] Gibbons, J. S. 1879. Notes on the habits and distribution, &c., of certain W. Indian Pulmonifera. Journal of Conchology 2: 129–134.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[H79] Hey, W. C. 1879. Contributions to a better knowledge of the land and freshwater shells of Yorkshire. Journal of Conchology 2: 310–314.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213–231.

[L06] Lewin, I. 2006. The gastropod communities in the lowland rivers of agricultural areas—their biodiversity and bioindicative value in the Ciechanowska Upland, central Poland. Malacologia 49 (1): 7–23.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MC64] Malek, E. A., & P. Chroschiechowski. 1964. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) columella from Venezuela, and notes on distribution of Pseudosuccinea. Nautilus 78 (2): 54–56.

[MK10] Marinoni, L., & L. Knutson. 2010. Sciomyzidae (snail-killing flies, marsh flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1017–1024. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[P79] Petterd, W. F. 1879. List of the freshwater shells of Tasmania. Journal of Conchology 2: 80–88.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[PF15] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. H. Ferriss. 1915. Mollusca of the southwestern states, VII: the Dragoon, Mule, Santa Rita, Baboquivari, and Tucson Ranges, Arizona. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 363–418, pls 8–15.

[P88] Pip, E. 1988. Niche congruency of freshwater gastropods in central North America with respect to six water chemistry parameters. Nautilus 102 (2): 65–72.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[RW84] Rollinson, D., & C. A. Wright. 1984. Population studies on Bulinus cernicus from Mauritius. Malacologia 25 (2): 447–463.

[RGG06] Rumi, A., D. E. Gutiérrez Gregoric, V. Núñez, I. I. César, M. A. Roche, M. P. Tassara, S. M. Martín & M. F. López Armengol. 2006. Freshwater Gastropoda from Argentina: species richness, distribution patterns, and an evaluation of endangered species. Malacologia 49 (1): 189–208.

[S01] Sturany, R. 1901. Csigák és kagylók [Mollusken]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 69–74. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[TC89] Tapparone Canefri, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVIII.—Molluschi terrestri e d’acqua dolce. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 295–359.

[T59] Thomas, G. J. 1959. Self-fertilization and production of young in a sphaeriid clam. Nautilus 72 (4): 131–140.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TL64] Tuthill, S. J., & W. M. Laird. 1964. Molluscan fauna of some alkaline lakes and sloughs in southern central North Dakota (continued). Nautilus 77 (3): 81–90.

[W79] Walker, B. 1879. Catalogue of the shell-bearing Mollusca of Michigan. Journal of Conchology 2: 325–337.

[ZZ88] Zhu G.-X. & Zhou Y.-Z. 1988. Fresh-water molluscan fauna across Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary in southeast Jilin. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 27 (6): 713–721.

Last updated: 18 December 2021.