Gentianella

Stiff gentian Gentianella quinquefolia, copyright Peter Gorman.

Belongs within: Gentianeae.

Gentianella is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs bearing nectariferous flowers. Circumscription of the genus has been contentious; Australasian species were placed by Adams (1995) in a proposed segregate genus Chionogentias but this genus has not been recognsed by some other authors.

Characters (from Struwe et al. 2009): Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs; decumbent or erect. Stems usually sparsely branched above, rarely many stems from base. Stems terete or quadrangular. Flowers 4- or 5-merous, forming terminal or axillary umbelliform cymes, or borne singly. Calyx with a very short to well-developed tube, sometimes split to base on one side. Intracalycine membrane absent. Corolla infundibuliform, cylindrical, hypocrateriform, rotate, or campanulate. Aestivation convolute. Corolla shallowly divided or divided almost to base. Corolla tube may have vascularized fimbriae, non-vascularized fimbriae, or none at all. Fimbriae, when present, scattered, united in a ring, or arranged in a row at base of each corolla lobe. Plicae absent. Stamens inserted at or below middle of corolla tube. Filaments filiform and occasionally barbate below. One or two naked nectaries per corolla lobe present at base of corolla tube. Ovary sessile or with short gynophore. Style indistinct or absent. Seeds usually unwinged or rarely winged.

Gentianella Moench 1794 A95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--G. amarella SK02
    |  |    |--G. a. var. amarella H93
    |  |    `--G. a. var. acuta [=Gentiana amarella var. acuta] H93
    |  `--G. wislizenii SK02
    `--+--G. aurea [=Aloitis aurea] SK02
       |--G. cosmantha SK02
       |--G. saxosa (Forster) Holub 1968 SK02, A95 (see below for synonymy)
       `--+--G. quinquefolia SK02
          `--G. turkestanorum SK02

Gentianella incertae sedis:
  G. campestris [=Gentiana campestris, *Gentianella tetrandra Moench 1794 (nom. illeg.)] A95
  G. anglica SK02
  G. angustiflora O88
  G. anisodonta SK02
  G. antarctica (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. antipoda (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. astonii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. aspera SK02
  G. aurantiaca RJ11
  ‘Chionogentias’ barringtonensis Adams 1995 A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ bawbawensis Adams 1995 A95
  G. bellidifolia (Hooker) Holub 1968 SK02, A95 (see below for synonymy)
  ‘Chionogentias’ brevisepala Adams 1995 A95
  G. bulgarica JS02
  G. caucasica JS02
  G. cephalantha JS02
  G. cephantha JS02
  G. cerastioides SK02
  G. cerina (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. c. var. cerina A61
    `--‘Gentiana’ cerina var. suberecta (Kirk) Cheeseman 1906 [=G. cerina f. suberecta Kirk 1895] A61
  G. chathamica (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ clelandii Adams 1995 A95
  G. concinna (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. corymbifera (Kirk) Holub 1968 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. cunninghamii BC02 [=Chionogentias cunninghamii Adams 1995 A95]
    |--C. c. ssp. cunninghamii A95
    `--C. c. ssp. major Adams 1995 A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ demissa Adams 1995 A95
  G. diemensis (Grisebach) Willis 1957 (see below for synonymy) A95
    |--G. d. ssp. diemensis A95
    `--‘Chionogentias’ d. ssp. plantaginea Adams 1995 A95
  G. diffusa SK02 [=Gentiana (sect. *Andicola) diffusa A95]
  ‘Chionogentias’ divisa (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. d. var. divisa A61
    `--‘Gentiana’ d. var. magnifica (Kirk) Allan 1961 [=G. bellidifolia var. magnifica Kirk 1895] A61
  ‘Chionogentias’ eichleri Adams 1995 A95
  G. falcata O88
  G. filipes (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. foliosa SK02
  G. germanica SK02
  G. gibbsii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. glanduligera O88
  ‘Chionogentias’ grandis Adams 1995 A95
  G. gracilifolia (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. grisebachii (Hooker) Ho 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  ‘Chionogentias’ gunniana Adams 1995 A95
  ‘Gentiana’ lilliputiana Webb 1990 [=Chionogentias lilliputiana (Webb) Adams 1995] A95
  G. lineata (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. lowndesii O88
  G. matthewsii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. montana (Forster) Holub 1967 (see below for synonymy) A95
    |--G. m. var. montana A95
    |--‘Gentiana’ m. var. flaccida Grisebach 1838 (n. d.) A95
    `--‘Gentiana’ m. var. stolonifera Cheeseman 1906 A61
  ‘Chionogentias’ muelleriana Adams 1995 A95
    |--C. m. ssp. muelleriana A95
    |--C. m. ssp. alpestris Adams 1995 A95
    |--C. m. ssp. jingerensis Adams 1995 A95
    `--C. m. ssp. willisiana Adams 1995 A95
  G. paludosa O88
  G. patula (Cheeseman) Holub 1968 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. pedunculata O88
  G. peruviana SK02
  ‘Gentiana’ pleurogynoides Grisebach 1838 (see below for synonymy) A95
    |  i. s.: G. p. var. abbreviata Grisebach in de Candolle 1845 (n. d.) A95
    |--G. p. ssp. pleurogynoides A95
    `--‘Chionogentias’ p. ssp. milliganii Adams 1995 A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ polysperes Adams 1995 A95
  G. pygmaea [=*Aliopsis pygmaea] SK02
  G. ramosa JS02
  G. serotina (Cockayne) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. spenceri (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. stellariifolia O88
  G. stenocalyx JS02
  ‘Chionogentias’ sylvicola Adams 1995 A95
  G. tenuifolia (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. tereticaulis (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. tornezyana SK02
  G. townsonii (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. uliginosus SK02
  G. vernicosa (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. vvedenskyi O88

‘Chionogentias’ divisa (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95 [=Gentiana bellidifolia var. divisa Kirk 1895 A95, Gentiana divisa (Kirk) Cheeseman 1906 A95, Gentianella bellidifolia var. divisa (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95; incl. G. bellidifolia var. vacillata Kirk 1895 A61]

‘Gentiana’ pleurogynoides Grisebach 1838 [=Chionogentias pleurogynoides (Grisebach) Adams 1995, G. montana var. pleurogynoides (Grisebach) Hooker 1857, G. saxosa var. pleurogynoides (Grisebach) Hooker 1853] A95

Gentianella Moench 1794 A95 [incl. Aliopsis SK02, Aloitis SK02, Gentiana sect. Andicola Grisebach 1838 A95, Gentianella sect. Andicola (Grisebach) Holub 1967 A95, Gentiana sect. Antarctophila Grisebach 1838 A95, Gentianella sect. Antarctophila (Grisebach) Holub 1967 A95, Chionogentias Adams 1995 SK02, A95, Pitygentias Gilg 1916 SK02, A95]

Gentianella antarctica (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana antarctica Kirk 1895 A95, Chionogentias antarctica (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana antarctica var. imbricata Kirk 1895 A61, Gentiana concinna β elongata A61, Gentiana concinna var. robusta Hooker 1844 A95]

Gentianella antipoda (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana antipoda Kirk 1895 A95, Chionogentias antipoda (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95; incl. G. antipoda f. pallida Kirk 1895 A61]

Gentianella astonii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana astonii Petrie 1916, Chionogentias astonii (Petrie) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella bellidifolia (Hooker) Holub 1968 SK02, A95 [=Gentiana bellidifolia Hooker 1844 A95, Chionogentias bellidifolia (Hooker) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana amabilis Petrie 1926 A61, Gentiana bellidifolia var. australis Petrie ex Cheeseman 1925 A61, Gentiana flaccida Petrie 1911 non G. montana var. flaccida Grisebach 1838, Gentiana bellidifolia var. pulchella Kirk 1895 A61]

Gentianella cerina (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana cerina Hooker 1844 A95, Chionogentias cerina (Hooker) Adams 1995 A95; incl. G. campbellii Homb. & Jacq. ex Decne 1853 A61]

Gentianella chathamica (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana chathamica Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias chathamica (Cheeseman) Adams 1995, Gentiana pleurogynoides var. umbellata Kirk 1895] A95

Gentianella concinna (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana concinna Hooker 1844 A95, Chionogentias concinna (Hooker) Adams 1995 A95, Gentiana cerina f. concinna Kirk 1895 A61]

Gentianella corymbifera (Kirk) Holub 1968 A95 [=Gentiana corymbifera Kirk 1895 A95, Chionogentias corymbifera (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana pleurogynoides var. rigida Kirk 1895 A61]

Gentianella diemensis (Grisebach) Willis 1957 [=Gentiana diemensis Grisebach 1838, Chionogentias diemensis (Grisebach) Adams 1995, Gentiana montana var. diemensis (Grisebach) Hooker 1857] A95

Gentianella filipes (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana filipes Cheeseman 1896, Chionogentias filipes (Cheeseman) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella gibbsii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana gibbsii Petrie 1917, Chionogentias gibbsii (Petrie) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella gracilifolia (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana gracilifolia Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias gracilifolia (Cheeseman) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella grisebachii (Hooker) Ho 1993 A95 [=Gentiana grisebachii Hooker 1844 A95, Chionogentias grisebachii (Hooker) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana novae-zelandiae Armstrong 1872 A61, G. grisebachii var. novae-zealandiae C06, G. montana f. novae-zelandiae Kirk 1895 A61]

Gentianella lineata (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana lineata Kirk 1895 A95, Chionogentias lineata (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana verecunda Simpson 1952 A61]

Gentianella matthewsii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana matthewsii Petrie 1912, Chionogentias matthewsii (Petrie) Adams 1995, Gentiana grisebachii var. matthewsii (Petrie) Cheeseman 1925] A95

Gentianella montana (Forster) Holub 1967 [=Gentiana (sect. *Antarctophila) montana Forster 1786, Chionogentias montana (Forster) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella patula (Cheeseman) Holub 1968 A95 [=Gentiana bellidifolia var. patula Kirk 1895 A95, Chionogentias patula (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95, Gentiana patula (Kirk) Cheeseman 1906 A95; incl. Gentiana spedenii Petrie 1926 A61]

Gentianella saxosa (Forster) Holub 1968 SK02, A95 [=Gentiana saxosa Forster 1777 A95, *Chionogentias saxosa (Forster) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana hookeri Armstrong 1881 A61, Gentiana saxosa var. recurvata Kirk 1885 A61]

Gentianella serotina (Cockayne) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana serotina Cockayne 1915 A95, Chionogentias serotina (Cockayne) Adams 1995 A95, Gentiana scrotina (l. c.) CA27]

Gentianella spenceri (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana spenceri Kirk 1895, Chionogentias spenceri (Kirk) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella tenuifolia (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana tenuifolia Petrie 1913, Chionogentias tenuifolia (Petrie) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella tereticaulis (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana tereticaulis Petrie 1917, Chionogentias tereticaulis (Petrie) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella townsonii (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana townsoni Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias townsonii (Cheeseman) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella vernicosa (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana vernicosa Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias vernicosa (Cheeseman) Adams 1995] A95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A95] Adams, L. G. 1995. Chionogentias (Gentianaceae), a new generic name for the Australasian ‘snow-gentians’, and a revision of the Australian species. Australian Systematic Botany 8: 935–1011.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BC02] Bouman, F., L. Cobb, N. Devente, V. Goethals, P. J. M. Maas & E. Smets. 2002. The seeds of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 498–572. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CA27] Cockayne, L., & H. H. Allan. 1927. Notes on New Zealand floristic botany, including descriptions of new species, &c. (No. 5). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 48–72.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JS02] Jensen, S. R., & J. Schripsema. 2002. Chemotaxonomy and pharmacology of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 573–631. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.