Unedogemmula

Unedogemmula unedo, copyright Eng's Auctions.

Belongs within: Conoidea.

Unedogemmula is a group of relatively large conoids found in warm waters of the Indo-west Pacific (Powell 1966).

Characters (from Powell 1966): Shell large, 30–105 mm, fusiform, with tall spire and long straight unnotched anterior canal. Protoconch multispiral, narrowly conic, typically smooth of 3–3.5 whorls, terminating in half-whorl of brephic axials, varying to two whorls smooth followed by two axially costate. Sinus peripheral, a deep and narrow slit at the termination of a sinus rib formed of two, sometimes three, sharply raised cords. Coloration plain olive-brown, or with irregularly disposed reddish-brown dots on pale ground to larger maculations and axial streaks. Operculum leaf-shaped with terminal nucleus. Radula of modified wishbone-type, consisting of pair of stout hollow-based conical marginals tapering to sharp point.

<==Unedogemmula MacNeil 1961 BK11
    |--*U. unedo (Kiener 1839) P66, MG-H11 (see below for synonymy)
    |--U. bemmeleni (Oostingh 1941) [=Turris (Gemmula) bemmeleni] P66
    |--U. deshayesii (Doumet 1839) [=Pleurotoma deshayesii, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) deshayesii] P66
    |--U. hastula (Reeve 1843) (see below for synonymy) P66
    |--U. haydeni (Vredenburg 1925) [=Pleurotoma haydeni, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) haydeni] P66
    |--U. ickei (Martin 1906) [=Pleurotoma ickei, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) ickei] P66
    |--U. ina MacNeil 1960 [=Gemmula (Unedogemmula) ina] P66
    |--U. indica (Deshayes 1832) [=Pleurotoma indica, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) indica] P66
    |--U. koolhoveni (Oostingh 1938) [=Turris (Gemmula) koolhoveni] P66
    `--U. sondeiana (Martin 1895) [=Pleurotoma sondeina, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) sondeiana] P66

Unedogemmula hastula (Reeve 1843) [=Pleurotoma hastula, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) hastula; incl. P. trypanodes Melvill 1904] P66

*Unedogemmula unedo (Kiener 1839) P66, MG-H11 [=Pleurotoma unedo P66, Gemmula (*Unedogemmula) unedo P66; incl. Turris binda Garrard 1961 P66]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK11] Bouchet, P., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev & N. Puillandre. 2011. A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273–308.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

Gemmula (Gemmula)

Gemmula gemmulina, photographed by Jan Delsing.

Belongs within: Conoidea.

The type subgenus of the genus Gemmula is a group of relatively large, tall-spired conoids found in warmer waters (Powell 1966).

Characters (from Powell 1966): Shell rather large, 24–88 mm, elongate-fusiform, with tall spiral and long straight unnotched anterior canal. Protoconch tall, conical, polygyrate, axially costate. Adult sculpture of spiral keels and cords, peripheral keel mostly double, often flanged, always studded with gemmules, often cog-like in vertically fused pairs. Sinus deep and narrow, on peripheral carina. Operculum leaf-shaped, with terminal nucleus. Radula consisting of pair of wishbone-shaped marginals only, or with addition of central tooth which be vestigial to fully formed, unicuspid, with large broad base.

<==Gemmula Weinkauff 1875 (Gemmula) BK11
    |--G. (G.) hindsiana Berry 1958 [incl. Pleurotoma gemmata Reeve 1843 non Hinds 1843, *G. gemmata] P66
    |--G. (G.) aethiopica (Thiele 1925) [=Pleurotoma (G.) aethiopica] P66
    |--G. (G.) alternata (Conrad 1833) [=Pleurotoma alternata] P66
    |--G. (G.) amabilis (Weinkauff 1875) [=Pleurotoma amabilis] P66
    |--G. (G.) bimarginata (Suter 1917) [=Turris bimarginatus] P66
    |--G. (G.) birmanica (Vredenburg 1921) [=Pleurotoma (G.) birmanica] P66
    |--G. (G.) carodenta Harris 1937 P66
    |--G. (G.) clifdenensis Powell 1942 P66
    |--G. (G.) congener (Smith 1894) [=Pleurotoma congener] P66
    |    |--G. c. congener P66
    |    |--G. c. cosmoi (Sykes 1930) [=Turris cosmoi] P66
    |    `--G. c. mekranica (Vredenburg 1925) P66 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. (G.) dampierana Powell 1964 P66
    |--G. (G.) diomedea Powell 1964 P66, MG-H11 [=G. congener diomedea P66]
    |--G. (G.) disjuncta Laws 1936 P66
    |--G. (G.) ducalis (Thiele 1925) [=Pleurotoma (G.) ducalis] P66
    |--G. (G.) duplex (Suter 1917) [=Turris duplex] P66
    |--G. (G.) gellibrandensis Chapple 1934 P66
    |--G. (G.) gemmulina (Martens 1902) [=Pleurotoma (G.) gemmulina] P66
    |--G. (G.) gilchristi (Sowerby 1902) [=Pleurotoma gilchristi] P66
    |--G. (G.) graeffei (Weinkauff 1875) [=Pleurotoma (G.) graeffei] P66
    |--G. (G.) hawleyi (Iredale 1931) [=*Eugemmula hawleyi] P66
    |--G. (G.) hombroni Hedley 1922 P66 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. (G.) imitatrix (Martin 1916) [=Pleurotoma (Hemipleurotoma) imitatrix] P66
    |--G. (G.) iris (Vredenburg 1921) [=Pleurotoma (Hemipleurotoma) iris] P66
    |--G. (G.) kaiparaensis (Marshall 1918) [=Turris kaiparaensis] P66
    |--G. (G.) karangensis (Martin 1895) [=Pleurotoma karangensis] P66
    |--G. (G.) kieneri (Doumet 1840) [=Pleurotoma kieneri] P66
    |    |--G. k. kieneri P66
    |    `--G. k. ryukyuensis MacNeil 1960 P66
    |--G. (G.) kishimaensis Shuto & Ueda 1963 P66
    |--G. (G.) kotorai (Nomura & Zinbo 1935) [=Turris (G.) kotorai] P66
    |--G. (G.) lawsi Powell 1942 P66
    |--G. (G.) longwoodensis Powell 1942 P66
    |--G. (G.) margaritata (Marshall 1919) [=Turris margaritatus] P66
    |--G. (G.) margaritosa Casey 1904 P66
    |--G. (G.) martini (Tesch 1915) [=Pleurotoma martini; incl. P. (G.) valdiviae Thiele 1925] P66
    |--G. (G.) miocoronifera Powell 1964 P66
    |--G. (G.) monilifera (Pease 1860) [=Turris monilifera; incl. T. aelomitra Dall in Tinker 1952] P66
    |--G. (G.) murrayi Powell 1964 P66
    |--G. (G.) orba Marwick 1931 P66
    |--G. (G.) ornata (Marshall 1918) [=Turris ornatus] P66
    |--G. (G.) pakistanica (Eames 1952) [=Turris (G.) pakistanica] P66
    |--G. (G.) peraspera Marwick 1931 P66
    |--G. (G.) periscelida (Dall 1889) [=Pleurotoma periscelida] P66
    |--G. (G.) polita (Marshall 1919) [=Turris politus] P66
    |--G. (G.) praesignis (Smith 1895) [=Pleurotoma praesignis] P66
    |--G. (G.) pulchella Shuto 1961 [=G. granosa pulchella] P66
    |--G. (G.) reticulata (Marshall 1919) [=Turris reticulatus] P66
    |--G. (G.) rotatilis (Martens 1902) [=Pleurotoma (G.) rotatilis] P66
    |--G. (G.) samueli (Tenison-Woods 1879) [=Pleurotoma samueli] P66
    |--G. (G.) sibogae (Schepman 1913) [=Pleurotoma sibogae] P66
    |--G. (G.) sibukoensis Powell 1964 P66
    |--G. (G.) sindiensis (Vredenburg 1925) [=Pleurotoma (G.) sindiensis] P66
    |--G. (G.) soriensis (Eames 1952) [=Turris (G.) soriensis] P66
    |--G. (G.) speciosa (Reeve 1833) P66, DK08 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. (G.) thyrsus (Vredenburg 1921) [=Pleurotoma (G.) thyrsus] P66
    |--G. (G.) vagata (Smith 1895) [=Pleurotoma vagata] P66
    `--G. (G.) waihaoensis Finlay 1924 [=Turris regius Suter 1917 (preoc.)] P66

Gemmula (Gemmula) congener mekranica (Vredenburg 1925) P66 [=Pleurotoma (Gemmula) congener var. mekranica F27; incl. P. coronifer Martin 1879 non Bellardi 1877 F27]

Gemmula (Gemmula) hombroni Hedley 1922 P66 [incl. Pleurotoma fusca Hombron & Jacquinot 1853 non Reeve 1843 P66, Drillia fusca H09]

Gemmula (Gemmula) speciosa (Reeve 1833) P66, DK08 [=Pleurotoma speciosa P66; incl. P. carinata Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon 1834 P66, Turris (Gemmula) guadurensis Melvill 1917 P66]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK11] Bouchet, P., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev & N. Puillandre. 2011. A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273–308.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

Cantharus

Cancellate cantharus Cantharus cancellarius, from here.

Belongs within: Buccinoidea.

Cantharus is a genus of whelks with impressed sutures and angular whorls. The type species is the Tranquebar goblet C. tranquebaricus, native to the Indian Ocean and now established in the Mediterranea Sea.

<==Cantharus Röding 1798 [Cantharinae] BR05
    |--*C. tranquebaricus (Gmelin 1791) [=Buccinum tranquebaricum; incl. C. globularis Röding 1798] BR17
    |--C. aurithulus (Link 1807) S11
    |--C. balteatus (Reeve 1846) [=Buccinum balteatum] H09
    |--C. (Gemophos) berryi McLean 1970 BC01
    |--C. cancellarius (Conrad 1846) D88
    |--C. cecillei (Philippi 1844) ZC10
    |--C. curtisianus (Smith 1884) [=Tritonidea curtisiana] H09
    |--C. dorbignyi [=Buccinum dorbignyi, Cancellaria orbignyi] PH90
    |--C. erythrostoma Linnaeus 1758 W78
    |--C. isotomus (Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon 1834) MG-H11
    |--C. karinae Usticke 1959 BC01
    |--C. melanostomus ZLK11
    |--C. mollis (Gould 1860) [=Pisania mollis] H09
    |--C. multangulus (Conrad 1846) D88
    |    |--C. m. multangulus BC01
    |    `--C. m. grandanus Abbott 1986 BC01
    |--C. pulcher (Reeve 1846) BW09
    |--C. semitextus (Hedley 1899) [=Nassa semitexta] H09
    |--C. undosus (Linnaeus 1758) BW09 [=Buccinum undosum H09]
    |--C. viverratus PP64
    `--C. wagneri (Anton 1839) BW09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[D88] D’Asaro, C. N. 1988. Micromorphology of neogastropod egg capsules. Nautilus 102 (4): 134–148.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PH90] Petit, R. E., & M. G. Harasewych. 1990. Catalogue of the superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes and Hanley, 1851 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Nautilus 103 (Suppl. 1): 1–69.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[W78] Wells, F. E. 1978. Zonation of marine gastropods on a rocky intertidal shore in the Admiralty Gulf, Western Australia, with emphasis on the genus Nerita. Veliger 20 (3): 279–287.

[ZC10] Zhang, S., & Z. Chen. 2010. Species composition and faunal characteristics of Buccinacea (Mollusca, Gastropdoa) of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 117–118. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[ZLK11] Zou, S., Q. Li & L. Kong. 2011. Additional gene data and increased sampling give new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Neogastropoda, within the caenogastropod phylogenetic framework. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 425–435.

Last updated: 29 May 2021.

Muricidae

Candelabrum trophon Boreotrophon candelabrum, copyright Worldwide Conchology.

Belongs within: Neogastropoda.
Contains: Pterynotus, Axymene, Terefundus, Poirieria, Typhinae, Muricopsis, Favartia, Murexiella, Coralliophilinae, Ocenebra, Nucella, Trophon, Rapaninae, Dermomurex, Pteropurpura, Murex, Chicoreus, Siratus.

The Muricidae are a group of predatory marine gastropods that often possess strongly developed varices on the shell that may bear prominent spines, flanges or other ornaments. Members possess an accessory boring organ in the sole of the foot that secretes a compound used to soften the shells of mollusc prey, allowing the muricid's radula to erode a hole through the shell. They also produce a purple secretion from the hypobranchial organ used in defense. Within the Muricidae, members of the subfamily Muricinae are characterised by a long, straight siphonal canal and spinose or frondose varices. The Trophoninae have a similarly elongate siphonal canal but possess numerous laminate varices. The Trophoninae and the related subfamily Ocenebrinae have a similar rachidian tooth morphology but Ocenebrinae (which include forms both with and without varices) have bifid marginal teeth at maturity. Ergalatax is a genus with a short fusiform shell with a short canal and rounded axial ribs overlain by spiral lirae.

Muricidae [Muricedae, Muricoidea, Trophonidae] BR17
    |--+--Ocenebrinae ZLK11
    |  |    |--Ocenebra BR05
    |  |    |--Nucella ZLK11
    |  |    `--Ecphora Conrad 1843 [Ecphorinae] BR05
    |  |         |--*E. (Ecphora) quadricostata (Say 1824) [=Fusus quadricostatus] RA75
    |  |         `--E. (Planecphora) delicata Petuch 1989 P12
    |  `--Trophoninae ZLK11
    |       |--Trophon BD12
    |       `--Boreotrophon Fischer 1884 ZLK11, RA75
    |            |--*B. clathrata (Linné 1767) RA75 (see below for synonymy)
    |            |--B. bentleyi B56
    |            |--B. candelabrum GAS03
    |            |--B. triangulatus B56
    |            `--B. xestra ZLK11
    `--+--+--Rapaninae ZLK11
       |  `--+--Ergalatax Iredale 1931 ZLK11, BR05 [Ergalataxinae BR17]
       |     |    |--‘Buccinum’ contractum Reeve 1846 RA75 (see below for synonymy)
       |     |    `--E. margariticola ZLK11
       |     `--Drupella Thiele 1925 ZLK11, WG71
       |          |--*D. ochrostoma (Blainville 1832) RA75 (see below for synonymy)
       |          |--D. cornus (Röding 1798) BW09
       |          |--D. minuta Fujioka 1984 BC01
       |          `--D. rugosa (Born 1778) BW09
       `--Muricinae [Murexia] ZLK11
            |  i. s.: Dermomurex V95
            |         Pteropurpura O27
            |         Trialatella Berry 1964 PP78, RA75
            |           `--*T. cunninghamae Berry 1964 RA75 [=Aspella (Trialatella) cunninghamae PP78]
            |--Murex ZLK11
            `--+--+--Chicoreus ZLK11
               |  `--Bolinus Pusch 1837 S11, RA75 [=Rhinocantha Adams & Adams 1853 RA75]
               |       `--*B. brandaris (Linnaeus 1758) [=Murex brandaris, *Rhinocantha brandaris] RA75
               `--+--Siratus ZLK11
                  `--Muricanthus Swainson 1840 ZLK11, RA75 [=Centronotus Swainson 1833 non Schneider 1801 RA75]
                       |--*M. radix (Gmelin 1791) RA75 (see below for synonymy)
                       `--‘Murex’ duplex Röding 1798 [incl. M. eurystomus Swainson 1833, Centronotus eurystomus] RA75

Muricidae incertae sedis:
  Ocinebrellus Jousseaume 1880 AV03, RA75 [=Ternaria Coen 1943 RA75]
    |--*O. eurypteron (Reeve 1845) [=Murex eurypteron, *Ternaria eurypteron] RA75
    |--O. aduncus AV03
    `--O. nagaokai AV03
  Uttleya Marwick 1934 P66
    |--*U. arcana Marwick 1934 RA75
    |--U. ahiparana (Powell 1927) P61
    |--U. marwicki Powell 1952 P61
    `--U. williamsi Powell 1952 P66
  Plicopurpura Cossmann 1903 CWN94, RA75 [=Purpurella Dall 1871 non Robineau-Desvoidy 1853 RA75]
    |--*P. columellaris (Lamarck 1816) [=Purpura columellaris, *Purpurella columellaris] RA75
    |--P. pansa CWN94
    `--P. patula CWN94
  Ceratostoma Hermannsen 1846 non Fr. 1818 (ICBN) AV03, RA75 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*C. nuttallii (Conrad 1837) [=Murex (*Cerastoma) nuttallii, *Spinostoma nuttalli] RA75
    |--C. burnetti AV03 [=Cerastoma foliatum var. burnettii C64]
    |--C. foliatum (Martyn 1784) AV03, O27 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. inornatum CH97
    `--C. monoceros C64
  Hexaplex Swainson 1833 BC01
    |--*H. cichoreus (Gmelin 1791) [=Murex chicoreum] RA75
    |--H. conatus P95
    |--H. kusterianus [=Muricanthus kusterianus] BC01
    |    |--H. k. kusterianus BC01
    |    `--H. k. bozzadamii (Franchi 1990) [=Muricanthus kusterianus bozzadamii] BC01
    |--H. rileyi D’Attilio & Myers 1984 BC01
    `--H. stainforthi Reeve 1842 WG71
  Pterynotus BC01
  Haustellum Schumacher 1817 V90
    |--*H. haustellum (Linnaeus 1758) [=Murex haustellum] RA75
    |--H. chrysostoma (Sowerby 1834) [=Murex chrysostoma] V90
    |--H. donmoorei (Bullis 1964) [=Murex donmoorei] BC01
    |--H. kiiensis (Kira 1959) V90
    |--H. messorius (Sowerby 1841) V90 (see below for synonymy)
    |--H. multiplicatus (Sowerby 1895) MG-H11
    |--H. tweedianum Macpherson 1962 WG71
    `--H. wilsoni D’Attilio & Old 1971 BC01
  Homalocantha Mörch 1852 BC01
    |--*H. scorpio (Linnaeus 1758) [=Murex scorpio] RA75
    |--H. anatomica Perry 1811 [incl. H. pele Pilsbry 1921, H. rota Mawe 1823] WG71
    |--H. secunda Lamarck 1822 [incl. H. varicosa Sowerby 1841] WG71
    `--H. zamboi (Burch & Burch 1960) [=Murex (Homalocantha) anatomica zamboi] BC01
  Vitularia Swainson 1840 WG71 [incl. Vitulina Swainson 1840 RA75]
    |--V. miliaris (Gmelin 1791) WG71 (see below for synonymy)
    |--V. candida Adams & Adams 1863 F27a
    `--V. salebrosa (King & Broderip 1832) S11
  Bedeva Iredale 1924 WG71
    `--B. paivae (Crosse 1864) HJ08 (see below for synonymy)
  Xymene Iredale 1915 P61 [=Kalydon Hutton 1884 (nom. rej.) RA75]
    |--*X. plebeia (Hutton 1873) RA75 [=Fusus plebeius RA75, Trophon (*Kalydon) plebejus F27a, RA75]
    |--‘Ricinula’ adelaidensis [=Kalydon adelaidensis] H08
    |--X. ambiguus HS01
    |--X. drewi (Hutton 1883) [=Cominella drewi] F27a
    |--X. expansa (Hutton 1883) [=Trophon expansus] F27a
    |--X. inferus (Hutton 1873) P61 [=Fusus inferus F27a, Trophon (Kalydon) inferus F27a]
    |--‘Purpura’ neglecta [=Kalydon neglecta] H08
    |--X. pulcherrima (Suter 1917) [=Trophon (Xanthochorus) pulcherrimus] F27a
    `--X. traversi HS01
  Galfridus Iredale 1924 P61
    |--*G. speciosus (Angas 1871) RA75 [=Triton (Cumia) speciosum RA75, Craspedotriton speciosus P61]
    `--G. virginalis (Suter 1913) P61 [=Trophon virginalis F27a]
  Zeatrophon Finlay 1927 P61
    |--*Z. ambiguus (Philippi 1844) RA75 [=Fusus ambiguus RA75, Trophon ambiguus F27a]
    |--Z. bonneti (Cossmann 1903) [=Trophon (Trophonopsis) bonneti] F27a
    |--Z. caudatinus Finlay 1930 P61
    |--Z. caudatus (Quoy & Gaimard 1833) P61 [=Siphonalia mandarina var. caudata H86, F27a]
    |--Z. huttoni (Murdoch 1900) [=Trophon huttoni] F27a
    |--Z. mortenseni (Odhner 1924) P61 [=Trophon mortenseni F27a]
    |--Z. pulcherrimus Finlay 1930 P61
    |--Z. pumilus (Suter 1899) P61
    `--Z. tmetus Finlay 1930 P61
  Xymenella Finlay 1927 P61
    |--*X. pusilla (Suter 1907) RA75 [=Trophon (Trophonopsis) pusillus F27a]
    |--X. gouldi (Cossmann 1903) [=Trophon gouldi, Xymene oliveri Marwick 1924] F27b
    |--X. lepida (Suter 1917) [=Trophon (Kalydon) lepidus] F27a
    |--X. minutissima (Suter 1917) [=Trophon (Kalydon) minutissimus] F27a
    `--X. suteri (Marshall & Murdoch 1921) [=Cymatium suteri] F27a
  Paratrophon Finlay 1927 P61
    |--*P. cheesemani (Hutton 1882) RA75 (see below for synonymy)
    |--P. exsculptus Powell 1933 P61
    |--P. patens (Hombron & Jacquinot 1854) P61
    |--P. quoyi HS01
    `--P. stangeri (Gray 1843) P61 (see below for synonymy)
  Axymene P61
  Comptella Finlay 1927 P61
    |--*C. curta (Murdoch 1905) RA75 [=Trophon (Kalydon) curtus F27a]
    |--C. coronata Dell 1956 P61
    `--C. devia (Suter 1908) P61 [=Mangilia devia F27a]
  Terefundus P61
  Vesanula Finlay 1926 F27a
    |--*V. chaskanon (Finlay 1926) [=Trophon chaskanon] RA75
    |--V. maorum (M. & M. 1923) [=Columbarium maorum] F27a
    |--V. tegens (Hutton 1877) F27a
    `--V. vegrandis (M. & M. 1923) [=Pagodula vegrandis] F27a
  Hadriania Bucquoy & Dautzenberg 1882 F27b, RA75
    |--H. craticuloides Vokes 1964 (see below for synonymy) RA75
    `--H. basedowi Cossmann 1903 [=Murex irregularis Tate 1888 non Bellardi 1873] F27b
  Urosalpinx Stimpson 1865 O27
    `--*U. cinereus (Say 1822) [=Fusus cinereus] RA75
         |--U. c. cinereus D88
         `--U. c. follyensis Baker 1951 D88
  Eupleura Adams & Adams 1853 O27
    |--*E. caudata (Say 1822) [=Ranella caudata] RA75
    |    |--E. c. caudata D88
    |    `--E. c. etterae Baker 1951 D88
    `--E. grippi Dall 1911 O27
  Forreria Jousseaume 1880 O27
    `--*F. belcheri (Hinds 1844) RA75 [=Murex belcheri RA75, Chorus belcheri O27, M. (Hemifusus) belcheri C64]
  Brocchitas Finlay 1927 DK08
    `--*B. exilis (Tate 1888) DK08 (see below for synonymy)
  Marchia Jousseaume 1880 BW09, RA75
    |--‘Murex’ elongata Lightfoot 1786 [incl. Murex clavus Kiener 1843, *Marchia clava] RA75
    `--M. martinetana (Röding 1798) BW09
  Muricodrupa Iredale 1918 BC01, RA75
    |--‘Murex’ funiculus Wood 1828 [incl. Purpura fenestrata Blainville 1832, *Muricodrupa fenestrata] RA75
    |--M. jacobsoni Emerson & D’Attilio 1981 BC01
    `--M. stellaris (Hombron & Jacquinot 1853) BW09
  Pascula Dall 1908 BW09, RA75
    |--*P. citrica (Dall 1908) [=Trophon (*Pascula) citricus] RA75
    `--P. ochrostoma (Blainville 1832) BW09
  Pseudosalpinx Olsson, Harbison et al. 1953 RA75
    `--*P. floridana (Conrad 1837) RA75 [=Urosalpinx floridana O27; incl. Murex ostrearum Conrad 1846 RA75]
  Rugotyphis Vella 1961 RA75
    `--*R. francescae (Finlay 1924) RA75 [=Typhis francescae F27a]
  Pagodula Monterosato 1884 MG-H11, RA75 [Pagodulinae]
    |--*P. echinata (Kiener 1840) [=Fusus echinatus] BR17
    |--P. carduelis (Watson 1886) MG-H11
    `--P. vaginata (Cristofori & Jan 1832) [=Murex vaginata] RA75
  Bizetiella Radwin & D’Attilio 1972 BC01, RA75
    |--*B. carmen (Lowe 1935) [=Tritonalia carmen] RA75
    `--B. shaskyi Radwin & D’Attilio 1972 BC01
  Calotrophon Hertlein & Strong 1951 BC01, RA75
    |--‘Tritonalia’ turrita Dall 1919 [incl. *Calotrophon bristolae Hertlein & Strong 1951] RA75
    `--C. andrewsi Vokes 1976 BC01
  Distichotyphis Keen & Campbell 1964 BC01
    `--*D. vemae Keen & Campbell 1964 BC01
  Haustellotyphis Jousseaume 1880 BC01, RA75
    |--*H. cumingi (Broderip 1833) [=Typhis cumingi] RA75
    `--H. wendita Hertz 1995 BC01
  Ocinebrina Jousseaum 1880 BC01, RA75 (see below for synonymy)
    |--O. aciculata (Lamarck 1822) D88 (see below for synonymy)
    `--O. adansoni Kosuge & Fernandes 1989 BC01
  Poirieria BC01
  Daphnellopsis Schepman 1913 BK11, P66
    |--*D. lamellosa Schepman 1913 P66
    `--D. murex Hedley 1922 P66
  Concepcionella Bandel & Stinnesbeck 2000 BD12
    `--*C. bonillana Bandel & Stinnesbeck 2000 BD12
  Pterymarchia tripterus (Born 1778) BD12
  Haustrum Perry 1811 BR05 [=Lepsia Hutton 1884 RA75; Haustrinae BR05]
    |--*H. zelandicum Perry 1811 BR17
    |--H. dentex Perry 1811 C64
    |--H. haustorium (Gmelin 1791) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    `--H. pictum Perry 1811 C64
  Tripterotyphis Pilsbry & Lowe 1932 [Tripterotyphinae] BR05
    |--*T. lowei (Pilsbry 1931) RA75 [=Typhis lowei RA75, Pterotyphis (Tripterotyphis) lowei PP78]
    |--T. arcana (DuShane 1969) [=Pterotyphis (Tripterotyphis) arcana] BC01
    |--T. cancellata (Sowerby 1841) [=Typhis (Tripterotyphis) cancellatus] W64
    `--T. fayae (Keen & Campbell 1964) [=Pterotyphis (Tripterotyphis) fayae] BC01
  Typhinae W64
  Muricopsinae DM88
    |--Muricopsis BR05
    |--Favartia DM88
    |--Murexiella BC01
    `--Murexsul Iredale 1915 BC01
         |--*M. octogonus (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) [=Murex octogonus] RA75
         |--M. brazieri Angas 1877 WG71
         |--M. cuvierensis Finlay 1927 P61
         |--M. elatensis (Emerson & D’Attilio 1979) (see below for synonymy) BC01
         |--M. fimbriatus Lamarck 1822 WG71
         |--M. jacquelinae Emerson & D’Attilio 1969 BC01
         |--M. mariae Finlay 1930 P61
         |--M. prionotus (Tate 1888) DK08
         `--M. umbilicatus (Tenison Woods 1875) WG71 [=Trophon umbilicatus F27a]
  ‘Nassarina’ grayi R77
  Attiliosa Emerson 1968 PP78, RA75
    |-*A. incompta (Berry 1960) [=Coralliophila incompta] RA75
    |--A. aldridgei (Usticke 1969) [=Vasum aldridgei] BC01
    `--A. carmen (Lowe 1935) PP78
  Typhinellus Jousseaume 1880 P61
    |--*T. sowerbii (Broderip 1833) [=Typhis sowerbii, Typhis sowerbiyi (l. c.)] RA75
    `--T. pauperis (Mestayer 1916) [=Typhis (Typhinellus) pauperis] P61
  Emozamia Iredale 1929 P61
    `--*E. licinus (Hedley & Petterd 1906) [=Murex licinus] RA75
  Chathamidea Dell 1956 P61
    `--*C. expeditionis Dell 1956 RA75
  Maculotriton BW09
    |--*M. bracteatus (Hinds 1844) [=Triton bracteata] RA75
    |--M. bicolor M54
    `--M. serriale (Deshayes 1830) BD12
  Shaskyus Burch & Campbell 1963 V77, RA75
    `--*S. festivus (Hinds 1844) RA75 [=Murex (Triremis) festivus RA75, O27b]
  Coralliophilinae BR17
  Aspella Mörch 1877 BR05 [Aspellinae BR17]
    |--*A. anceps (Lamarck 1822) [=Ranella anceps] RA75
    |--A. paupercula (Adams 1850) EA65
    `--A. undata Hedley 1907 [=Clavus undatus] L54
  Maxwellia Bailey 1950 JB12, RA75
    |--*M. gemma (Sowerby 1879) RA75 [=Murex gemma RA75, Mu. (Triremis) gemma O27]
    `--M. angermeyerae (Emerson & D’Attilio 1965) [=Aspella (Favartia) angermeyerae] BC01
  Neorapana Cooke 1918 JB12, RA75
    `--*N. muricata (Broderip 1832) [=Purpura muricata] RA75
  Scalaspira Conrad 1862 P12, RA75
    `--*S. strumosa (Conrad 1862) [=Fusus strumosa] RA75
  Lirosoma Conrad 1862 P12
  Chesatrophon Petuch 1988 P12
  Chesathais Petuch 1988 P12
    `--C. lindae Petuch 1988 P12
  Trisecphora patuxentia (Petuch 1988) P12
  Mariasalpinx Petuch 1988 P12
  Patuxentrophon Petuch 1992 P12
  Stephanosalpinx Petuch 1988 P12
    `--S. candelabra Petuch 1988 P12
  Laevityphis Cossmann 1903 P12, RA75
    |--‘Typhis’ muticus Sowerby 1834 [incl. T. coronarius Deshayes 1865, *Laevityphis coronarius] RA75
    `--L. acuticosta (Conrad 1830) P12
  Ecphorosycon kalyx Petuch 1988 P12
  Phyllonotus Swainson 1833 BC01, RA75
    |--P. margaritensis (Abbott 1958) B59 (see below for synonymy)
    |--P. bicolor C64
    |--P. brassica C64
    |--P. eversoni D’Attilio, Myers & Shasky 1987 BC01
    |--P. nigritus C64
    |--P. oculatus (Reeve 1845) [=Chicoreus (Phyllonotus) oculatus] V90
    |--P. pomum (Gmelin 1791) [=Chicoreus (Phyllonotus) pomum] V90
    `--P. princeps C64
  Naquetia Jousseaume 1880) BC01, RA75
    |--*N. triquetra (Born 1778) RA75 [=Murex triqueter RA75, Pterynotus (*Naquetia) triqueter WG71]
    |--N. fosteri D’Attilio & Hertz 1987 BC01
    |--N. permaesta (Hedley 1915) [=Pterynotus (Naquetia) permaestus] WG71
    `--N. triptera (Born 1778) [=Pterynotus (Naquetia) tripterus] WG71

Bedeva paivae (Crosse 1864) HJ08 [=Trophon paivae RA75, T. (Kalydon) paivae F27a, Xymene paivae F27a; incl. Trophon hanleyi Angas 1867 RA75, *Bedeva hanleyi RA75, Xymene quirindus Iredale 1915 F27a]

*Boreotrophon clathrata (Linné 1767) RA75 [=Murex clathrata RA75, Tritonium (Trophon) clathratum C64, Trophon clathratus N79; incl. Tro. costatum J64b, Tritonium gunneri Lovén 1846 N79, Fusus gunneri C64, Trophon clathratus var. gunneri N79, F. peruvianus J64b, Murex rumphius J64b, F. scalariformis J64b, Trophon scalariformis J64a]

Brocchitas exilis (Tate 1888) DK08 [=Fasciolaria exilis F27b, Fusus exilis nec Menke 1843 nec Philippi 1843 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.) F27b, Latirofusus exilis F27b, Streptochetus exilis F27b, S. adelomorphus Cossmann 1901 F27b]

‘Buccinum’ contractum Reeve 1846 RA75 [=Trophon contractus H09; incl. *Ergalatax recurrens Iredale 1931 RA75]

Ceratostoma Hermannsen 1846 non Fr. 1818 (ICBN) AV03, RA75 [=Cerastoma Conrad 1837 non Latreille 1802 RA75, Spinostoma Coen 1943 RA75]

Ceratostoma foliatum (Martyn 1784) AV03, O27 [=Purpura foliata O27, Murex foliatus O27; incl. M. Purpura alata Chemnitz 1780–1795 (non-binomial) C64, Cerostoma monodon C64, M. phyllopterus C64, M. tripterus C64]

*Drupella ochrostoma (Blainville 1832) RA75 [=Drupa (*Drupella) ochrostoma RA75, Purpura ochrostoma H09, Sistrum ochrostoma C64]

Hadriania craticuloides Vokes 1964 [incl. Murex craticulatus Brocchi 1814 non Linnaeus 1758, *Hadriania craticulata] RA75

Haustellum messorius (Sowerby 1841) V90 [=Murex messorius V90; incl. M. messorius var. gustaviensis Usticke 1969 BC01]

Haustrum haustorium (Gmelin 1791) P61 [=Buccinum haustorium RA75; incl. B. haustrum Martyn 1788 (nom. inv.) RA75, Haustrum haustrum RA75, *Lepsia haustrum RA75, Thais haustrum F27a]

Murexsul elatensis (Emerson & D’Attilio 1979) [=Favartia elatensis, Muricopsis (Murexsul) elatensis] BC01

*Muricanthus radix (Gmelin 1791) RA75 [=Murex radix RA75, *Centronotus radix RA75; incl. Murex melanomathos C64]

Ocinebrina Jousseaum 1880 BC01, RA75 [incl. Corallinia Buzquoy & Dautzenberg in Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1882 RA75]

Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck 1822) D88 [=Murex aciculatus RA75, *Corallinia aciculata RA75; incl. Fusus corallinus Scacchi 1836 RA75, *Ocinebrina corallina RA75]

*Paratrophon cheesemani (Hutton 1882) RA75 [=Polytropa cheesemani RA75, Trophon (Xanthochorus) cheesemani F27a]

Paratrophon stangeri (Gray 1843) P61 [=Fusus stangeri F27a, Trophon stangeri F27a, T. rugosus (Quoy & Gaimard 1833) (preoc.) F27a; incl. Polytropa retiaria Hutton 1878 F27a]

Phyllonotus margaritensis (Abbott 1958) B59 [=Murex (Phyllonotus) margaritensis B59, M. imperialis Swainson 1831 non Fischer de Waldheim 1807 RA75, *Phyllonotus imperialis RA75]

Vitularia miliaris (Gmelin 1791) WG71 [=Murex miliaris RA75; incl. *Vitularia tuberculata Swainson 1840 RA75, M. vitulina Lamarck 1816 RA75, *Vitulina vitulina RA75]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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[B59] Baker, B. B. 1959. Publications received: The marine mollusks of Grand Cayman Island, British West Indies. By R. Tucker Abbott. Nautilus 72 (4): 147–148.

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[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

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[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

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[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

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Last updated: 2 October 2021.

Pterynotus

Triple murex Pterynotus triformis, copyright Museums Victoria.

Belongs within: Muricidae.

Pterynotus is a genus of murexes with a trivaricate shell bearing more or less expanded varical flanges. In members of the subgenus Pterochelus, there is a channeled spine at the shoulder surrounded by the wing-like varix.

<==Pterynotus Swainson 1833 [=Pterymurex Rovereto 1899] RA75
    |  i. s.: P. barclayi Reeve 1857 WG71
    |         P. centrifugus C64
    |         P. festivus C64
    |         P. fulgens Houart 1988 BC01
    |         P. patagiatus Hedley 1912 WG71
    |         P. phaneus (Dall 1889) A88
    |         P. pygmaeus (Bush 1893) [=Murex (Pteronotus) pygmaeus] MP65
    |         P. undosus Vokes 1993 MG-H11
    |--‘Purpura’ alatus Röding 1798 [incl. Murex pinnatus Swainson 1822, *Pterynotus pinnatus] RA75
    `--P. (Pterochelus Jousseaume 1880) P61
         |--P. (*P.) acanthopterus (Lamarck 1816) P61, RA75 [=Murex acanthopterus RA75]
         |--P. (P.) angasi Crosse 1863 WG71 [=Murex (P.) angasi F27]
         |--P. (P.) bednalli Brazier 1877 WG71
         |--P. (P.) duffusi Iredale 1936 WG71
         |--P. (P.) eos (Hutton 1873) P61 [=Murex eos F27]
         `--P. (P.) triformis Reeve 1845 WG71 [=Murex (P.) triformis F27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A88] Askew, T. M. 1988. A new species of pleurotomariid gastropod from the western Atlantic. Nautilus 102 (3): 89–91.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[MP65] Merrill, A. S., & R. E. Petit. 1965. Mollusks new to South Carolina. Nautilus 79 (2): 58–66.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[RA75] Radwin, G. E., & A. D’Attilio. 1975. A catalogue of muricacean generic taxa. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 17 (20): 279–292.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 19 September 2021.

Harpidae

Madras harp Harpa davidus, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Siphonogastropoda.

The Harpidae, harp shells, are a group of predatory gastropods with usually colourfully patterned, polished shells bearing strong axial ribs.

Characters (from Wilson & Gillett 1971): Shell usually shiny, strikingly coloured and patterned, sculptured with strong axial ribs more highly polished than remainder of shell. Anterior siphon canal a deep, wide notch; columella lacking folds; operculum absent. Respiratory siphon and eye stalks long; foos broad with front end greatly expanded laterally to form wide, flat, muscular organ.

Harpidae
    |--Cryptochorda Mörch 1858 [Cryptochordidae, Cryptochordinae] BR05
    |--Eocithara Fischer 1883 WG71
    |--Austroharpa Finlay 1931 WG71
    |    |--A. exquisita Iredale 1931 WG71
    |    |--A. punctata Verco 1906 WG71
    |    `--A. wilsoni Rehder 1973 MG-H11
    |--Morum Röding 1798 [Moruminae] BR05
    |    |  i. s.: M. vicdani Emerson 1995 BC01
    |    `--M. (Oniscidia Mörch 1852) [incl. Cancellomorum Emerson & Old 1963] BC01
    |         |--M. (O.) joelgreenei Emerson 1981 BC01
    |         |--M. (O.) macdonaldi Emerson 1981 BC01
    |         |--M. (O.) matthewsi Emerson 1967 [=M. (Cancellomorum) matthewsi] BC01
    |         |--M. (O.) ninomiyai Emerson 1986 BC01
    |         `--M. (O.) veleroae Emerson 1968 [=M. (Cancellomorum) veleroae] BC01
    `--Harpa Röding 1798 [Harpinae] BR05
         |--*H. harpa Linnaeus 1758 [incl. H. nobilis Röding 1798] WG71
         |--H. amouretta Röding 1798 [incl. H. minor Lamarck 1816] WG71
         |--H. articularis Lamarck 1822 WG71
         |--H. davidus Röding 1798 WG71
         |--H. goodwini Rehder 1993 BC01
         |--H. gracilis Broderip & Sowerby 1829 WG71
         |--H. kajiyamai Habe & Kosuge 1970 PK11
         |--H. major Röding 1798 WG71
         |--H. neozelanica [=Eocithara neozelanica] A27
         `--H. ventricosa H04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PK11] Puillandre, N., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, A. Couloux, C. Meyer, T. Rawlings, J. A. Todd & P. Bouchet. 2011. The dragon tamed? A molecular phylogeny of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 259–272.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Costellariidae

Thala crassa, copyright Conquiliologistas do Brasil.

Belongs within: Turbinelloidea.
Contains: Vexillum.

The Costellariidae, ribbed mitres, are a group of predatory gastropods with shells resembling those of the mitres of the Mitridae but with strong axial sculpture. Most species lack an operculum though molecular data support inclusion of the operculate genera Latiromitra and Ceratoxancus as basal costellariids. The radula possesses unicuspid lateral teeth and a tricuspid or multicuspid rachidian tooth. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the tricuspid rachidian, as found in Thala, is plesiomorphic relative to the multicuspid rachidian of most Vexillum species (Fedosov et al. 2015). Costellariids prey on other molluscs that they kill with a poison secreted from accessory salivary glands.

<==Costellariidae BR17
    |--+--Latiromitra FP15
    |  |    |--L. barthelowi (Bartsch 1942) FP15
    |  |    `--L. crosnieri Bouchet & Kantor 2000 FP15
    |  `--Ceratoxancus Kuroda 1952 FP15, BC01
    |       |--C. melichrous Kantor & Bouchet 1997 FP15
    |       `--+--*C. teramachii Kuroda 1952 BC01, FP15, BC01
    |          `--C. leios FP15
    `--+--Vexillum FP15
       `--Thala Adams & Adams 1853 FP15, O27
            |--T. africana Rolán & Fernandes 1995 BC01
            |--T. crassa Simone 1995 BC01
            |--T. esperanza Leal & Moore 1993 BC01
            |--T. orcutti (Dall 1920) [=Mitra (Thala) orcutti] O27
            `--T. solitaria (Adams 1852) [=Mitra (Thala) solitaria] O27

Costellariidae incertae sedis:
  Mitropifex iredalei Powell 1958 BC01
  Nodicostellaria crassa (Simone 1995) S11
  Costellaria Swainson 1840 BR05
    |--*C. rigida (Swainson 1821) [=Mitra rigida] BR17
    |--C. fortiplicata (Pease 1868) (see below for synonymy) BC01
    |--C. leucozonias (Deshayes 1834) [=Vexillum (Costellaria) leucozonias; incl. V. moana Cate 1963] BC01
    |--C. militaris (Reeve 1845) [=Vexillum (Costellaria) militaris; incl. V. coronense Cate 1968] BC01
    |--C. nitidissima (Melvill & Standen 1895) (see below for synonymy) BC01
    `--C. pacifica (Reeve 1845) [=Mitra pacifica, Vexillum (Costellaria) pacifica] BC01
  Pusia Swainson 1840 [Pusiinae, Pusinae] BR05
    |--*P. microzonias (Lamarck 1811) BR17 [=Mitra microzonias BR17, Vexillum (*Pusia) microzonias FP15]
    |--P. anabelae Fernandes 1992 BC01
    |--P. australe (Swainson 1820) [=Vexillum (Pusia) australe] FP15
    |--P. catenata (Broderip 1836) [incl. Mitra bibsae Usticke 1969] BC01
    |--P. chickcharneorum (Lyons & Kaicher 1978) [=Vexillum (Pusia) chickcharneorum] BC01
    |--P. exigua (Adams 1845) (see below for synonymy) BC01
    |--P. histrio (Reeve 1844) (see below for synonymy) BC01
    `--P. patriarchalis Gmelin 1791 WG71
  Austromitra Finlay 1927 S11, WG71
    |--*A. rubiginosa (Hutton 1873) [=Columbella rubiginosa] P61
    |--A. ambulacra (Marwick 1926) [=Vexillum ambulacrum] F27
    |--A. analogica [=Vexillum analogicum] F27
    |--A. angulata (Suter 1908) P61 [=Vexillum pseudomarginata angulata F27]
    |--A. antipoda (Brookes 1926) P61 [=Vexillum antipodum F27]
    |--A. bellapicta [=Vexillum bellapictum] F27
    |--A. brunneacincta Powell 1952 P61
    |--A. bucklandi Gabriel 1961 WG71
    |--A. erecta Powell 1934 P61
    |--A. fracta [=Vexillum fractum] F27
    |--A. lawsi Finlay 1930 P61
    |--A. legrandi [=Vexillum legrandi] F27
    |--A. lincolnensis M54
    |--A. maculosa Turner & Simone 1998 S11
    |--A. marginata [=Vexillum marginatum] F27
    |--A. planata [=Turricula planata, Vexillum planatum] F27
    |--A. planatella Finlay 1930 P61
    |--A. pseudomarginata (Suter 1913) P61 [=Vexillum pseudomarginata F27]
    |--A. pumilio [=Vexillum pumilio] F27
    |--A. rubiradix Finlay 1927 P61
    |--A. scalariformis [=Vexillum scalariforme] F27
    |--A. schomburgki M54
    `--A. zafra Powell 1952 P61
  Mesorhytis TTE93
    |--M. decorosa (Stephenson 1952) TTE93
    `--M. ripleyana (Wade 1926) TTE93

Costellaria fortiplicata (Pease 1868) [=Vexillum (Costellaria) fortiplicatum; incl. V. kewaloensis Cate 1963] BC01

Costellaria nitidissima (Melvill & Standen 1895) [=Mitra (Costellaria) nitidissima, Vexillum (C.) nitidissimum] BC01

Pusia exigua (Adams 1845) [=Vexillum (Pusia) exiguum; incl. Mitra hanleyi f. antiguensis Usticke 1969, M. minutus Usticke 1969 non M. minuta Gmelin 1791, M. moisei McGinty 1955] BC01

Pusia histrio (Reeve 1844) [=Vexillum (Pusia) histrio; incl. Mitra cruzana Usticke 1959, M. hayesae Usticke 1959] BC01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[FP15] Fedosov, A., N. Puillandre, Y. Kantor & P. Bouchet. 2015. Phylogeny and systematics of mitriform gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175: 336–359.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 1. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 23 September 2021.

Mitridae

Pterygia nucea, copyright Philippe Bourjon.

Belongs within: Mitroidea.
Contains: Proximitra, Imbricariinae, Mitra.

The Mitridae, mitres, are a group of predatory gastropods with a usually long and tapered shell, and a long extensible proboscis that is usually not retracted. As far as is known, all species are exclusive predators of sipunculan worms (Fedosov et al. 2015).

Characters (from Wilson & Gillett 1971): Shell usually long and tapered, often delicately or strongly sculptured (sometimes smooth), with thin periostracum; columella bearing strong plaits; operculum absent. Proboscis long, extensible, may be longer than shell; radula located in end of proboscis.

Mitridae [Mitracea, Mitriadae, Mitriana, Mitrianae]
    |--‘Mitra’ tuberosa Reeve 1845 FP15
    `--+--‘Mitra’ bernhardina Röding 1798 FP15
       `--+--‘Mitra’ peculiaris Reeve 1845 FP15
          `--+--Imbricariinae FP15
             `--+--+--‘Mitra’ glabra Swainson 1821 FP15
                |  `--+--‘Mitra’ incompta (Lightfoot 1786) FP15
                |     `--Cylindromitrinae [Cylindrinae, Cylindromitridae] BR05
                |          |--Cylindromitra Fischer 1884 [=Cylindra Schumacher 1817 non Illiger 1802] BR05
                |          |    |--*C. coronata (Schumacher 1817) [=*Cylindra coronata] BR17
                |          |    `--‘Voluta’ crenulata Gmelin 1791 [=Cylindra crenulata] H09
                |          `--Pterygia Röding 1798 FP15, BR05 [Pterygiinae]
                |               |--*P. dactylus (Linnaeus 1767) [=Voluta dactylus; incl. P. nucella Röding 1798] BR17
                |               |--P. barrywilsoni Cate 1968 WG71
                |               |--P. nucea (Gmelin 1791) BW09
                |               |--P. sinensis (Reeve 1844) MG-H11
                |               `--P. solida Reeve 1844 WG71
                `--+--Strigatella Swainson 1840 FP15, BR05 [Strigatellacea, Strigatellidae, Strigatellinae BR17]
                   |    |--*S. zebra (Lamarck 1811) [=Mitra zebra] BR17
                   |    |--S. crassa Swainson 1822 WG71
                   |    |--S. flavocingulata (Lamy 1938) (see below for synonymy) BC01
                   |    |--S. litterata (Lamarck 1811) WG71
                   |    |--S. paupercula (Linnaeus 1758) FP15
                   |    |--S. scutulata Gmelin 1791 [incl. S. amphorella Lamarck 1811] WG71
                   |    `--S. tristis C64
                   `--+--Nebularia FP15
                      |    |  i. s.: N. chryzalis (Reeve 1844) FP15
                      |    |         N. cucumerina (Lamarck 1811) FP15
                      |    |         N. fraga (Quoy & Gaimard 1833) FP15
                      |    |--N. maesta FP15
                      |    `--+--N. connectens FP15
                      |       `--N. pediculus FP15
                      |--Mitra FP15
                      |--Ziba FP15
                      |    |  i. s.: Z. interlirata (Reeve 1844) MG-H11
                      |    |--*Z. carinata (Swainson 1824) FP15
                      |    `--+--‘Mitra’ christinae FP15
                      |       `--+--Z. abyssicola FP15
                      |          `--‘Mitra’ rosacea FP15
                      `--+--‘Mitra’ sophia FP15
                         `--Domiporta FP15
                              |--D. granatina FP15
                              `--+--*D. filiaris FP15
                                 `--D. praestantissima FP15

Mitridae incertae sedis:
  ‘Turris’ kaffraria Griesbach 1871 P66
  Uromitra etremoides Finlay 1926 F27a
  Puruiana Martin 1931 P66
    `--*P. rustica Martin 1931 P66
  Egestas Finlay 1927 P61
    |--*E. waitei (Suter 1909) [=Vexillum waitei] P61
    |--E. dissimilis Powell 1937 P61
    `--E. fenestratum (Suter 1917) [=Vexillum fenestratum] F27a
  Eumitra Tate 1889 WG71
    |--E. australis Swainson 1822 WG71
    |--E. badia Reeve 1845 [incl. E. rhodia Reeve 1845] WG71
    |--E. chalybeia Reeve 1844 WG71
    |--E. cookii Sowerby 1874 WG71
    |--E. glabra Swainson 1821 WG71
    `--E. nigra Gmelin 1791 [incl. E. contermina Iredale 1936, E. melaniana Lamarck 1811] WG71
  Diplomitra Finlay 1927 F27a
    |--*D. nitens (Marshall 1918) [=Cymbiola nitens] F27a
    |--D. alokiza (Tenison-Woods 1880) [=Mitra alokiza] F27a
    |--D. calcar (Marshall 1918) [=Cymbiola calcar] F27a
    |--D. dictua (Tenison-Woods 1880) [=Mitra dictua] F27a
    |--D. masefieldi (Marshall 1918) [=Cymbiola masefieldi] F27a
    `--D. monoploca (Finlay 1927) F27a (see below for synonymy)
  Waimatea Finlay 1927 F27a
    |--*W. inconspicua (Hutton 1885) [=Mitra inconspicua] F27a
    |--W. apicicostata (Suter 1917) [=Vexillum apicicostatum] F27a
    |--W. complanata [=Mitra complanata] F27a
    |--W. dennanti [=Conomitra dennanti] F27a
    |--W. othone [=Conomitra othone] F27a
    `--W. othoniana (Finlay 1924) [=Conomitra othoniana] F27a
  Proximitra P61
  Balcomitra Finlay 1927 F27b
    |--*B. paucicostata [=Mitra paucicostata] F27b
    |--B. leptalea [=Costellaria leptalea] F27b
    `--B. macra Finlay 1927 [=Mitra exilis Tate 1889 non Reeve 1845, Costellaria exilis] F27b
  ‘Voluta’ ziervoyelii Gmelin 1791 [incl. Cancellaria ziervogeliana Lamarck 1822] PH90
  Vicimitra Iredale 1929 P61
    |--*V. prosphora P61
    `--V. maoria Finlay 1927 P61
  Isara Adams & Adams 1853 [Isarinae] BR17
    `--*I. bulimoides (Reeve 1845) [=Mitra bulimoides] BR17
  Pleioptygma Conrad 1863 Q89 [Pleioptygmatidae, Pleioptygmatinae BR17]
    |--*P. carolinense (Conrad 1840) [=Voluta carolinensis, Mitra carolinensis] Q89
    |--P. helenae (Radwin & Bibbey 1972) Q89
    |--P. lineolatum (Heilprin 1887) Q89
    |    |--P. l. lineolatum Q89
    |    `--P. l. saginatum (Tucker & Wilson 1933) Q89
    `--P. prodroma (Gardner 1937) Q89

Nomen nudum: Waimatea opima Allan 1927 A27

Diplomitra monoploca (Finlay 1927) F27a [=Mitra monoploca F27a, M. uniplica Tate 1889 non M. ebenus var. uniplicatus Wood 1872 F27b]

Strigatella flavocingulata (Lamy 1938) [=Mitra (Strigatella) flavocingulata; incl. S. rapanuiensis Cate 1968] BC01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[FP15] Fedosov, A., N. Puillandre, Y. Kantor & P. Bouchet. 2015. Phylogeny and systematics of mitriform gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175: 336–359.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PH90] Petit, R. E., & M. G. Harasewych. 1990. Catalogue of the superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes and Hanley, 1851 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Nautilus 103 (Suppl. 1): 1–69.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

[Q89] Quinn, J. F., Jr. 1989. Pleioptygmatidae, a new family of mitriform gastropods (Prosobranchia: Neogastropoda). Nautilus 103 (1): 13-19.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.