Crematogaster

Crematogaster scutellaris, copyright Philippe Garcelon.

Belongs within: Meranoplini.

Crematogaster is a pantropical genus of ants characterised by a heart-shaped gaster with the postpetiole attached to its upper surface; the petiole is flattened and the postpetiole is often bilobed in dorsal view (Heterick 2009). Though the genus as a whole is readily recognised, subordinate taxa are less so: species are often very variable and though several subgenera have been recognised, they are poorly defined and often doubtful validity.

<==Crematogaster Lund 1831 Z01 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*C. (Crematogaster) scutellaris (Oliver 1791) [=Formica scutellaris] Z01
    |--C. (Decacrema) borneensis FJ99
    `--C. (Orthocrema) H09
         |--C. (O.) dispar Forel 1902 H09, TB85 [=Cremastogaster sordidula dispar TB85]
         `--C. (O.) queenslandica Forel 1902 H09, TB85 [=Cremastogaster sordidula queenslandica TB85]
              |--C. q. queenslandica TB85
              |--C. q. froggatti Forel 1902 [=Cremastogaster sordidula froggatti] TB85
              |--C. q. gilberti Forel 1910 [=Cremastogaster sordidula gilberti] TB85
              |--C. q. rogans Forel 1902 [=Cremastogaster sordidula rogans] TB85
              `--C. q. scabrula Emery 1914 [=C. froggatti scabrula] TB85

Crematogaster incertae sedis:
  C. aberrans Forel 1892 [incl. Myrmica diffusa Jerdon 1851, C. diffusa, C. aberrans var. inglebyi] B03
  C. aegyptiaca G89
  C. anthracina Smith 1857 B03
  C. apicalis Motsch. 1865 B03
  C. artifex Mayr 1879 [=C. dohrni artifex; incl. C. dohrni artifex var. macaoensis Wheeler 1928] Z01
  C. australis Mayr 1876 [=Cremastogaster australis] TB85
    |--C. a. australis TB85
    |--C. a. chillagoensis Forel 1915 [=Cremastogaster australis chillagoensis] TB85
    `--C. a. sycites Forel 1916 [=Cremastogaster australis sycites] TB85
  C. baduvi N-ZLI11
  C. biroi Mayr 1897 [incl. C. biroi var. aitkeni, C. biroi var. symthiesi] B03
  C. bouvardi N-ZLI11
  C. brunnescens Motsch. 1865 B03
  C. buddhae Forel 1902 B03
  C. castanea G89
  C. contemta Mayr 1878 B03
  C. cornigera Forel 1902 [=Cremastogaster cornigera] TB85
  C. dalyi Forel 1902 B03
  C. deponens Walk. 1859 B03
  C. difformis Smith 1857 B03
  C. dohrni Mayr 1878 B03
  C. ebenina Forel 1902 B03
  C. egidyi Forel 1903 Z01
  C. emeryana BS06
  C. eurydice Forel 1915 [=Cremastogaster (Atopogyne) eurydice] TB85
  C. ferrarii Emery 1887 B03
  C. flava Forel 1886 B03
  C. forticula Walk. 1859 B03
  C. frivola Forel 1902 TB85 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. f. frivola TB85
    `--C. f. sculpticeps Forel 1907 [=Cremastogaster frivola sculpticeps] TB85
  C. fusca Mayr 1876 [=Cremastogaster fusca] TB85
  C. gavipaga N-ZLI11
  C. himalayana Forel 1902 B03
  C. hodgsoni Forel 1902 B03
  C. inflata Smith 1857 B03
  C. kirbii (Sykes 1835) [=Myrmica kirbii] B03
  C. kneri A61
  C. kutteri Viehmeyer 1924 [=Cremastogaster kutteri] TB85
  C. laeviceps Smith 1858 TB85
    |--C. l. laeviceps TB85
    |--C. l. broomensis Forel 1915 [=Cremastogaster laeviceps broomensis] TB85
    |--C. l. chasei Forel 1902 [=Cremastogaster laeviceps chasei] TB85
    `--C. l. clarior Forel 1902 [=Cremastogaster laeviceps clarior] TB85
  C. longiceps Forel 1910 [=Cremastogaster longiceps] TB85
    |--C. l. longiceps TB85
    `--C. l. curticeps Wheeler 1915 TB85
  C. longipilosa N-ZLI11
  C. millardi Forel 1902 B03
  C. mjobergi Forel 1915 [=Cremastogaster mjobergi] TB85
  C. mogdiliani (Emery 1900) [=Tapinoma mogdiliani] B03
  C. ocellata N-ZLI11
  C. osakensis Forel 1900 [=C. sordidula var. osakensis; incl. C. sordidula var. japonica Forel 1912] Z01
  C. pallens Walk. 1859 B03
  C. pallida Lowne 1865 [=C. pallidus] TB85
  C. pallipes Mayr 1862 (see below for synonymy) TB85
  C. perelegans Forel 1902 B03
  C. physothorax Emery 1889 [=C. difformis physothorax] B03
  C. politula Forel 1902 [=C. subnuda politula] B03
  C. pythia Forel 1915 [=Cremastogaster pythia] TB85
  C. ransonneti Mayr 1868 B03
  C. rogenhoferi Mayr 1878 B03
  C. ronganensis Zhou 2001 Z01
  C. rothneyi Mayr 1878 [incl. C. rothneyi var. civa] B03
  C. rufa (Jerdon 1851) [=Myrmica rufa] B03
  C. rufotestacea Mayr 1876 [=Cremastogaster rufotestacea] TB85
    |--C. r. rufotestacea TB85
    `--C. r. dentinasis Santschi 1929 [=C. (Orthocrema) rufotestacea dentinasis] TB85
  C. sagei Forel 1902 B03
  C. scita Forel 1902 [=Cremastogaster scita] TB85
    |--C. s. scita TB85
    `--C. s. mixta Forel 1902 [=Cremastogaster scita mixta] TB85
  C. sewardi N-ZLI11
  C. soror Forel 1902 B03
  C. stolli S10
  C. subnuda Mayr 1878 [incl. C. subnuda rabula] B03
  C. travancorensis Forel 1902 B03
  C. treubi FJ99
  C. vagula Wheeler 1928 [=C. matsumurai vagula] Z01
  C. walshi Forel 1902 B03
  C. whitei Wheeler 1915 TB85
  C. wroughtoni Forel 1902 B03
  C. xerophila Wheeler 1915 TB85
    |--C. x. xerophila TB85
    `--C. x. exigua Wheeler 1915 TB85

Crematogaster Lund 1831 Z01 [=Cremastogaster Mayr 1861 TB85; incl. Acrocoelia Mayr 1852 Z01, Transpeltoides Wheeler 1922 Z01]

Crematogaster frivola Forel 1902 TB85 [=Cremastogaster frivolus TB85; incl. Cremat. perthensis Crawley 1922 H09, TB85]

Crematogaster pallipes Mayr 1862 [=Cremastogaster pallipes, Cremas. pallidipes Dalla Torre 1893; incl. Crematogaster piceus Lowne 1865] TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Andreae, H. 1961. Coleoptera: Cossyphodidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 198–216. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[FJ99] Fiala, B., A. Jakob, U. Maschwitz & K. E. Linsenmair. 1999. Diversity, evolutionary specialization and geographic distribution of a mutualistic ant-plant complex: Macaranga and Crematogaster in South East Asia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 66: 305–331.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso «Esploratore» dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[N-ZLI11] Nur-Zati A. M., G. T. Lim & A. B. Idris. 2011. Checklist of ants of selected hill dipterocarp forests of peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 91–105.

[S10] Swann, J. E. 2010. Milichiidae (milichiid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1125–1136. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Last updated: 13 June 2020.

Corbiculata

Green orchid bee Euglossa dilemma, copyright Bob Peterson.

Belongs within: Apidae.
Contains: Electrapini, Bombini, Meliponini, Apis.

The Corbiculata are a clade of bees characterised by modification of the hind tibia of females into a corbicula (with a broad hairless patch fringed by long curved hairs) for carrying pollen; many members of the clade are eusocial (Engel 2001).

Characters (from Engel 2001): Mandibular pollex expanded. Metatibia modified into corbicula; metabasitibial plate absent; inner apical margin of metatibia with rastellum; auricle frequently present. Wings uniformly setose. Prepygidial fimbria and pygidial plate absent.

<==Corbiculata [Apes]
    |  i. s.: Electrobombus Engel 2001 [Electrobombini] E01
    |           `--*E. samlandensis Engel 2001 E01
    |         Electrapini E01
    |--Euglossini [Euglossae, Euglossinae] CSD10
    |    |--Eufriesea CSD10 [incl. Paleoeuglossa Poinar 1998 E01]
    |    |    |--E. melissiflora (Poinar 1998) [=*Paleoeuglossa melissiflora] E01
    |    |    |--E. mexicana PK17
    |    |    |--E. pulchra (Smith 1854) CSD10
    |    |    `--E. surinamensis (Linnaeus 1758) CSD10
    |    `--+--Eulaema meriana (Olivier 1789) CSD10
    |       `--+--Aglae caerulea Lepeletier & Audinet-Serville 1825 CSD10
    |          `--+--Exaerete frontalis (Guérin-Méneville 1845) CSD10
    |             `--Euglossa Latreille 1802 PK17, L02a
    |                  |--E. cordata (Linnaeus 1758) L02a, L58 [=Apis cordata L02a]
    |                  |--E. dilemma PK17
    |                  |--E. gulosa L02b [=Andrena gulosa L02a, Apis gulosa L02b]
    |                  |--E. imperialis Cockerell 1922 CSD10
    |                  |--E. morenei CSD10
    |                  `--E. piliventris Guérin-Méneville 1845 CSD10
    `--+--+--Bombini PK17
       |  `--+--Meliponini CSD10
       |     `--Melikertini E01
       |          |--Melissites Engel 2001 E01
       |          |    `--*M. trigona Engel 2001 E01
       |          |--Roussyana Manning 1960 [=Russyana (l. c.)] E01
       |          |    `--*R. palmnickenensis (Roussy 1937) (see below for synonymy) E01
       |          |--Melikertes Engel 1998 E01
       |          |    |--*M. stilbonotus (Engel 1998) [=Electrapis (Melikertes) stilbonota] E01
       |          |    |--M. clypeatus Engel 2001 E01
       |          |    `--M. proavus (Menge 1856) (see below for synonymy) E01
       |          `--Succinapis Engel 2001 E01
       |               |--S. goeleti Engel 2001 E01
       |               `--+--*S. proboscidea Engel 2001 E01
       |                  `--S. micheneri Engel 2001 E01
       `--Apis PK17

Melikertes proavus (Menge 1856) [=Apis proava, Electrapis (Melikertes) proava, E. (Roussyana) proava, Trigona (R.) proava] E01

*Roussyana palmnickenensis (Roussy 1937) [=Apis palmnickenensis, Electrapis (Roussyana) palmnickenensis, Trigona (R.) palmnickenensis, Roussyana palmuickenensis (l. c.); incl. Electrapis minuta Kelner-Pillault 1970] E01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CSD10] Cardinal, S., J. Straka & B. N. Danforth. 2010. Comprehensive phylogeny of apid bees reveals the evolutionary origins and antiquity of cleptoparasitism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (37): 16207–16211.

[E01] Engel, M. S. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 259: 1–192.

[L02a] Latreille, P. A. 1802a. Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis, et recueil de mémoires et d'observations sur les abeilles, les araignées, les faucheurs, et autres insectes. Théophile Barrois père: Paris.

[L02b] Latreille, P. A. 1802b. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

Erebidae

Cotton looper moth Anomis flava, copyright Alexey Yakovlev.

Belongs within: Noctuoidea.
Contains: Sorocostia, Hypeninae, Lymantriinae, Calpinae, Catocalinae, Eublemma, Herminiinae, Hypsa, Spilosoma, Lithosiini, Arctiini, Syntomini.

The Erebidae, as recognised by Zahiri et al. (2011), are a diverse clade of noctuoid moths united by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Members of this clade have historically been divided between a number of families with many being previously included in the Noctuidae. Among subgroups previously treated as distinct families are the Arctiinae, tiger moths and related species, a diverse group of often aposematically coloured moths. Most arctiines possess a tymbal organ on the thorax that produces ultrasonic clicks; these clicks are thought to disrupt bat echolocation (Nielsen & Common 1991). The Aganainae are similarly aposematic and feed on toxic cardenolide-producing plants of the Apocynaceae and Moraceae. A clade of Arctiinae, Aganainae and Herminiinae is characterised by the possession of a pre-spiracular counter-tympanic hood, a swollen metepimeron ventral to pocket IV, and modified foretibia in the males of most genera (Zahiri et al. 2011).

<==Erebidae [Arctiidae, Aventiinae, Gonopteridae, Phytometrinae, Toxocampidae, Toxocampini] ZK11
    |--Anobini ZK11
    |    |--Anoba anguliplaga ZK11
    |    `--Marcipa ZK11
    `--+--+--+--Colobochyla salicalis ZK11
       |  |  `--Hypeninae ZK11
       |  `--+--+--Oxycilla ondo ZK11
       |     |  `--Rivula [Rivulinae] ZK11
       |     |       |--R. everta Swinhoe 1901 Sw01a
       |     |       |--R. ommatopis NC91
       |     |       `--R. sericealis V09
       |     `--+--Scoliopteryx [Scoliopterygini] ZK11
       |        |    `--S. libatrix [=Gonoptera libatrix] V09
       |        `--Anomis [Anomini] ZK11
       |             |--A. flava B88
       |             |--A. fulvida WM66
       |             |--A. involuta MC13
       |             |--A. lyona G84
       |             |--A. metaxantha ZK11
       |             `--A. sabulifera P27a
       `--+--Lymantriinae KP19
          `--+--+--+--Calpinae KP19
             |  |  `--+--+--Oxidercia toxea ZK11
             |  |     |  `--Azeta ceramina ZK11
             |  |     `--+--Panopoda [Panopodini] ZK11
             |  |        |    `--P. rufimargo ZK11
             |  |        `--Eulepidotis [Eulepidotini] ZK11
             |  |             |--E. geminata T62
             |  |             |--E. metamorpha T62
             |  |             |--E. preclara Todd 1962 T62
             |  |             `--E. rectimargo ZK11
             |  `--+--Catocalinae ZK11
             |     `--+--Lygephila ZK11
             |        |    |--L. maxima ZK11
             |        |    `--L. pastinum (Treischke 1826) JP05
             |        `--+--Scolecocampa [Scolecocampinae] ZK11
             |           |    `--S. liburna ZK11
             |           `--+--Hypenodinae ZK11
             |              |    |  i. s.: Trigonistis NC91
             |              |    |--Hypenodes humidalis ZK11
             |              |    `--+--Schrankia costaestrigalis ZK11
             |              |       `--Micronoctua [Micronoctuidae, Micronoctuinae] ZK11
             |              `--+--Saroba pustulifera ZK11
             |                 `--+--Laspeyria flexula (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775) ZK11, JP05
             |                    |--+--Corgatha nitens ZK11
             |                    |  `--Phytometra ZK11
             |                    |       |--P. agnata F92
             |                    |       |--P. gamma F92
             |                    |       `--P. vividaria (Clerck 1759) JP05
             |                    `--+--+--+--Metaemene albiguttata ZK11
             |                       |  |  `--Trisateles [Trisatelini] ZK11
             |                       |  |       `--T. emortualis ZK11
             |                       |  `--+--Prolophota trigonifera ZK11
             |                       |     `--Parascotia [Boletobiinae] ZK11
             |                       |          `--P. fuliginaria (Linnaeus 1761) JP05
             |                       `--+--Araeoptera P27b [Araeopteroninae ZK11]
             |                          |    `--A. canescens P27b
             |                          `--Eublemma ZK11
             `--+--Hypsoropha hormosa ZK11
                `--+--+--Masca abactalis ZK11
                   |  `--Pangrapta [Pangraptinae] ZK11
                   |       |--P. bicornuta ZK11
                   |       `--P. decoralis ZK11
                   `--+--+--Herminiinae ZK11
                      |  `--Aganainae [Aganaidae, Hypsidae] ZK11
                      |       |--Digama marmorea Butl. 1877 NC91, M86b [incl. D. piepersiana Snell. 1879 M86b]
                      |       |--Agape chloropyga NC91
                      |       |--Neochera NC91
                      |       |--Hypsa WM66
                      |       |--Peridroma saucia ZK11, RC94
                      |       |--Asota ZK11
                      |       |    |--A. caricae ZK11
                      |       |    |--A. heliconia ZK11
                      |       |    `--A. iodamia NC91
                      |       |--Amerila M86b
                      |       |    |--A. astreas [=Sphinx astreas] M86b
                      |       |    |--A. brachyleuca Meyrick 1886 M86b
                      |       |    |--A. rubripes ZS10
                      |       |    |--‘Chelonia’ saucia [incl. Lithosia arthusbertrand] M86b
                      |       |    `--A. serica Meyrick 1886 M86b
                      |       |--Composia fidellissima H01
                      |       `--Pericopis biformis Schaus 1901 Sc01
                      `--Arctiinae [Nyctemeridae, Nyctemerinae] KP19
                           |  i. s.: Rhodogastria NC91
                           |           |--R. crokeri P27b
                           |           |--R. fumida Swinhoe 1901 Sw01a
                           |           `--R. roseibarba Druce 1901 D01a
                           |         Amsacta NC91
                           |         Spilosoma NC91
                           |         Ctimene synestia Meyrick 1886 M86a
                           |         Bursada M86a
                           |         Exitelica C70
                           |         Argina NC91
                           |           |--A. astrea NC91
                           |           `--A. cribraria P27b
                           |         Metacrias Meyrick 1886 PPE03, M86b
                           |           |--M. erichrysa Meyrick 1886 M86b
                           |           |--M. huttonii [=Phaos huttonii] M86b
                           |           `--M. strategica PPE03
                           |         Aloa MC13
                           |           |--A. bifrons WM66
                           |           |--A. lactinea WM66
                           |           `--A. marginata MC13
                           |         Utetheisa NC91
                           |           |--U. bella Linn. 1758 H01
                           |           |    |--U. b. bella H01
                           |           |    `--U. b. speciosa H01
                           |           |--U. lotrix NC91
                           |           |--U. pectinata NC91
                           |           |--U. pulchella WM66
                           |           `--U. pulchelloides NC91
                           |         Nyctemera NC91
                           |           |--N. amica [=Agagles amicus] M86b
                           |           |--N. annulata [=Leptosoma annulatum; incl. N. doubledayi] M86b
                           |           |--N. artemis [=Leptosoma artemis] M86a
                           |           |--N. crescens [incl. N. luctuosum] Sw01a
                           |           |--N. cribraria (Linnaeus 1758) M86b, L58 (see below for synonymy)
                           |           |--N. onetha Swinhoe 1901 Sw01a
                           |           |--N. separata M86b
                           |           |--N. tertiana M86b
                           |           `--N. varians WM66
                           |         Euplagia quadripunctaria ZK11, DS73 [incl. Callimorpha hera DS73]
                           |           |--E. q. quadripunctaria DS73
                           |           `--E. q. lutescens DS73
                           |         Calidota strigosa Wlk. 1855 H01
                           |--Lithosiini ZK11
                           `--+--Arctiini ZK11
                              `--Syntomini ZK11

Erebidae incertae sedis:
  Episparis ZK11
  Deilemera antinorii A71
  Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata W03
  Tyria jacobeae DS73
  Agyrtidia uranophila DS73
  Nicaea longipennis DS73
  Ardices curvata P27b
  Lexis nitens P27b
  Calamidia P27b
    |--C. hirta [=Lithosia hirta] M86b
    `--C. salpinctis Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Scaptesyle monogrammaria P27b
  Asura P27b
    |--A. cervicalis M86b
    |--A. habrotis Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--A. lydia [=Pitane lydia; incl. A. gaudens] M86b
  Comarchis Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. aspectatella [=Oecophora aspectatella; incl. Tinea oecophorella] M86b
    |--C. chrysochoa Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. isophragma Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. jocularis (Ros. 1885) [=Mosoda jocularis] M86b
    |--C. lochaga Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. oblita [=Pitane oblita] M86b
    |--C. sparsana [=Conchylis sparsana; incl. Pallene gracilis Butl. 1877] M86b
    |--C. staurocola Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--C. tineoides [=Eutane tineoides; incl. Pitane amanda] M86b
  Stauropolia nekrutenkoi GE05
  Josiomorpha penetrata GE05
  Episcea extravagans GE05
  Crocomela luxuriosa GE05
  Emydia striata [incl. E. striata var. bipunctata] P01
  Diacrisia russula P01
  Nemeophila plantaginis P01
  Hemihylea WZ10
  Deiopeia M86b
    |--D. pulchella M86b
    `--D. syringa M86b
  Hestiarcha Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*H. pyrrhopa Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Exotrocha Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*E. liboria [=Noctua liboria, Lithosia liboria] M86b
  Heterallactis Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*H. euchrysa Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Parelictis Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*P. saleuta Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Scaeodora Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--*S. omophanes Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--S. chionastis Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Cluaca M86b
    |--C. rubricosta M86b
    `--C. struthias Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Anestia Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*A. ombrophanes Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Palaexera Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*P. phyllodes Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Teulisna dasypyga [=Diastrophia dasypyga] M86b
  Tigrioides M86b
    |--T. alterna [=Setina alterna; incl. Lithosia transversa] M86b
    |--T. furcifera [=Setina furcifera; incl. S. trifurcata] M86b
    |--T. heminephes Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--T. nana [=Lithosia nana] M86b
    `--T. spilarcha Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Calligenia M86b
    |--C. cyclota Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. melitaula Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. pyraula Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--C. structa [=Pallene structa] M86b
  Symmetrodes Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*S. nitens [=Lithosia nitens; incl. L. remota] M86b
  Neobrocha Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--N. adoxa Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--N. phaeocyma Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Sorocostia M86b
  Mosoda M86b
    |--M. anartoides Walk. 1900 M86b
    |--M. consolatrix Ros. 1885 M86b
    |--M. jucunda [=Pallene jucunda; incl. Tospitis transitana] M86b
    |--M. ophiodes Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--M. sejuncta [=Pitane sejuncta] M86b
    `--M. servilis Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Hectobrocha Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--*H. pentacyma Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Chiriphe M86b
    |--C. catarrhoa Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. dichotoma Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. dictyota Meyrick 1886 M86b
    |--C. monogrammaria M86b
    |--C. procrena Meyrick 1886 M86b
    `--C. stenopa Meyrick 1886 M86b
  Zia tactalis [incl. Aquita horridella] M86b
  Areas M86b
    |--A. costalis [=Aloa costalis] M86b
    |--A. lactinea M86b
    `--A. marginata (Linnaeus 1758) M86b, L58 (see below for synonymy)
  Eutane M86b
    |--E. partita M86b
    `--E. terminalis [incl. E. maculata Butl. 1877] M86b
  Toxocampa metaspila WM66
  Hyphantria cunea Drury 1773 BB01
  Ecpantheria albiscripta Druce 1901 D01a
  Hyperthaema Sc01
    |--H. albipuncta Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--H. haemacta Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Neritos Sc01
    |--N. asana D01b
    |--N. blanda Druce 1901 D01b
    `--N. sanguipuncta Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Robinsonia polyplagia Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Halisidota Sc01
    |--H. arenacea Schaus 1901 Sc01
    |--H. huaco Schaus 1901 Sc01
    |--H. pallida Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--H. perdentata Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Amastus Sc01
    |--A. adela Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--A. coccinator Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Ischnocampa Sv01
    |--I. nigridorsata Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--I. nigrivena Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Turuptiana obscura Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Hyalarctia sericea Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Munonia iridescens Sc01
  Maenas Sc01
    |--M. bilinea Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--M. salamimia F92
  Antarctia fervida Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Holomelina Sc01
    |--H. cocciniceps Schaus 1901 Sc01
    `--H. trigonifera Schaus 1901 Sc01
  Eucyane D01b
    |--E. excellens D01b
    `--E. hermaea Druce 1901 D01b
  Eucyrta D01b
    |--E. daga D01b
    `--E. lugens Druce 1901 D01b
  Elysus chrysellus Druce 1901 D01b
  Capotena elaina Swinhoe 1901 Sw01b
  Carea Sw01b
    |--C. nitida Sw01b
    |--C. ocyra Sw01b
    `--C. tarika Swinhoe 1901 Sw01b
  Erizada Walker 1865 [incl. Tinosoma Hmpsn. 1894] Sw01b
    `--E. semifervens (Walker 1864) (see below for synonymy) Sw01b

Areas marginata (Linnaeus 1758) M86b, L58 [=Phalaena marginata M86b; incl. A. moorei M86b, A. roseicostis M86b]

Erizada semifervens (Walker 1864) [=Gadirtha semifervens; incl. Tinosoma hyperythrum Hmpsn. 1894, Erizada lichenaria Walker 1865] Sw01b

Nyctemera cribraria (Linnaeus 1758) M86b, L58 [=Phalaena cribraria M86b; incl. Noctua astrea M86b, Xanthesthes guttata M86b, Argina notata M86b, Bombyx pylotis M86b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BB01] Ball, G. E., & Y. Bousquet. 2001. Carabidae Latreille, 1810. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia pp. 32–132. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[DS73] Dickens, M., & E. Storey. 1973. The World of Moths. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.: New York.

[D01a] Druce, H. 1901a. Descriptions of some new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 74–79.

[D01b] Druce, H. 1901b. Descriptions of some new species of Lepidoptera from east Africa and tropical America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 432–444.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H01] Hampson, G. F. 1901. The Lepidoptera-Phalaenae of the Bahamas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 246–261.

[JP05] Jungmann, E., & U. Poller. 2005. Neunachweise und Wiederfunde für die Schmetterlingsfauna (Insecta; Lepidoptera) des Altenburger Landes. Mauritiana 19 (2): 317–326.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[M86a] Meyrick, E. 1886a. On some Lepidoptera from the Fly River. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 241–258.

[M86b] Meyrick, E. 1886b. Revision of Australian Lepidoptera. I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (3): 687–802.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PPE03] Patrick, B., H. Patrick & E. Edwards. 2003. Tiger moths and pheromones. Weta 25: 14–17.

[P01] Pável, J. 1901. Lepkék [Lepidopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 171–177. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[P27a] Philpott, A. 1927a. New Zealand Lepidoptera: notes and descriptions. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 703-709.

[P27b] Philpott, A. 1927b. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[RC94] Rice, P. J., & J. R. Coats. 1994. Insecticidal properties of several monoterpenoids to the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae), red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 87 (5): 1172–1179.

[Sc01] Schaus, W. 1901. Descriptions of some new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 265–270.

[Sw01a] Swinhoe, C. 1901a. New genera and species of eastern and Australian moths. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 463–473.

[Sw01b] Swinhoe, C. 1901b. New genera and species of eastern and Australian moths (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 489–501.

[T62] Todd, E. L. 1962. A new species of Eulepidotis Hübner from South America (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 269–272.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[WM66] Wallace, A. R., & F. Moore. 1866. List of lepidopterous insects collected at Takow, Formosa, by Mr. R. Swinhoe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 355–365.

[W03] Waterhouse, B. M. 2003. Know your enemy: recent records of potentially serious weeds in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua (Indonesia). Telopea 10 (1): 477–485.

[WZ10] Wood, D. M., & M. A. Zumbado. 2010. Tachinidae (tachinid flies, parasitic flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1343–1417. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[ZK11] Zahiri, R., I. J. Kitching, J. D. Lafontaine, M. Mutanen, L. Kaila, J. D. Holloway & N. Wahlberg. 2011. A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta 40 (2): 158–173.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Last updated: 21 February 2021.

Platypezoidea

Male Calotarsa pallipes, copyright William Donald Newton.

Belongs within: Cyclorrhapha.
Contains: Phoridae.

The Platypezoidea are a clade of small, humpbacked flies supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses. Members of the Platypezidae, flat-footed flies, often have the hind tarsi modified, such as being enlarged and flattened in females or bearing processes in males (Chandler 2010). The Ironomyiidae are small flies restricted in the modern fauna to Australia though fossil representatives are more widespread in the Cretaceous (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).

<==Platypezoidea [Clythioidea, Phoroidea] WT11
    |  i. s.: Opetiala shatalkani GE05
    |--Opetiidae [Opetiinae] WT11
    |    |--Lithopetia hirsuta GE05
    |    `--Opetia nigra WT11
    `--+--Phoridea GC99
       |    |--Phoridae WT11
       |    `--Ironomyiidae WT11
       |         |--Palaeopetia laiyangensis Zhang 1987 GE05, RJ93
       |         |--Hermaeomyia GE05
       |         |--Eridomyia GE05
       |         |--Cretonomyia pristina GE05
       |         |--Sinolesta [Sinolestinae] GE05
       |         `--Ironomyia [Ironomyiinae] WT11
       |              `--I. nigromaculata WT11
       `--Platypezidae [Clythiidae] WT11
            |  i. s.: Maritulus sospes GC99
            |         Parnasos firmipes GC99
            |         Proplatypeza GE05
            |           |--P. amabilis GC99
            |           `--P. parva GC99
            |         Lebambromyia Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GE05, GC99
            |           `--*L. acrai Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
            |         Promittor GE05
            |         Oloplatypeza GE05
            |         Bolopus C10
            |         Pamelamyia K87
            |         Orthovena K87
            |         Mesopetia GC99
            |         Oppenheimiella baltica P92
            |--Electrosania Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
            |    `--*E. cretica Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
            `--+--Melanderomyia [Melanderomyiinae] C10
               |    `--M. kahli K87
               |--Platypezininae K87
               |    |--Platypezina diversa K87
               |    `--Grossoseta pacifica K87
               |--Microsania [Microsaniinae] C10
               |    |--M. australis CM91
               |    |--M. imperfecta C10
               |    `--M. stigmaticalis C10
               |--Callomyiinae C10
               |    |--Bertamyia notata C10
               |    |--Chydaeopeza C10
               |    |--Callomyia C10
               |    |    |--C. calla C10
               |    |    `--C. gilloglyorum K87
               |    `--Agathomyia C10
               |         |--A. bella (Williston 1903) [=Callomyia bella] C10
               |         `--A. canadensis C10
               `--Platypezinae C10
                    |--Metaclythia currani K87
                    |--Polyporivora polypori K87, C10
                    |--Seri dymka K87
                    |--Paraplatypeza C10
                    |    |--P. coraxa K87
                    |    `--P. velutina WT11
                    |--Protoclythia K87
                    |    |--P. califormica K87
                    |    `--P. modesta K87
                    |--Platypeza C10
                    |    |--P. agarici RD77
                    |    |--P. brunnescens C10
                    |    `--P. consobrina K87
                    |--Lindneromyia [incl. Grossovena, Penesymmetria, Plesioclythia, Symmetricella] C10
                    |    |--L. agarici [=Plesioclythia agarici] C10
                    |    |--‘Grossovena’ carbonaria K87
                    |    |--‘Symmetricella’ mogollonensis K87
                    |    `--‘Penesymmetria’ umbrosa K87
                    `--Calotarsa K87
                         |--C. durangoensis Kessel & Young 1974 C10
                         |--C. insignis C10
                         |--C. mexicana Kessel & Young 1974 C10
                         `--C. pallipes C10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C10] Chandler, P. J. 2010. Platypezidae (flat-footed flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 715–719. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[GC99] Grimaldi, D., & J. Cumming. 1999. Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 239: 1–124.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K87] Kessel, E. L. 1987. Platypezidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 681–688. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 13 July 2021.

Helogale

Common dwarf mongoose Helogale parvula, copyright Bernard Dupont.

Belongs within: Herpestidae.

Helogale, the dwarf mongooses, is a genus of small, diurnal, social mongooses with a grizzled brown pelage found in eastern and southern Africa.

Helogale
    |--H. brunnula S78
    |--H. dybowskii S78
    |--H. hirtula S78
    |--H. ivori S78
    |--H. macmillani S78
    |--H. mimetra S78
    |--H. parvula S78
    |--H. percivali S78
    |--H. undulata S78
    |--H. varia S78
    |--H. vetula S78
    `--H. victorina S78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 249–267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

Metopininae

Phalacrotophora epeirae, copyright John R. Maxwell.

Belongs within: Phoridae.
Contains: Melaloncha, Megaselia.

The Metopininae are a diverse group of scuttle flies that generally lack strong isolated bristles on the tibiae. Members of the genus Beckerina have two or four strongly divergent supra-antennal bristles that are usually more or less reclinate and porrect; in other metopinines, these bristles (if present) are not strongly divergent and usually proclinate (Petersen 1987).

Characters (from Petersen 1987): Frons sometimes bare along margins or on anteroventral half; supra-antennal bristles variable. Tibiae usually without bristles (exceptionally with a single anterodorsal bristle very near base on mid and hind tibiae) or with rows of strong setae. Wing generally fully developed, but sometimes reduced, rudimentary, or absent in female of some species.

<==Metopininae B04
    |  i. s.: Melittophora salti B04
    |         Melaloncha B04
    |         Sinophoritis Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*S. bikerkosa Hong 2002 H02
    |         Latiarista Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*L. intermixta Hong 2002 H02
    |--Beckerina [Beckerinini] P87
    |    |--B. aliena P87
    |    `--B. umbrimargo P87
    |--Gymnophorini B10
    |    |--Megaselia B10
    |    `--Gymnophora B10
    |         |--G. arcuata B10
    |         |--G. luteiventris P87
    |         `--G. spiracularis B10
    `--Metopinini B10
         |--Ecituncula B10
         |--Ecitophora B10
         |--Ecitoptera B10
         |--Ecitomyia wheeleri B10, P87
         |--Rhabdomyia setosa B10
         |--Lecanocerus compressiceps P87, B10
         |--*Syneura cocciphila B10, P87
         |--Woodiphora magnipalpis P87
         |--Cremersia spinicauda P87, B10
         |--Zyziphora hirtifrons P87
         |--Myrmosicarius texanus P87, B10
         |--Auxanommatidia californica P87
         |--Physoptera vesiculata P87, B10
         |--Trophithauma rostratum P87, B10
         |--Cataclinusa pachycondylae P87, B10
         |--Stenophorina petiolata P87
         |--Chonocephalus americanus P87
         |--Xanionotum mexicanum P87
         |--Commoptera solenopsidis P87, B10
         |--Acontistoptera B10
         |    |--A. brasiliensis P87
         |    `--A. melanderi P87
         |--Diocophora P87
         |    |--D. appretiata B10
         |    `--D. disparifrons P87
         |--Pericyclocera P87
         |    |--P. cata P87
         |    `--P. floricola P87
         |--Pseudacteon P87
         |    |--P. formicarum A71
         |    `--P. onyx P87
         |--Trophodeinus P87
         |    |--T. furcatus [=Bactropalpus furcatus] B10
         |    `--T. pygmaeus B10
         |--Metopina [incl. Typhlophorina] B10
         |    |--M. goeleti Grimaldi 1989 RJ93
         |    |--M. pachycondylae A71
         |    `--M. subarcuata B10
         |--Puliciphora B10
         |    |--P. borinquenensis B10
         |    |--P. imbecilla B10
         |    `--P. occidentalis P87
         |--Apocephalus P87
         |    |--A. asymmetricus B10
         |    |--A. (Mesophora) borealis P87
         |    `--A. wheeleri B10
         |--Rhyncophoromyia P87
         |    |--R. conica P87
         |    |--R. maculineura B10
         |    `--R. trivittata B10
         |--Neodohrniphora P87
         |    |--N. arnaudi P87
         |    |--N. cognata B10
         |    |--N. curvinervis B10
         |    `--N. mexicanae B10
         `--Phalacrotophora P87
              |--P. berolinensis B04
              |--P. beuki B04
              |--P. epeirae B04
              |--P. fasciata B04
              |--P. halictorum B04
              |--P. (Omapanta) longifrons P87
              |--P. quadripunctata B04
              `--P. rufiventris B04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B04] Brown, B. V. 2004. Revision of the subgenus Udamochiras of Melaloncha bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae: Metopininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140: 1–42.

[B10] Brown, B. V. 2010. Phoridae (hump-backed flies, scuttle flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 725–761. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[P87] Peterson, B. V. 1987. Phoridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 689–712. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 13 July 2021.

Eristalini

Male drone fly Eristalis tenax, copyright Alvesgaspar.

Belongs within: Syrphoidea.

The Eristalini are a group of hover flies with aquatic larvae known as rat-tailed maggots. Adults have vein R₄₊₅ in the wing looped into cell r₄₊₅. In species of Eristalis, vein R₄₊₅ is less strongly sinuate and cell r₁ is petiolate wheras in members of Helophilina vein R₄₊₅ is more strongly sinuate and cell r₁ is open (Kotthoff & Schmid 2005).

<==Eristalini KS05
    |--Eristalis Latreille 1804 (nom. cons.) [incl. Tubifera Meigen 1800 (nom. rej.); Eristalina] KS05
    |    |  i. s.: E. arbustorum K01
    |    |         E. assimilis Walker 1849 [incl. E. capito] R01
    |    |         E. cingulatus T27
    |    |         E. crassipes Fabr. 1805 [=Simoides crassipes; incl. E. pachymerus] R01
    |    |         E. curtus Loew 1860 R01
    |    |         E. horticola S00
    |    |         E. quinquevittatus Macquart 1847 E12
    |    |         E. taeniops Wiedem. 1818 (see below for synonymy) R01
    |    |--E. (Eristalis) TRZ10
    |    |    |--E. (E.) oestraceus [=Syrphus (E.) oestraceus] G20
    |    |    `--E. (E.) tenax TRZ10 [=Tubifera tenax PC66]
    |    `--E. (Eoseristalis) TRZ10
    |         |--E. (E.) alleni TRZ10
    |         `--E. (E.) gatesi TRZ10
    `--Helophilina KS05
         |--Mallota posticata KS05, VT87
         |--Mesembrius KS05
         |--Myathropa florea KS05, T81
         |--Parhelophilus laetus KS05, VT87
         |--Lejops KS05
         |    |--L. (Anasimyia) bilinearis VT87
         |    |--L. (Arctosyrphus) willingii VT87
         |    |--L. (Asemosyrphus) polygrammus TRZ10
         |    |--L. (Lunomyia) cooleyi VT87
         |    `--L. (Polydontomyia) curvipes VT87
         `--Helophilus KS05
              |--H. cingulatus T27
              |--H. hochstetteri T27
              |--H. latifrons VT87
              |--H. miocaenicus (Stackelberg 1925) [=Tubifera miocaenicus, Eristalis miocaenicus] KS05
              |--H. nothobombus Kotthoff & Schmid 2005 KS05
              |--H. pendulus (Linnaeus 1758) KS05
              |--H. primarius Germar 1837 KS05
              |--H. tenax [=Syrphus (Elophilus) tenax] G20
              |--H. trivittatus (Fabricius 1805) KS05
              `--H. villeneuvi Théobald 1937 KS05

Eristalis taeniops Wiedem. 1818 [incl. E. aegyptius, E. pulchriceps, Helophilus pulchriceps, E. torridus] R01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[KS05] Kotthoff, U., & U. Schmid. 2005. A new fossil hoverfly (Insecta, Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Randeck Maar (Early Miocene, south-west Germany). Palaeontology 48 (5): 1091–1096.

[PC66] Pendergrast, J. G., & D. R. Cowley. 1966. An Introduction to New Zealand Freshwater Insects. Collins: Auckland.

[R01] Ricardo, G. 1901. Notes on Diptera from South Africa (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 89–110.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[T81] Teskey, H. J. 1981. Morphology and terminology—larvae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 65–88. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[TRZ10] Thompson, E. C., G. E. Rotheray & M. A. Zumbado. 2010. Syrphidae (flower flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 763–792. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106–125.

[VT87] Vockeroth, J. R., & F. C. Thompson. 1987. Syrphidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 713–743. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 12 July 2021.